Strong-Interaction Matter Under Extreme Conditions from Chiral Quark Models with Nonlocal Separable Interactions
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Surprises from the Search for Quark-Gluon Plasma?* When Was Quark-Gluon Plasma Seen?
Surprises from the search for quark-gluon plasma?* When was quark-gluon plasma seen? Richard M. Weiner Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay and Physics Department, University of Marburg The historical context of the recent results from high energy heavy ion reactions devoted to the search of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is reviewed, with emphasis on the surprises encountered. The evidence for QGP from heavy ion reactions is compared with that available from particle reactions. Keywords: Quark-Gluon plasma in particle and nuclear reactions, hydrodynamics, equation of state, confinement, superfluidity. 1. Evidence for QGP in the Pre-SPS Era Particle Physics 1.1 The mystery of the large number of degrees of freedom 1.2 The equation of state 1.2.1 Energy dependence of the multiplicity 1.2.2 Single inclusive distributions Rapidity and transverse momentum distributions Large transverse momenta 1.2.3 Multiplicity distributions 1.3 Global equilibrium: the universality of the hadronization process 1.3.1 Inclusive distributions 1.3.2 Particle ratios -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) Invited Review 1 Heavy ion reactions A dependence of multiplicity Traces of QGP in low energy heavy ion reactions? 2. Evidence for QGP in the SPS-RHIC Era 2.1 Implications of observations at SPS for RHIC 2.1.1 Role of the Equation of State in the solutions of the equations of hydrodynamics 2.1.2 Longitudinal versus transverse expansion 2.1.3 Role of resonances in Bose-Einstein interferometry; the Rout/Rside ratio 2.2 Surprises from RHIC? 2.2.1 HBT puzzle? 2.2.2 Strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma? Superfluidity and chiral symmetry Confinement and asymptotic freedom Outlook * * * In February 2000 spokespersons from the experiments on CERN’s Heavy Ion programme presented “compelling evidence for the existence of a new state of matter in which quarks, instead of being bound up into more complex particles such as protons and neutrons, are liberated to roam freely…”1. -
Deconfinement and Chiral Transition in Ads/QCD Wall Models
EPJ Web of Conferences 137, 03006 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ epjconf/201713703006 XIIth Quark Confinement & the Hadron Spectrum Deconfinement and chiral transition in AdS/QCD wall models supplemented with a magnetic field David Dudal1;2;a, Diego R. Granado3;b, and Thomas G. Mertens4;2;c 1KU Leuven Campus Kortrijk - KULAK, Department of Physics, Etienne Sabbelaan 51 bus 7800, 8500 Kor- trijk, Belgium 2Ghent University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Krijgslaan 281-S9, 9000 Gent, Belgium 3Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465-07, 23890-971, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil 4Joseph Henry Laboratories, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Abstract. We discuss the phenomenon of (inverse) magnetic catalysis for both the de- confinement and chiral transition. We discriminate between the hard and soft wall model, which we suitably generalize to include a magnetic field. Our findings show a critical de- confinement temperature going down, in contrast with the chiral restoration temperature growing with increasing magnetic field. This is at odds with contemporary lattice data, so the quest for a holographic QCD model capable of capturing inverse magnetic catalysis in the chiral sector remains open. 1 Introduction The ongoing heavy ion collision programs (ALICE or RHIC) provide a fertile testing ground for novel experimental, phenomenological and theoretical features of strongly coupled QCD. During the early stages after the collision, a sufficiently hot heat bath is created that leads to the creation of a quark- gluon plasma, an exotic state of deconfined QCD matter. In units of the fundamental QCD scale, ΛQCD, the transition temperature Tdecon f ∼ ΛQCD, so the relevant physics is still strongly coupled. -
Strange Particle Theory in the Cosmic Ray Period R
STRANGE PARTICLE THEORY IN THE COSMIC RAY PERIOD R. Dalitz To cite this version: R. Dalitz. STRANGE PARTICLE THEORY IN THE COSMIC RAY PERIOD. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1982, 43 (C8), pp.C8-195-C8-205. 10.1051/jphyscol:1982811. jpa-00222371 HAL Id: jpa-00222371 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00222371 Submitted on 1 Jan 1982 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE Colloque C8, suppldment au no 12, Tome 43, ddcembre 1982 page ~8-195 STRANGE PARTICLE THEORY IN THE COSMIC RAY PERIOD R.H. Dalitz Department of Theoretical Physics, 2 KebZe Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, U.K. What role did theoretical physicists play concerning elementary particle physics in the cosmic ray period? The short answer is that it was the nuclear forces which were the central topic of their attention at that time. These were considered to be due primarily to the exchange of pions between nucleons, and the study of all aspects of the pion-nucleon interactions was the most direct contribution they could make to this problem. Of course, this was indeed a most important topic, and much significant understanding of the pion-nucleon interaction resulted from these studies, although the precise nature of the nucleonnucleon force is not settled even to this day. -
Excited Hadron States and the Deconfinement Transition
Excited Hadron States and the Deconfinement Transition Concluding Discussion Berndt Müller (Duke University) Workshop*) JLab - February 23-25, 2011 Friday, February 25, 2011 If we would hold a follow-up workshop in 2 years from now, which questions would we like to be answered? 2 Friday, February 25, 2011 Which QCD model describes the hadron (meson, baryon) spectrum best? E.g.: Constituent quark model MIT bag model Flux-tube model Holographic dual models Large Nc expansion Is there a “constituent gluon” model? If yes, how do we understand the large gluon mass? Scale breaking by the trace anomaly? Additional spontaneous scale invariance breaking? Is the constituent gluon a flux tube excitation? 3 Friday, February 25, 2011 What is the relation between the deconfinement transition and the chiral transition? Is it a well defined question? Are they at the “same” temperature? Do they drive each other? Where (at what T) and why does the hadron resonance gas model fail? Do unknown hadron states (hybrids, tetraquarks, glueballs) contribute significantly in the range of validity? If yes, which ones? 4 Friday, February 25, 2011 What are the requirements for a valid description of the hadronic break-up of the quark-gluon plasma? How must viscous hydrodynamics be matched to a kinetic description of the hadron gas? What are the minimal matching conditions? In which temperature range can the matching be performed? What are the most sensitive experimental tests? Where does the hot glue in the quark-gluon plasma go? Does it fragment into quark pairs? Does it initially end up in gluonic excitations? Is it possible to measure the average amount of excited glue in hadrons for a given mass or temperature on the lattice? 5 Friday, February 25, 2011 Can finite temperature lattice calculations determine average aspects of the hadron spectrum? Analogy with the Monte-Carlo shell model of Koonin, Ormand, Dean, Langanke, et al, who used MC methods to obtain level densities and Gamov-Teller strengths in the shell model for complex nuclei (e.g. -
Precision Cross Section Measurements in Hall C
Precision Cross Section Measurements in Hall C Hall C focusing spectrometers Tanja Horn Neutral Particle Spectrometer 3D Nucleon Tomography Workshop March 15-17, 2017, Jefferson Lab 1 The 3D Nucleon Structure Generalized Parton and Transverse Momentum Distributions are essential for our understanding of internal hadron structure and the dynamics that bind the most basic elements of Nuclear Physics 5D TMDs – Confined motion in a nucleon (semi-inclusive DIS) 3D GPDs – Spatial imaging (exclusive DIS) Requires − High luminosity − Polarized beams and targets Major new capability with JLab12 2 NSAC 2015 Long Range Plan “Precision measurements in semi-inclusive pion and kaon production from unpolarized, as well as longitudinally and transversely polarized proton … targets in the JLab 12 GeV era will allow access to both flavor and spin dependent transverse momentum distributions in the valence quark region.” “Multiple instruments bring essential elements to this campaign: … HMS-SHMS and the … NPS” “Some of the most important tools for describing hadrons are Generalized Parton Distributions, [which] can be investigated through the analysis of hard exclusive processes” “The HMS-SHMS …[and] the NPS will allow …refined high resolution imaging of the nucleon’s internal landscape…” Experimental Access to GPDs: DVCS See also talks by, e.g. F-X Girod, C. Hyde Cleanest way to probe GPDs As the DVCS process interferes with BH one can access the DVCS amplitudes 4 Towards spin-flavor separation: DVMP See also talks by, e.g. F-X Girod, C. Hyde Exclusive -
Nora Brambilla Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum
Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum XII Nora Brambilla Nora Brambilla Thessaloniki, 28 TU MUNICH August-4 September TU Munich 2016 4el Much of the way in which we develop science Aristotele’s apprehension of reality Aristotele’ school TIMES changed …… Conf12 venue but other things resisted the time the beauty of the place but other things resisted the time the temper, the determination and the ambition of the “locals” Modern Heros that organised 10 days of conference(s) with 400 participants, hundreds of talks, 7 sessions running in parallel , a social event each night and…. almost NO FUNDS ! and what allowed to surpass any difficulty was.. to have as Chair a true descendant of Cleopatra with the same inherited personality We can say that the Quark Confinement Conference shares some of the important Macedonian footprints • “Many different nations, cultures, languages.... “Macedoin” now means “a mix” We have the ambition to bring together all the people dealing with strong interactions from one perspective or the other Scientific Sessions of the conference Section A: Vacuum Structure and Confinement Mechanisms of quark confinement (vortices, monopoles, calorons...) and the structure of the vacuum in non-Abelian gauge theories. Chiral symmetry breaking, and the Dirac spectrum in the low-momentum region. Studies of ghost and gluon propagators. Confining strings and flux tubes, their effective actions. Renormalons and power corrections. Interface between perturbative and non-perturbative physics. Conveners: D. Antonov (Heidelberg), M. Faber (TU Vienna), J. Greensite (San Francisco State U) Focus Subsection: Emergent gauge fields and chiral fermions Chiral Fermions and anomalous hydrodynamic effects in condensed matter systems, quantum simulators of QCD, topological phenomena in condensed matter systems. -
Arxiv:2011.01466V2 [Hep-Lat] 28 Dec 2020
Deconfinement and Hadron Resonance Gas for Heavy ∗ Quarks Peter Petreczky Physics Deparment, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA I discuss the deconfinement transition in 2+1 flavor QCD in terms of Polyakov loops as well as the hadron resonance gas for hadrons containing static quarks and charm quarks. PACS numbers: 12.38.Gc,12.38.Mh,25.75.Nq 1. Introduction Heavy quarks and infinitely heavy (static) quarks play an important role when discussing deconfinement transition in strongly interacting matter at high temperatures. The early works on deconfinement considered the free energy of static quark Q as well as the free energy of static quark antiquark (QQ¯) pair [1, 2, 3] and the lattice calculations of these quantities was a focus of many works, see Ref. [4] for a historic review. Deconfinement is closely related to color screening. The production rate of quarkonia, bound states of a heavy quark and anti-quark, was suggested as a probe of deconfinement in heavy ion collisions [5]. The basic idea behind this proposal was that the color screening in the deconfined medium effects the binding of heavy quarks (see also Ref. [6] for a review). Recent lattice QCD studies, however, mostly focus on the chiral aspects of the transition at high temperature, see e.g. Refs. [7, 8] for recent reviews. In this contribution I will discuss the deconfinement in 2+1 flavor QCD with (almost) physical quark masses in arXiv:2011.01466v2 [hep-lat] 28 Dec 2020 terms of Polyakov loops in different renormalization schemes. The Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) model has been used to understand the thermodynamics below the cross-over temperature for many years [9, 10, 11, 12, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. -
QUARK DECONFINEMENT and HIGH Energf I9 NUCLEAR COLLISIONS
BNL—38530 BROOKHAVIN NATIONAL LABORATORY DE87 001374 July 1986 BNL- ' >••> QUARK DECONFINEMENT AND HIGH ENERGf I9 NUCLEAR COLLISIONS H. Satz Fakultat fur Physik Universitat Bielefeld, D-48 Bielefeld, F.R. Germany and Physics Department Brookltaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA ABSTRACT Statistical QCD predicts that with increasing density, strongly inter- acting matter will undergo a transition to a plasma of deconfined quarks and gluons. High energy heavy ion collisions are expected to permit exper- imental studies of this transition and of the predicted new state of matter. Talk given at the XXIII International Conference on High Energy Physics, 1C-23 July 1980, Berkeley, California, USA. This manuscript has been authored under contract number D10-ACO2-7OCIIOUU1C with the U.S. Depn.rt.- ment of Energy. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMEKT !S UNLIMITED yfi 1. Introduction High energy hadron collisions have provided the empirical basis for strong interaction dynamics. It is our hope that high energy heavy ion collisions will do the same for strong interaction thermodynamics, that they will become the tool with which we can carry out the experimental analysis of strongly interacting matter. We recall that thermodynamics, in studying the collective behaviour of many components, may well lead to new physics, beyond the known dynamics. In solid state physics, ferromagnetism and superconductivity are just two striking examples of this. We shall see shortly that the statistical mechanics obtained with QCD as dynamical input in fact does predict new states of matter. -
Gravitating Bubbles of Gluon Plasma Above Deconfinement Temperature
S S symmetry Article Gravitating Bubbles of Gluon Plasma above Deconfinement Temperature Yves Brihaye 1 and Fabien Buisseret 2,3,∗ 1 Service de Physique de l’Univers, Champs et Gravitation, UMONS Research Institute for Complex Systems, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium; [email protected] 2 Service de Physique Nucléaire et Subnucléaire, UMONS Research Institute for Complex Systems, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium 3 CeREF, Chaussée de Binche 159, 7000 Mons, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 September 2020; Accepted: 8 October 2020; Published: 13 October 2020 Abstract: The equation of state of SU(3) Yang–Mills theory can be modelled by an effective Z3−symmetric potential depending on the temperature and on a complex scalar field f. Allowing f to be dynamical opens the way to the study of spatially localized classical configurations of the scalar field. We first show that spherically symmetric static Q-balls exist in the range (1 − 1.21) × Tc, Tc being the deconfinement temperature. Then we argue that Q-holes solutions, if any, are unphysical within our framework. Finally, we couple our matter Lagrangian to Einstein gravity and show that spherically symmetric static boson stars exist in the same range of temperature. The Q-ball and boson-star solutions we find can be interpreted as “bubbles” of deconfined gluonic matter; their mean radius is always smaller than 10 fm. Keywords: deconfinement; Matter-gravity coupling; Yang–Mills theory; Q-ball; boson star 1. Introduction A fascinating feature of Yang–Mills theory is the existence of a deconfinement temperature, Tc, above which free color charges (free gluons) may propagate without being confined into color singlets [1,2]. -
Hagedorn's Hadron Mass Spectrum and the Onset of Deconfinement
Chapter 11 Hagedorn’s Hadron Mass Spectrum and the Onset of Deconfinement Marek Ga´zdzicki and Mark I. Gorenstein Abstract A brief history of the observation of the onset of deconfinement—the beginning of the creation of quark-gluon plasma in nucleus–nucleus collisions with increasing collision energy—is presented. It starts with the measurement of the hadron mass spectrum and Hagedorn’s hypothesis of the limiting temperature of hadronic matter (the Hagedorn temperature). Then the conjecture that the Hagedorn temperature is the phase transition temperature was formulated with the crucial Hagedorn participation. It was confirmed by the observation of the onset of deconfinement in lead–lead collisions at the CERN SPS energies. 11.1 Hadron Mass Spectrum and the Hagedorn Temperature A history of multi-particle production started with the discoveries of hadrons, first in cosmic-ray experiments and soon after in experiments using beams of particles produced in accelerators. Naturally, the first hadrons, discovered in collisions of cosmic-ray particles, were the lightest ones, pion, kaon and . With the rapid advent of particle accelerators new particles were uncovered almost daily. About 1,000 hadronic states are known so far. Their density in mass .m/ increases approxi- mately exponentially as predicted by Hagedorn’s Statistical Bootstrap Model [1] formulated in 1965: .m/ D const ma exp.bm/: (11.1) M. Ga´zdzicki () Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland M.I. Gorenstein () Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, Ukraine Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany © The Author(s) 2016 87 J. Rafelski (ed.), Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks – From Hagedorn Temperature to Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at CERN, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17545-4_11 88 M. -
Nljkü^EF NATIONAAL INSTITUUT VOOR KERNFYSICA EN HOGE-ENERGIEFYSICA
NlJKÜ^EF NATIONAAL INSTITUUT VOOR KERNFYSICA EN HOGE-ENERGIEFYSICA NIKHFl'-H IM-'JI Prospects for direct measurement of time-integrated BH mixing Ivar Siccama XIKÏIKF-II. P.O. Box 41882 100!) DB Amsterdam June 10. 1994 Abstract This note investigates the prospects of measuring time-integrated B, mixing. Three inclusive decay modes of the B, meson are discussed. For each reconstruction mode, the expected number of events and the different background channels are discussed. Estimates are given for the uncertainty on the mixing parameter \,. NIKHEF SECTIE -H POSTBUS 41882,1009 DB AMSTERDAM in KS0Ot934i29 R: FI -— - „nr 0EOO8130736 •DE008130736* 1 Introduction The production of B mesons at LEP is a mixture of B+. B°d and B°} mesons. The time integrated mixing parameter \ is an average quantity that reflects this mixture of Bd and B" mesons: \ = fd\d + f,\s Here \^ is the probability tliat the original B.t meson decays as a B1. and /j and ƒ, are the fractions of B° and B, mesons produced in the fragmentation of the b quark. The combined measurements of ALEPH, DELPHI. L3 and OPAL give [4]: \ = 0.119 ±0.012 From this a value for \, can be deduced l: \s = 0.45 ± 0.07(x-a) ± 0.10(x) ± M ƒ) The error on the value of \, is dominated by the uncertainty in the parameters fd and ƒ,, indicated by A( ƒ). These fractions are model dependent and therefore hard to estimate. In this note fd = 0.4 and ƒ, = 0.12 are used. The value of \<t that was used to deduce \, comes from measurements of CLEO and ARGUS [6, 8] where B mesons are produced below the production threshold of the Bs, at the T(45) resonance: \d = 0.162 ±0.021 A direct way to measure \, is to use an enriched sample of B, mesons. -
A Simple Introduction to Ads/CFT and Its Application to Condensed Matter Physics
A simple introduction to AdS/CFT and its application to condensed matter physics. D-ITP Advanced Topics in Theoretical Physics Fall 2013 K. Schalm and R. Davison1 1Instituut-Lorentz for Theoretical Physics, Universiteit Leiden, P. O. Box 9506, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands∗ (Dated: December 8, 2013) Abstract The anti-de Sitter/ Conformal Field theory correspondence provides a unique novel perspective on critical phenomena at second order quantum phase transitions in systems with spatial dimensions d > 1. The first half of these lectures will provide technical background to apply the so called "holographic" techniques of the correspondence. The second half discusses the application to quantum phase transitions in condensed matter: how spontaneous symmetry breaking in a quantum critical system is similar and different to the standard case, the notion of semi-local quantum liquids and their connection to non-Fermi liquids and strange metals. There are also many lecture notes available. A sample of references are: • J. Erdmenger, Introduction to gauge gravity duality, Chapters 1,2,4,5,6. • S.A. Hartnoll, Lectures on holographic methods for condensed matter physics, Class. Quant. Grav. 26, 224002 (2009). • N. Iqbal, H. Liu and M. Mezei, Lectures on holographic non-Fermi liquids and quantum phase tran- sitions. ∗Electronic address: [email protected] 1 Contents I Lecture I 1. Context and Background 4 2. Anti-de-Sitter space 5 3. Exercises 8 4. The AdS/CFT correspondence 10 4.1. CFT brush up 10 4.2. AdS/CFT 10 II Lecture II: 5. The physics of AdS/CFT Correlation functions 11 6. AdS/CFT at finite temperature: Black Holes, and the Hawking Page transition as the holographic encoding of confinement/deconfinement 14 7.