Experiences of Anti-Nuclear Movements
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Security Operational Skills 2 (Tracing).P65
Unit - 4 K Operating Skill for handling Natural Disasters Structure 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Operating Skill for natural and nuclear disasters 4.4 Accident Categories 4.5 Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents 4.6 Geological disasters 4.7 Operating Skills for handling Mines and other Explosive Devices 4.8 Operating Skills for handing hijacking situation (other than an airline hijacking 4.9 Operating skills for antivehicle theft operations 4.10 Operating skills for facing a kidnapping or hostage situation 4.11 Operating Skill for handling coal mines and other explosive devices 4.12 Hostage Rights : Law and Practice in Throes of Evolution 4.12.1 Terminology 4.13 Relative Value of Rights 4.14 Conflict of Rights and Obligations 4.15 Hong Kong mourns victims of bus hijacking in the Philoppines 4.16 Rules for Successful Threat Intelligence Teams 4.16.1 Tailor Your Talent 4.16.2 Architect Your Infrastructure 4.16.3 Enable Business Profitability 4.16.4 Communicate Continuously 4.17 Construction Safety Practices 4.17.1 Excavation 4.17.2 Drilling and Blasting 4.17.3 Piling and deep foundations 234 4.18 Planning 4.18.1 Steps in Planning Function 4.18.2 Characteristics of planning 4.18.3 Advantages of planning 4.18.4 Disadvantages of planning 4.1 Objectives The following is a list of general objectives departments should consider when creating an Information Disaster Prevention and Recovery Plan: O Ensure the safety of all employees and visitors at the site/facility O Protect vital information and records O Secure business sites -
Keep It in the Ground. Inter- National Stop Uranium Mining News Letter
keep it in the ground. inter national stop uranium mining news letter. march 1982 SUBSCRIPTIONS Wortd lnfonnation Servtoe on Energy WISE was set up by safe energy ac tivists in 1978 to tunetion as an in A subscription to the Keep It In The ternational switchboard tor local Ground costs f25 for individuals and national safe energy groups ($5.00, $12.50) and f50 for institutions around the world who want to ex per year (10 issues). change information and support one another. Up until this stage the KIITG expenses have been financed by the Smiling Sun WISE now has relays in 11 coun Foundation, Novib and NCO. This year tries and a worldwide network of we are facing the big problem: they grassroots contacts. are most likely unable to continue We are funded by the anti-nuclear funding us. This means that to continue movement through sales of the to publish KIITG, we have to ask our Smiling Sun symbol 'Nuclear Ener friends and readers for more assistance. gy? No Thanks'. Several donations of tlOO would be very wonderful. For information on WISE publica GIRO: 4088285 tions and on how to become a member or give financial support Look on the back cover for your nearest contact: relay. If there is no relay in your WISE·Amsterdam, Biaslusstraat 90, area, subscriba direct via WISE Amster 1091 CW Amsterdam, The Nelherlands, dam. Tel.: 020-924264, Poat Account: 40.88.285 ABOUT THIS NEWSLETTER This is a newsletter linking together This issue of Keep It In The Ground is the in an information chain people all combined work of the Amsterdam staff, the round the world werking to stop uranium Australia and Washington relays, and inform mining. -
Multi-Organ Involvement and Failure in Selected Accident Cases with Acute Radiation Syndrome Observed at the Mayak Nuclear Facility
DOI: 10.1259/bjr/84574102 Multi-organ involvement and failure in selected accident cases with acute radiation syndrome observed at the Mayak Nuclear Facility T V AZIZOVA, MD, PhD, N G SEMENIKHINA, MD and M B DRUZHININA Southern Ural Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Russia Abstract. Mayak Production Association (Mayak PA) in the Southern Ural is the first Russian nuclear facility of plutonium production for weapons. Due to the lack of knowledge and experience in operating nuclear facilities, 19 radiation accidents including criticality accidents occurred and 59 individuals developed acute radiation syndrome (ARS) during commissioning and development of Mayak PA (1948–1958). Severe accidents that occurred at this facility are reviewed, and the initial symptoms and clinical courses of ARS in victims are discussed from the perspective of multi-organ involvement and failure. Introduction reactors with fuel rod manipulations. 3 of 19 accidents (16%) were accompanied by a spontaneous chain reaction. Whole body exposure to high doses of radiation causes In 19 accidents, 49 men and 10 women developed ARS, acute radiation syndrome (ARS) involving multiple organs and 6 men and 1 woman died of ARS. and tissues. Development of modern medicine, including intensive care, allows patients highly exposed to radiation to survive longer than before. However, the experience of Criticality accidents at Mayak PA during 1948–1958 the Tokai-mura criticality accident that occurred in Japan in 1999 raised problems in the treatment of heavily A criticality accident involving plutonium nitrate exposed victims. Treatment of the victims in this accident solution in an interim storage vessel has demonstrated that bone marrow failure is not neces- On 15 March 1953 an accident occurred in a building sarily a restricting factor for recovery, but that multi-organ where processing was being carried out to recover involvement and failure is likely to be such a factor. -
Benefit-Function of Two- Identical Cold Standby Nuclear Reactors System Subject to Failure Due to Radioactivity Or Overheating, Steam Explosion, Fire, and Meltdown
International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER) ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Benefit-Function of Two- Identical Cold Standby Nuclear Reactors System subject to failure due to radioactivity or Overheating, steam explosion, fire, and meltdown Ashok Kumar Saini BLJS COLLEGE, TOSHAM (BHIWANI) HARYANA INDIA Email ID [email protected] The accident killed 30 people directly and damaged Abstract- A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by approximately $7 billion of property. A study published in the International Atomic Energy Agency as "an event that 2005 estimates that there will eventually be up to 4,000 has led to significant consequences to people, the additional cancer deaths related to the accident among environment or the facility." Examples include lethal those exposed to significant radiation levels. Radioactive effects to individuals, large radioactivity release to fallout from the accident was concentrated in areas of the environment, or reactor core melt." The prime Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. Approximately 350,000 example of a "major nuclear accident" is one in which people were forcibly resettled away from these areas soon a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts after the accident. of radioactivity are released, such as in the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. Benjamin K. Sovacool has reported that worldwide there have been 99 accidents at nuclear power plants from 1952 The impact of nuclear accidents has been a topic of debate to 2009 (defined as incidents that either resulted in the loss practically since the first nuclear reactors were constructed of human life or more than US$50,000 of property damage, in 1954. It has also been a key factor in public concern the amount the US federal government uses to define about nuclear facilities. -
The Anti Nuclear & Safe Energy Wlndscale Pj
the anti Nuclear & Safe Energy Wlndscale pJ 6 , CD cer ...Ql '< ~ / Ql ...n ;;r Contents COMMENT Comment P.2 A belated HAPPY NEW YEAR to all our readers and a HAPPY BIRTH Windscale DAY to the SIZEWELL INQUIRY, one year old on January 11th. SIZE 3 WELL now holds the record as the longest-running Public Inquiry. News 4&5 That other focus of Anti-Nuclear attention- WINDSCALE, was rarely Men and Greenham 6 out of the news in '83 despite such slick PR as changing its name! This Communication from issue bring$ you the latest. Persons Unknown 7 The cavalier attitude shown by the SSEB in pushing through its Pollution knows TORNESS AGR project in East Lothian continues to alienate local people and their elected representatives. Our local reporter uncovers the no borders 8&9 latest steamroller attempt by the faceless ones of Cathcart House. Letters 10& 11 Our interview this month is with French environmental activist DIDIER Acid Rain 12 ANGER, who outlines the changes, or lack of them, in France's Nuclear Appropriate Technology 13 Power and "Defence" strategy since the Socialist government got in. Reviews 14 Don Arnott's article on waste (SCRAM JOURNAL No. 39) provoked The Oxford Review 14& 15 quite a response. We publish readers' letters on this and other subjects. Last November saw the first national forum of Anti-Nuclear groups; we Little Black Rabbit 16 hope the improved liaison helps us all work more effectively against the & Diary Nuclear madness. Next SCRAM Journal (copy date Friday March 9th) hopes to start a This magazine Is produced for the Anti-Nuclear, Safe Energy and Dis Dl RECTORY of GROUPS and PUBLICATIONS. -
Illllllllll DK9700033
Nordisk Nordisk Pohjoismamen Nordic kerne- karn- ydin- nuclear sikkerheds- sakerhcts- turvallisuus- safety forskning forskning uitkimus research RAK-2 NKS/RAK-2(96)TR-C3 Illllllllll DK9700033 Accidents in Nuclear Ships P. L. 01gaard Rise National Laboratory DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Institute of Physics Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark December 1996 Abstract This report starts with a discussion of the types of nuclear vessels accidents, in particular accidents which involve the nuclear propulsion systems. Next available information on 61 reported nuclear ship events is considered. Of these 6 deals with U.S. ships, 54 with USSR ships and 1 with a French ship. The ships are in almost all cases nuclear submarines. Only events that involve the sinking of vessels, the nuclear propulsion plants, radiation exposures, fires/explosions, sea-water leaks into the submarines and sinking of vessels are considered. For each event a summary of available information is presented, and comments are added. In some cases the available information is not credible, and these events are neglected. This reduces the number of events to 5 U.S. events, 35 USSR/Russian events and 1 French event. A comparison is made between the reported Soviet accidents and information available on dumped and damaged Soviet naval reactors. It seems possible to obtain good correlation between the two types of events. An analysis is made of the accident and estimates are made of the accident probabilities which are found to be of the order of 10"3 per ship reactor year It is finally pointed out that the consequences of nuclear ship accidents are fairly local and does in no way not approach the magnitude of the Chernobyl accident. -
PNNL Measurement Results for the 2016 Criticality Accident Dosimetry Exercise at the Nevada National Security Site (IER-148)
PNNL-26497 PNNL Measurement Results for the 2016 Criticality Accident Dosimetry Exercise at the Nevada National Security Site (IER-148) May 2017 BA Rathbone SM Morley JA Stephens PNNL-26497 PNNL Measurement Results for the 2016 Criticality Accident Dosimetry Exercise at the Nevada National Security Site (IER-148) BA Rathbone SM Morley JA Stephens May 2017 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Abstract The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) participated in a criticality accident dosimetry intercomparison exercise held at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) May 24-27, 2016. The exercise was administered by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and utilized the Godiva-IV critical assembly housed in the Device Assembly Facility (DAF) situated on the NNSS site. The exercise allowed participants to test the ability of their nuclear accident dosimeters to meet the performance criteria in ANSI/HPS N13.3-2013, Dosimetry for Criticality Accidents and to obtain new measurement data for use in revising dose calculation methods and quick sort screening methods where appropriate. PNNL participated with new prototype Personal Nuclear Accident Dosimeter (PNAD) and Fixed Nuclear Accident Dosimeter (FNAD) designs as well as the existing historical PNAD design. The new prototype designs incorporate optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters in place of thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs), among other design changes, while retaining the same set of activation foils historically used. The default dose calculation methodology established decades ago for use with activation foils in PNNL PNADs and FNADs was used to calculate neutron dose results for both the existing and prototype dosimeters tested in the exercise. -
Process Criticality Accident Likelihoods, Magnitudes and Emergency Planning - a Focus on Solution Accidents
JAERI - Conf 2003 - 019 JP0450155 Process Criticality Accident Likelihoods, Magnitudes and Emergency Planning - A Focus on Solution Accidents Thomas P. McLaughlin Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA tpmlanl.gov or tpmpobox.com ABSTRACT This paper presents analyses and applications of data from reactor and critical experiment research on the dynamics of nuclear excursions in solution media. Available criticality accident information is also discussed and shown to provide strong evidence of the overwhelming likelihood of accidents in liquid media over other forms and to support the measured data. These analyses are shown to provide valuable insights into key parameters important to understanding solution excursion dynamics in general and in evaluating practical upper bounds on criticality accident magnitudes. This understanding and these upper bounds are directly applicable to the evaluation of the consequences of postulated criticality accidents. These bounds are also essential in order to comply with national and international consensus standards and regulatory requirements for emergency planning. 1. Introduction the realistic bounds on the magnitudes and time durations, i.e., power histories, of potential Evaluation of criticality accident risks in criticality accidents. the processing of significant quantities of fissile Past experimental series, KEWB and materials is both complex and subjective. It can only CRAC,3,4) and ongoing excursion studies, SILENE, be properly accomplished by criticality specialists TRACY, and SHEBA' 6,7) provide a wealth of working closely with operations staff to thoroughly information directly applicable to estimating understand and then evaluate both the normal and accident power histories (i.e., source terms) and the spectrum of credible off-normal or upset consequences from site-specific liquid process conditions. -
Regulatory Guide 3.35, Revision 1
Revision 1 U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION July 1979 :*REGULATORY GUIDE OFFICE OF STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT REGULATORY GUIDE 335 ASSUMPTIONS USED FOR EVALUATING THE POTENTIAL RADIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ACCIDENTAL NUCLEAR CRITICALITY IN A PLUTONIUM PROCESSING AND FUEL FABRICATION PLANT A. INTRODUCTION will review the proposal and approve its use, if found acceptable. Section 70.22, "Contents of Applications," of 10 CFR Part 70, "Domestic Licensing of Special B. DISCUSSION Nuclear Materials," requires, that each appli- cation for a license to possess and use special In the process of reviewing applications for nuclear material in a plutonium processing and permits and licenses authorizing the construc- fuel fabrication plant contain a description and tion or operation of plutonium processing and safety assessment of the design bases of the fuel fabrication plants, the NRC staff has principal structures, systems, and components developed a number of appropriately conser- of the plant. Section 70.23(a)(3) states that vative assumptions that are used by the staff applications will be approved if the Commission to evaluate an estimate of the radiological determines that, among other factors, the consequences of various postulated accidents. applicant's proposed equipment and facilities These assumptions are based on previous are adequate to protect health and minimize accident experience, engineering judgment, danger to life and property, and Sec- and on the analysis of applicable experimental tion 70.23(b) states that the Commission will results from safety research programs. This approve construction of the principal struc- guide lists assumptions used by the staff to tures, systems, and components of the plant evaluate the magnitude and radiological conse- when the Commission has determined that the quences of a criticality accident in a plutonium design bases of the principal structures, sys- processing and fuel fabrication plant. -
Radioecological Consequences After a Hypothetical Accident with Release
StrålevernRapport • 2011:3 Radioecological consequences after a hypothetical accident with release into the marine environment involving a Russian nuclear submarine in the Barents Sea Reference: Iosjpe M., Reistad O., Liland A. Radioecological consequences after a hypothetical accident with release into the marine environment involving a Russian nuclear submarine in the Barents Sea StrålevernRapport 2011:3. Østerås: Statens strålevern, 2011. Key words: Radioactivity, submarine, accident, cinsequences, concentration, doses, marine, biota Abstract: The report presents results concerning the potential consequences of a hypothetical accident involving a modern Russian submarine. Referanse: Iosjpe M., Reistad O., Liland A. Radioecological consequences after a hypothetical accident with release into the marine environment involving a Russian nuclear submarine in the Barents Sea StrålevernRapport 2011:3. Østerås: Statens strålevern, 2011. Language: English. Emneord: Radioaktivitet, ubåt, ulykke, konsekvenser, konsentrasjon, doser, marint, biota Resymé: Rapporten viser resultater angående konsekvenser etter potensiell ulykke med moderne russisk ubåt. Head of project: Mikhail Iosjpe Approved: Per Strand, director, Department for Emergency Preparedness and Environmental Radioactivity 32 pages. Published 2011-04-20. Printed number 20 (11-04). Cover design: LoboMedia AS. Printed by LoboMedia AS, Oslo. Cover illustration: Statens strålevern/Inger Sandved Arnfinsen www.koboltdesign.no Orders to: Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, P.O. Box 55, N-1332 Østerås, Norway. Telephone +47 67 16 25 00, fax + 47 67 14 74 07. E-mail: [email protected] www.nrpa.no ISSN 0804-4910 (print) ISSN 1891-5191 (online) Innhold/Contents 8 8 11 12 12 14 15 21 23 25 The report presents results pertaining to a risk assessment of the potential consequences of a hypothetical accident involving a modern Russian submarine. -
Internal and External Exposure Exposure Routes 2.1
Exposure Routes Internal and External Exposure Exposure Routes 2.1 External exposure Internal exposure Body surface From outer space contamination and the sun Inhalation Suspended matters Food and drink consumption From a radiation Lungs generator Radio‐ pharmaceuticals Wound Buildings Ground Radiation coming from outside the body Radiation emitted within the body Radioactive The body is equally exposed to radiation in both cases. materials "Radiation exposure" refers to the situation where the body is in the presence of radiation. There are two types of radiation exposure, "internal exposure" and "external exposure." External exposure means to receive radiation that comes from radioactive materials existing on the ground, suspended in the air, or attached to clothes or the surface of the body (p.25 of Vol. 1, "External Exposure and Skin"). Conversely, internal exposure is caused (i) when a person has a meal and takes in radioactive materials in the food or drink (ingestion); (ii) when a person breathes in radioactive materials in the air (inhalation); (iii) when radioactive materials are absorbed through the skin (percutaneous absorption); (iv) when radioactive materials enter the body from a wound (wound contamination); and (v) when radiopharmaceuticals containing radioactive materials are administered for the purpose of medical treatment. Once radioactive materials enter the body, the body will continue to be exposed to radiation until the radioactive materials are excreted in the urine or feces (biological half-life) or as the radioactivity weakens over time (p.26 of Vol. 1, "Internal Exposure"). The difference between internal exposure and external exposure lies in whether the source that emits radiation is inside or outside the body. -
Los Alamos Criticality Accident, December 30, 1958
rP,rti;;foffl&;he l involved in critical ntI 1 accident I soltitions Stripped y&3; cnl>ront o.+rnr+;nn Purification@ F-1 IIGII~ '~~~~~ Jccident) u 1-y I“ n c: :7 tqH A-Filter feed tank Super- B-C-Evaporators ‘Y rods, D-Dilute strip tank audible I Plutonium- ! 4 E-Precipitation tank circuit,s, F-Solvent treatina tank nagnets :rvisorvs G-Current dilute itrip tank -P--l/-I H-Raffinate tank J-Nitric acid station release K-Feed tank 'spring. I-Storage tank Iriving FIG, 1. FLOW SHEET for plant in which accidental criticality FIG. 2. PLANT LAYOUT shows relation of different processing oreas and tanks set to receive near-critical liquids ‘,red by ,c.urred. Portion involved is at right -ication, can be he tank Qection ving the Los AIamos Criticality Accident, )ved re. removal .a meas- December 30, -1958 and the By HUGH C. PAXTON, R. D. BAKER, W. J. MARAMAN, and ROY REIDER its were dent or Lbe Alamos Scienti~%c Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mezico )f heavy hat was srsonnel EDITORS’ NOTE: A sudden criticality in The resulting solution, containing plutonium was transferred to the stainless-steel solvent- ere peo- Dprocessing vessel at the LOS Alamos ptuto- at a few grams per liter, then is fed back treating tank in which the accident occurred he time. nium-processingplant occurred on Decem- into an earlier recovery stage. (Fig. 3). This tank already contained about 80 gal of caustic-stabilized aqueous- lccident ber30. As a resdt a technician died 36 hr These processes are complicated by hy- drolysis of TBP into mono- and dibutyl organic emulsion that had resulted from later (NU, Feb.