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Complete Issue Dedicated to what works in global health programs GLOBAL HEALTH: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021 Volume 9 Supplement 1 www.ghspjournal.org Communitiesas the Cornerstone of Primary Health Care: Learning, Policy, and Practice Guest Editors: Charlotte E. Warren, PhD, MEd; Ben Bellows, PhD; Rachel Marcus, MSc; Jordan Downey, MPH; Sarah Kennedy, MPH; Nazo Kureshy, MSc EDITORS Editor-in-Chief Stephen Hodgins, MD, MSc, DrPH, Associate Professor, Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Alberta Editor-in-Chief Emeritus: James D. Shelton, MD, MPH, Retired Associate Editors Matthew Barnhart, MD, MPH, Senior Science Advisor, USAID, Bureau for Global Health Cara J. Chrisman, PhD, Deputy Division Chief, Emerging Threats Division, USAID, Bureau for Global Health Elaine Menotti, MPH, Deputy Division Chief, Service Delivery Improvement, USAID, Bureau for Global Health Jim Ricca, MD, MPH, Director, Adaptive Management, Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning, MOMENTUM, Jhpiego Madeleine Short Fabic, MHS, Supervisory Public Health Advisor, USAID, Bureau for Africa Abdulmumin Saad, MD, PhD, MPH, Senior Advisor, USAID, Bureau for Global Health Malaria: Michael Macdonald, ScD, Consultant, World Health Organization, Vector Control Unit, Global Malaria Programme Maternal Health: Marge Koblinsky, PhD, Independent Consultant Nutrition: Bruce Cogill, PhD, MS, Consultant Managing Staff Natalie Culbertson, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs Sonia Abraham, MA, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs EDITORIAL BOARD Zulfiqar Bhutta, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Aga Emmanuel (Dipo) Otolorin, Jhpiego, Nigeria Khan University, Pakistan James Phillips, Columbia University, USA Kathryn Church, Marie Stopes International, London School Yogesh Rajkotia, ThinkWell, USA of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom David Sleet, Bizell Group, LLC, Previously Center for Disease Scott Dowell, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, USA Control and Prevention, USA Marelize Görgens, World Bank, USA John Stanback, FHI 360, USA Lennie Kamwendo, White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Lesley Stone, US Department of State/US Agency for Motherhood, Health Service Commission, Malawi International Development, USA Jemilah Mahmood, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Douglas Storey, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Societies, Malaysia Programs, USA Vinand Nantulya, Busitema University, Uganda Global Health: Science and Practice (ISSN: 2169-575X) is a no-fee, open-access, peer-reviewed journal published online at www.ghspjournal.org. It is published quarterly by the Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202. GHSP is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the Knowledge SUCCESS (Strengthening Use, Capacity, Collaboration, Exchange, Synthesis, and Sharing) Project. GHSP is editorially independent and does not necessarily represent the views or positions of USAID, the United States Government, or the Johns Hopkins University. For further information, please contact the editors at [email protected]. Global Health: Science and Practice is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Cover caption: Community health workers Hne-Nma Clark and Jacob Yieh lead a community education session on family planning in Wuduken com- munity, Liberia. © 2020 Miry Choi/Partners In Health Table of Contents 2021 | Volume 9 | Supplement 1 EDITORIALS Strength in Diversity: Integrating Community in Primary Health Care to Advance Universal Health Coverage This supplement highlights a systems approach that recognizes the communities’ roles and their interactions with other health system actors to accelerate outcomes and reflect the diversity of the community health ecosystem. Several cross-cutting priorities emerge from the articles, namely coverage, community health financing, policy change, institutionalization, resilience, accountability, community engagement, and whole-of-society efforts. Charlotte E. Warren, Ben Bellows, Rachel Marcus, Jordan Downey, Sarah Kennedy, Nazo Kureshy Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(Suppl 1):S1-S5 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00125 VIEWPOINTS The Untold Story of Community Mobilizers Re-engaging a Disengaged Community During the Endemic Era of India’s Polio Eradication Program Although India’s polio eradication program began with a flourish in 1995, gradually, the community disengaged from the program as misinformation about the vaccine spread. Vaccination teams faced abuse and even physical aggression. What caused this break in communication? CORE Group Polio Project’s mobilizers had to delve deep to uncover untold stories of why communities were disengaged from the government’s polio eradication efforts. Roma Solomon Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(Suppl 1):S6-S8 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00425 COMMENTARIES Mind the Global Community Health Funding Gap Community health workers play a critical role in providing both essential health services and pandemic response. Community health demonstrates a strong return on investment, but funding for this sector is limited and fragmented. Understanding the underlying costs of a community health system is crucial for both planning and policy; the data demonstrate a strong investment case. Angela Gichaga, Lizah Masis, Amit Chandra, Dan Palazuelos, Nelly Wakaba Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(Suppl 1):S9-S17 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00517 Global Health: Science and Practice 2021 | Volume 9 | Supplement 1 Table of Contents www.ghspjournal.org Liberia’s Community Health Assistant Program: Scale, Quality, and Resilience Liberia’s community health program went from concept to nationwide scale in 4 years due to the Liberian Government’s vision and its partnership with implementing organizations and donors. The next community health policy will tackle the unfinished agenda related to quality, resilience, and sustainability. Liberia’s experience offers valuable lessons for innovating, and institutionalizing a compensated, effective cadre of community health assistants. Jessica Healey, S. Olasford Wiah, Jannie M. Horace, Dianah B. Majekodunmi, Derry S. Duokie Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(Suppl 1):S18-S24 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00509 Institutionalizing Community Health Services in Kenya: A Policy and Practice Journey The process of institutionalizing community health services in Kenya required strong leadership by the Ministry of Health, effective coordination and support of stakeholders, and alignment of community health with the political priorities at the national and decentralized government levels to facilitate adequate prioritization and financing of the community health strategy. Salim Hussein, Lilian Otiso, Maureen Kimani, Agatha Olago, John Wanyungu, Daniel Kavoo, Rose Njiraini, Sila Kimanzi, Robinson Karuga Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(Suppl 1):S25-S31 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00430 ORIGINAL ARTICLES The Community Health Systems Reform Cycle: Strengthening the Integration of Community Health Worker Programs Through an Institutional Reform Perspective Efforts to scale community health worker programs within primary health care systems in 7 countries illustrated that these efforts are best understood as a complex process of institutional reform. Successful scale up depends on a problem-driven political process; requires that models develop solutions that align with resources, capabilities, and commitments of key stakeholders; and emerges from iterative cycles of learning and improvement. Nan Chen, Mallika Raghavan, Joshua Albert, Abigail McDaniel, Lilian Otiso, Richard Kintu, Melissa West, David Jacobstein Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(Suppl 1):S32-S46 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00429 Galvanizing Action on Primary Health Care: Analyzing Bottlenecks and Strategies to Strengthen Community Health Systems in West and Central Africa In West and Central Africa, “leaving no one behind” requires strengthening community health systems by increasing health financing, improving the supply chain system, and fostering community ownership and partnerships in all settings. Countries with high child mortality rates should improve service delivery through better integration. Galvanizing context- specific country actions is fundamental to improve primary health care services and move toward universal health coverage. Aline Simen-Kapeu, Maria Eleanor Reserva, Rene Ehounou Ekpini Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(Suppl 1):S47-S64 https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00377 Global Health: Science and Practice 2021 | Volume 9 | Supplement 1 Table of Contents www.ghspjournal.org Applying the Community Health Worker Coverage and Capacity Tool for Time-Use Modeling for Program Planning in Rwanda and Zanzibar The C3 Tool supports community health worker (CHW) program planning by making tradeoffs apparent between human resources and the services to be provided at varying levels of population coverage. Governments in Rwanda and Zanzibar used the tool, respectively, to optimize CHW time allocation and to estimate how many CHWs were needed to meet universal health coverage goals. Melanie Morrow, Eric Sarriot, Allyson R. Nelson, Felix Sayinzoga, Beatrice Mukamana,
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