Research and Monitoring Coordination

FINAL AUGMENTATIVE RESEARCH GRANT REPORT GRFATBARRth~ ~ DETAILS

ties on the

Cook University

~orge Fisher Centre Cook University

%114!L!i !iiii~184 ili~ililii!li~ii!~ i ~lephone Number

1989

Restricted to internal access 1Q4c~.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CORAL REEF COMMUNITIES ON THE KEPPEL ISLES

WHITSUNOAY ISLANO$

SCuAmWl:el~rL~an'ds" Grp IIBrllms~tt~ I~hute He.our site

COCKERMOUTH Is. IBrsmoton Is. site (Cumberland Grp,) ~hual NImDour site

ROBERT VAN WOESIK

SIR GEORGE FISHER CENTRE JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY

OC'YOBER 1989 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Fringing reefs of the Keppel Isles are distinct ecological entities, they are fast growing reefs being comprised of mainly Acropora species. Relatively low Scleractinian (hard corals) and Alcyonarian (soft corals) coral diversity was recorded on Great Keppel Island during the February 1989 survey. Soft corals were relatively scarce compared with other fringing reefs. Fast growing Acropora colonies (.4. formosa, A. microphthalma and A.millepora) were the dominant constituent of the benthic scleractinian communities. Sargassum oligocystum was the dominant macroalgae (Phaeophyta). Humpy, Halfway and Miall Islands had higher coral diversity than Great Keppel Island and were similar to sites on the windward side of Percy and Brampton Island (Cumberlands, Mackay) and on the windward side on Tancred Island (Shute Harbour, Whitsundays). This similarity was confirmed by an examination of results from an ordination analysis (multi-dimensional scaling) which compared the abundance, size and coral species composition of the Keppel Island reefs with reefs from the Whitsunday, Cumberland and Northumberland Islands.

It seems that these reefs have only recently developed in the latter period of the Holocene. This idea is postulated from a comparative coral community and geomorphological study of the Percy Island reefs in the Northumberland Islands. These reefs have recently been radiocarbon dated at 1500 years before present (Hopley and Kleypas, pers.comm). 2

INTRODUCTION

The Keppel Islands are situated within the Capricorn section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP), they are located approximately 8 nautical miles off Yeppoon, near Rockhampton at 23~ 23~ to 150~ 151~ (Fig 1, Fig 2).

The geological constituents of MiaU, Halfway, Humpy and Great Keppel Islands are mainly quartz greywacke, mudstone, quartz-muscovite-biotite and schist and gneiss. Great Keppet Island also supports coastal sand and sand dunes on the northwest and northeast shores respectively and some mudflats on the northern coast.

Several archaeological studies have been undertaken on the Keppel Islands. Oyster middens with stone drills and fish bone hooks were discovered at Monkey Point and Wreck Bay (Rowlands 1980;1983). These being artefacts of Aboriginal populations which inhabited the islands in semi-isolation until just over 100 years ago (Rowlands 1982).

Limited ecological information exists on coral communities of the Keppel Island fringing reefs. In February 1989, a SCUBA survey was conducted at 8 sites (Fig 3) supported by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) examining benthic and fish communities (companion study). Benthic communities were compared with other fringing reefs in the Northumberland, Cumberland and Whitsunday Islands (Fig 1, section A, B and C respectively) for species diversity, species abundance and size of coral colonies. 3 FICURE 1. Location of the Keppel Islands (D) and other study sites, Whttsunday Islands (A), Cumberland Islands (B), Northumberland Islands (C).

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METHODS

Field surveys were conducted using SCUBA during February 1989. Eight sites were examined for benthic composition (Fig. 3). Sites comprised of 20 m by 10 m belts in order to obtain a representative sample of the organisms of interest. Each site was divided into four 5 m by 5 m quadrats to facilitate the accuracy of field measurements. A species list was comprised for each site. Difficulties exist in the field identification of seleractinian species within the genera Porites, Montipora and Acropora (ie. need for magnification). These logistic constraints would jeopardise the quantity of data obtained. Therefore, quantitative data was collected at a lower taxonomic level in the form of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) on which analyses were performed. The size of each OTU was scored in categories based on maximum diameter: A 1-50 cm, B 51-100 cm, C 101- 300cm, D > 300 cm. This data is presented in appendix 1.

Percent cover estimates for hard coral, soft coral, macroalgae, turf algae, sand, rubble, sponges and zoanthids were made in each site from two 20 m line transects. The intercepts of benthos under the tape were recorded (Loya 1972).

Analytical methodology

Line transects were examined for gross biological cover. Estimates of total cover, means, standard deviations, standard errors and percent cover of gross taxonomic units were made (Table 1).

An ordination analysis was performed to assess the similarity of the benthic communities examined on the fringing reefs of the Keppel Islands with those on other fringing reefs further north (Fig 1). A multi-variate technique, Hybrid Multi- dimensional Scaling (Kruskal and Wish 1978) applying the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficient (Bray and Curtis 1957) was undertaken on the data set (Appendix 1). 6 FIGURE 3.

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RESULTS

Benthic Community Description

SITE 1: Great Keppel Island - Clam Bay 8.5 m below Low Water Datum (LWD)

This site supported 53% coral cover and 47% sand and rubble. Large mono-specific stands of ,4cropora formosa, `4cropora microphthalma and ,4cropora nobilis were predominant scleractinian corals. Other acroporiids A. tenuis, A.nasuta, A.millepora, A.sarmentosa, A.divaricata, .4. clathrata, A.cytherea. and Favites species were common. `4streopora spp., Pocillopora damicomis (n=8), Stylophora pistillata, Xestospongia (Porifera) and Turbbzaria spp. Pavona venosa (n = 9), Goniastrea favulus and Leptoria phrygia were present. The macroalgae Padina sp. occurred throughout the rubble beds. Soft corals were relatively sparse.

SITE 2: Great Keppel Island- Clam Bay 1.0 m below LWD

Site two was further up the slope form site one (approx. 50 m). Coral cover was higher than at site 1 (94%) and more diverse, however the size of the mono-specific stands decreased. Massive Favites spp.(n = 13), Leptastrea spp., Cyphastrea spp., Leptoria phrygia and Platygyra sinensis were common. Shrub-like Acropora species A.millepora, A.nasuta, A.tenuis, A.samzentosa and plate like Acropora species A.latistella and A.clathrata were also prominent corals.

SITE 3: Great Keppel Island- Monkey Point 1.0 m above LWD

This site supported 64 % coral cover, 29% macroalgae, 8% turf algae and 1% coralline algae. Coral cover mainly comprised of large stands of A. formosa covering 5 m by 5 m quadrats. A. nobilis was common in the form of large stands although not as prolific as A.fonnosa, A.nasuta, A.tenuis, A.aculeus, A.millepora some Fungia species, Pocillopora damicomis , A. millepora and A.sarmentosa were common down the reef slope and on the reef fiat. Montipora tuberculosa was relatively common.

SITE 4: Middle Island Observatory 1.0 m below LWD Hard coral cover 82%, Macroalgal cover 7%, Sand and rubble 6%, Turf algae 3%.

Mono-specific stands of Acroporaformosa occupied most of the reef flat and slope. The reef fiat was partially lithified by emersion processes and epilithic algae communities covered the dead carbonate structure. Stypopodium flabellifonne the fine, fan-shaped macroalgae was common among the Acropora beds.

SITE 5: Humpy Island At LWD

The reef flat above site 5 supported mainly brown (Phaeophyta) macroalgae Padina sop., Sargassum spp. and Cystoseda tdnodis and the corals PociUopora damicornis, massive Podtes species, Acropora humilis, Favia spp. and Cyphastrea spp.

Hard corals 66%, Turf algae 5%, Sand rubble 28%, Soft coral 1%.

The slope site was relatively diverse supporting abundant massive colonies: Cyphastrea microphthabna, Cyphastrea chalcidicum, Leptastrea inaequalis, Leptastrea transversa, Goniastrea australiensis, PlaO,gyra sinensis, Leptotia phrygia, Favia speciosa, Porites spp. and Goniopora spp. Tabulate Acropora corals were abundant (n=6) A. cytherea, A.clathrata, A. latistella. Shrub-like Acropora were prolific (n=71): A.cerealis and other corals from the nasuta group, A. sarmentosa (n= 12), A. humilis, A.millepora and A.divaricata. Branching stands of A.formosa and A.nobilis were abundant. The common PociUopora damicomis and Stylophora pistillata were also abundant (n= 71 and 13 respectively). Some Turbinaria species were present: Turbinaria bifrons, Turbinatia stellulata (n=4). 9

SITE 6: Halfway Island 0.5 m above LWD Hard coral 66%, Turf algae 5%, Sand and rubble 28%, Soft corals 1%.

Acropora fom~osa and Acropora microphthalma quantitatively dominated this site. Shrub-like Acropora were also prolific: .4.millepora, A.sarmentosa, A.nasuta, A.secale, A.valida, A.cerealis and A.humilis (n = 22). Sixteen small tabulate-like Acropora colonies were recorded, mainiyA.cytherea, A.clathrata, A.latistella. Massive corals were abundant and diverse; Cyphastrea chalcidicum, C.microphthalma, Leptastrea spp., Montastrea curta, Oulophyllia crispa, Goniastrea australiensis, Favites russelli, Goniastrea favulus, Leptoria phrygia, Faviafavus and Acanthastrea echinata. Small colonies (< 50 cm) of Pocillopora damicornis were prolific (n=54).

SITE 7 Humpy Island (south east) 2.5 m below LWD Hard coral 72%, Turf algae 20%, Sand and rubble 22%, Soft corals 3%, Dead coral 1%.

Site 7 is located below a steep rocky cliff and is directly exposed to the predominant south east winds and associated swell. Acropora corals were most common: A.nobilis, A.fonnosa, A.millepora, A.samzentosa, A.microphthalma and A.cytherea~ although other corals were relatively abundant specially the massive forms of; Favites chinensis, Favites russellg Favia speciosa, Favia lizardensis, Goniastrea favulus, Goniastrea australiensis, Pavona venosa, Leptastrea spp., and Platygyra spp.

Turbinaria corals, prolific on the highly turbid fringing reefs of the Northumberland Islands, were more abundant at this site than at any other (n=32): Zreniformi~ T.frondens, T.patula. Soft corals Xenia sp.(n=38), Briareum sp. and Cliona sponges, common in deep or turbid environments on most fringing reefs were conspicuous as were the macroalgae Padina and Chlorodesmis fastigata (nb. this chlorophyta is relatively uncommon on fringing reefs). Within deep waters, 10-12 m the reef supported large and abundant colonies of Podtes spp. and Turbinaria corals and large Xestospongia and Cinachrya tenuiviolacea (Porifera). 10

SITE 8 Miall Island. 0.5 m below LWD Hard coral 36%, Sand and Rubble 59%, Turf algae 2%, Dead coral 2%, Soft coral 1%.

Thick branching acroporiids dominated both the reef flat and slope. The flat was however composed of remanent and lithified acroporiids. Constituents within the Acroporiidae family were - A. cytherea, A. clathrata, A. samlentosa, A. millepora, A. nasuta, A. microphthalma, A. formosa, A. secale, A. nobilis, A.valida, A. cerealis and A. aspera.

Leptastrea hzequalis (n =22) and Pocillopora damicomis (n=60) were common. Other corals present in low abundance were Hydnophora pilosa, Favia favus, Goniastrea palauensis, and Goniastrea australiensis. 11 DISCUSSION

Relatively low Scleractinian (hard corals) and Alcyonarian (soft corals) coral diversity was recorded on Great Keppel Island. Spatial variation of coral cover was high. Soft corals were relatively scarce compared with other fringing reefs. Fast growing Acropora colonies (A. formosa, A. microphthalma and A.millepora) were dominant. Sargassum oligocystum was the dominant macroalgae (Phaeophyta). Humpy, Halfway and Miall Islands had higher coral diversity than Great Keppel Island. The multidimensional ordination analysis undertaken on some 47 sites in the Whitsunday, Cumberland, Northumberland and Keppel Islands, indicated that these islands supported similar coral comnmnities (ie. coral species diversity, abundance and size) to sites on the windward side of Percy and Brampton Island (Cumberlands, Mackay) and on the windward side on Tancred Island (Shute Harbour, Whitsundays).

It seems that these reefs are fast growing, as their main constituent is Acropora corals and have only recently developed in the latter period of the Holocene. This idea is postulated from a comparative coral community and geomorphological study of the Percy Island reefs in the Northumberland Islands. These reefs have recently been radiocarbon dated at 1500 years before present (Hopley and Kleypas, pers.comm). F|gure 4. A two-dimensional representation of a multi-dimensional scaling analysis undertaken to examine the similar(ty of benthic communities on the Keppel ) compared with those in the Whitsunday, Northumberland and Cumberland Islands, ..

WHITSUNDAY" ISLANDS

/ NORTHUMBERLAND / J~n , ISLANDS a e

a lib lie m mShute Harbour site CAWFELL Is. alrampton Is. umberland Grp/,)~sit e

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: \ -1 KEPPEL \ SHUTE HARBOUR SITES mBrampton Is. COCKERMOUTH Is. (Cumberland Grp.) I~hute H site 13

REFERENCES

Bray JR and Curtis T (1957) An ordination of upland forest communities. Ecol Mono 27:325-349

Kruskal JB and Wish M (1978) Multidimensional Scaling. Sage publications, Beverely Hills, California. pp 93.

Rowlands MJ (1980) The Keppel Islands - Preliminary Investigations. Aust Arch 11: 1- 17

Rowlands MJ (1982) Further radiocarbon dates from the Keppel Islands. Australian Archaeology 15: 43-48.

! 14

TABLE 1. LINE TRANSECT STATISTICS

SITE 1 (Great Keppr Island - Clam Bay)

n E SD SE ~ %

Acropora formosa 15 2129 162.9 42.1 141.9 53% Sand/rubble 12 1871 143.8 41.6 155.9 47% (Some Padina)

SITE 2 (Great Keppel Island - Clam Bay)

n E SD SE ~ %

Hard Coral 12 3740 347.6 100.5 311.6 93.5% Rubble 3 260 116.8 67.5 86.6 6.5%

SITE 3 (Great Keppel Island - Monkey Beach)

n E SD SE ~ %

Hard Coral 80 2574 62.4 7.0 32.1 64% Macroalgae 61 1164 16.6 2.1 19.1 29% Tuff algae/Rubble 16 246 23.7 5.9 15A 6% Coralline algae 3 16 7,2 4.2 5.3 1%

SITE 4 (Middle Island)

n E SD SE 3~ %

Hard Coral 35 3299 85.1 14.4 94.3 82% Macroalgae 18 293 12.7 3.0 16.3 7% Dead Coral 2 16 2.8 2.0 8,0 Coralline algae 1 11 11 Sand/rubble 5 257 12.6 5.7 51A 6% Turf algae 4 1.TA 21.2 10.6 31.0 3% Table I coat.

SITE 5 (Humpy Island)

n E SD SE ~" %

Hard Coral 26 752 25.1 4.9 28.9 19% Macroalgae 13 186 5.3 1.5 14.3 5% Soft coral 1 20 20 Sand/rubble 36 3042 77.8 12.9 84.5 76% 15

SITE 6 (Halfway Island)

n E SD SE ~" %

Hard Coral 48 2640 43.2 6.3 55.0 66% Turf algae 7 196 10.8 4.2 28.0 5% Sand/rubble 23 1129 39.6 8.3 49.1 28% Soft coral 2 35 3.5 2.5 175 1%

SITE 7 (Hump}" Island)

E SD SE ~" %

1lard Coral 45 2893 108A 16.2 64.3 72% Turf algae 2 65 35 2.5 325 2% Sand/rubble 10 883 96.7 26.1 88.3 22% Soft coral 6 119 10.9 4.5 19.8 3% Dead Coral 2 40 20 1%

SITE 8 (Miall Island)

E SD SE ~ %

Hard Coral 41 1451 36.6 5.7 35A 36.5% Sand/rubble 27 2362 101.1 19.4 875 59% Tuff algae 2 85 10.6 7.6 425 2% Dead coral 4 59 6.9 3.5 14.8 1.5% Soft coral 2 43 3.5 25 215 1% 16

APPENDIX 1: Quantitative data on coral communities of the Keppel Islands

SITE ! tIARD CORALS

Favites 13 Favites B 1 Gonlastrea 2 Leptasttea 1 Leptastrea B 1 Leptoria ph~gia 3 Acr~ ~ora branching 2 Acro ~ora branching B 5 Acro ~ora branching C 6 Acro ~ora branching D ! Acre ~ora fine shrub 1 Acro ~ora fine shrub B 1 Acre ~om stout shrub-like 3 Acro ~ora stout shrub-like B 11 Acro ~ora stout shrub-like C 2 Acro x3ra stout B 2 Acro )ora stout C 2 Acro ~ora tabulate 1 Acro Jora tabulate B 3 Acro )ora tabulate C 2 Montipora encrusting free-lip 3 Montipora encrusting free-lip B 1 Montipora encrusting free-lip C 2 Astreopora B 2 Pocillopora damicomis 1 Stylophora pistillata 1 Turbinaria 1 Turbinaria B 1 Pavona venosa 4

SOFT CORAL

Sarcophyton Sareophylon B

Porifera 'foliose' 2 17

SITE 2 lIAR/) CORALS Favit es spp. 4 Goniastrea spp. 1 Leptastrea spp. 1 Cyphastrea spp. B 1 Leptoda phrygia 1 Leptofia phrygia B 1 Leptoda phrygia C 1 Acropom branching 1 Acropora branching B 5 Acropora branching C 3 Acropora branching D 4 Acropora stout 4 Acropora stout 13 2 Actopora tabulate 1 Acropom tabulate B 2 Acropora tabulate C 2 Actopom fine shrub 1 Acropora fine shnJb B 4 Acropora fine ~hrub C 2 Montipom encrusting free-!ip 1 Montlpora encrusting free-lip B 1 Hydnophora spp. B 1 Pocillopora damtcomis 6 Pocillopora damfcornis B 2 Porites 'massive' 1 Ooniopora sp, D 1 Turbinafia 1 SOFr CORALS

Sareoph~on Sarcophyton B Sinulada Sinularia B 18

SITE 3 (Monkey Point)

HARD CORALS Favia Goniastrea Acropora branching Acropora branching B Aeropora branching C Acropora branching D Acropom fine shrub-like Montipora encrusting free-llp Porites encrusting Pocillopora Fungia

SOFT CORAL Sa~ophyton

SITE 4 (Middle Island)

Acropora branching Acropora branching B Acropora branching C Acropora branching D Acropora tabulate Acropom shrub-like Pocillopora Fungia 19

SITE $ (Humpy Island)

HARD CORALS Favia 3 Favites 11 Goniastrea 11 Platygyra 1 Leptastrea 1 Qvphastrea 15 Leptoria phrygia 12 Acropora branching 31 Aeropora fine shrub-like 13 Aetopora stout shrub-like 61 Aeropora stout shrub-like B 7 Acropora stout shrub-like C 3 Acropora humilis 1 Aeropora tabulate 4 Acropora tabulate C 2 Acropora stout 22 Acropora stoat B 5 Acropora stout C 2 Montipora entrusting 12 Montipom encrusting B 1 Hydnophora 3 Gonio~ 1 Poeillopora 71 Stylophora pistillata 13 Palauastrea ramosa 1 Pa',~ona ~nosa 2 Acanthastrea 1 Turbinaria 4

SOPT CORALS

Alcyonium 4 Sarcophyton 16 Sinulafia 8 Sinulatia B 1 Xenia 199 20

SITE 6 (Halfway Island)

HARD CORALS

Favia 1 Favites 3 Goniastrea 7 Leptastrea 1 Oulophyllia 1 Hydnophora 1 Montastrea 1 Lept oria phzygia 9 Cyphastrea 3 Acro ~ora fine branching 6 .Acro ~ora fine branching B 1 Acre ~ora fine branching C 4 Acre )ora thick branching 9 Acro ~ora thick branching B 19 Acro ~ora thick branching C 8 Acro ~ora thick branching D 3 Aero ~ora stout shrub 18 Acto ~ora stout shrub B 4 Acro ~ora fine shrub 5 Ac~ ~ora fine shrub B 1 Acro Jora humilis 1 Acro ~ora tabulate 9 Ac~ Jora tabulate B 7 Acro )ora stout 20 Acto )ora stout I] 10 Acre Jora stout C 1 Mont~ ora enerusting 4 Porites massive 17 PoHtes massive B 1 Pocillopora damicornis 54 Pocillopora damicomis B 2 Stylophora pistillata 1 Acanthastrea sp. 1 Lobophyllia sp. 1 Turbinaria foliose 1

SOFT CORAL

Sarcophyton 1 Sinularia 7 Xenia 12

PORIFERA submassive 1"/ 21

SITE ? (Humpy Island)

HARD CORALS Favia 2 Favites 13 Gonlastrea 15 Platygyra 1 Leptastrea 2 Cyphastrea 1 Aeropora fine branching 3 Aeropora fine branching B 1 Acropora thick branching 18 Acropora thick branching B 15 Acropom thick branching C 8 Acropora thick branching D 3 Acropom stout shrub 1 Acropora fine shrub 9 Acropora fine shrub B 1 Acropora tabulate 20 Acropora tabulate B 1 Acropora stout 2 Montipora enerusting 8 Porites massive 3 Goniopora 2 poeillopora damicornis 9 Seriatopora hyst rix 1 Stylophora plstillata 2 Pa~lona venosa 4 Symphyllla sp. 1 Turbinaria 32 SOFT CORALS Alcoynium 9 Sarcophyton 4 Briareum 1 Xenia 28 Xenia B 10 PORIFERA t: Foliose 2 vase 1 22

SfI'E 8 (MlaJl Island)

HARD CORALS Favia 2 Goniastrea 6 Leptastrea 22 Leptastrea B 1 Acropora Fine branching 9 Acropora fine branching B 1 Acropora thick branching 69 Acropora thick branching B 9 Acropora thick branching C 2 Aclopora stout shrub 4 Acropora fine shrub 5 Acropora fine shrub B 1 Acropora tabulate 12 Acropora tabulate B 17 Acropora tabulate C 3 Acropora stout 21 Acropora stout B 1 Aeropora stout C 1 Montipora submassive 3 Porites massive 2 Pocillopora damicornis 59 Pocillopora damicornis B 1 pavona verto~a 1 Hydnophora 3 Hydnophora B 1 Turbinaria foliose 3 SOFF CORALS Lobophytum Alcyonium Sarcophyton SinuIaria Xenia PORIFERA Submass'we 2 !: Cliona 3 23

APPENDIX 2. Scleractinian species list for the Keppel Islands

Pocilloporidae Pocillopora damicornis Sefiatopora hyst rix Stylophora pistillata Palauastrea ramosa

Acroporidae Acropora tenuis Acropora formosa Act~3pora cytherea Acropora cerealis Acropora dendrum Acropora glauca Acropora microclados Acropora hyacinthus Acropora selago Acropora Ioripes Acropora nasuta Acropora aculeus Acropora nana Acropora valida Acropora nobilis Acropora clathrala Acropora sarmentosa Acropora divaricat a Acropora millepora Acropora subalata Acropora solitaryensis Acropora latistella Acropora pulchra Acropora humilis Act'opora aspera Acropora secale Acropora microphthalma Acropora samoensis Montipora aequituberculata Montipora crassitubcrculata Montipora venosa Montipora angulata Montipora efflorescens Montipora hispida Montipora tuberculosa

Poritidae Porite$ aut raliensis Poriies annae porites lutea Porites densa Goniopora spp.

Faviidae Favia speciosa Favia fares Favia lizardensis Favites chinensis Favit es russelli Goniastrea australensis Goniastrea favulus Goniastrea retiformis Platygyra daedalea Platygyra sinensis OulophyllJa crispa Montastrea curta Cyphast tea chalcidicum Cyphastrea mictophthalma Leptastrea tranversa Leptastrea inequalis

Dendrophyiliidae Tu rbinaria bifrons Turbinaria stellulata Turbinaria reniformis Turbinaria frondens

OTHER FAMILIES Acanthastrea echinata Hydnophora pilosa Hydnophora excesa Davona vcllo~a Coscinarea spp. Fungia spp. Galaxea sp.