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Sanitation Service Delivery in Smaller Urban Areas (Mzuzu and Karonga, Malawi)

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Sanitation Service Delivery in Smaller Urban Areas (Mzuzu and Karonga, Malawi) EAU0010.1177/0956247818766495Environment & UrbanizationShort Title 766495research-article2018 Sanitation service delivery in smaller urban areas (Mzuzu and Karonga, Malawi) ROCHELLE H HOLM, ALINAFE KAMANGIRA, MavuTO TEMBO, VICTOR KASULO, HASTINGS KANDAYA, PETER GIJS VAN ENK AND ALEX VELZEBOER Rochelle H Holm is the ABSTRACT This paper assesses the provision of sanitation services in two Manager of the Centre of urban areas in northern Malawi, both with populations under 150,000, to Excellence in Water and determine the potential for private sector enterprises to contribute to longer- Sanitation with Mzuzu University, Malawi. The term self-reliance as part of the overall sanitation situation. The paper shows primary objective of the that most households in the two study areas use pit latrines and remain Centre is to improve the unserved with regard to both faecal sludge management and solid waste effectiveness of sanitation, removal. Local governments have been unable to offer adequate coverage of hygiene practices, and sanitation services, and community-based organizations are doing very little water supply interventions that is relevant to the issue. This gap offers a viable business opportunity for serving Malawi and surrounding countries. private sanitation service providers. Of these two urban areas, Karonga Town has no formal private sector services, but Mzuzu City has pit emptying and solid Address: P/Bag 201, waste collection services, plus some small-scale manufacturers of pre-made pit Luwinga, Mzuzu 2, Malawi; e-mail: rochelle@ latrine slabs. The paper explores these activities, considering their accessibility rochelleholm.com to low-income customers. It closes with suggestions regarding the potential for building on what is currently available. Alinafe Kamangira is a Research Assistant with Mzuzu University, Centre KEYWORDS faecal sludge management / low-income country / Malawi / private of Excellence in Water and sector / small city / solid waste / urban sanitation Sanitation, Malawi. Address: e-mail: kalidrah@ yahoo.com Mavuto Tembo is a geographer with research I. INTRODUCTION interests in rural water, sanitation, hygiene and climate adaptation. He is Open defecation is increasingly rare in many urban areas in low- currently working with income countries,(1) and Malawi, in Southern Africa, is no exception. Mzuzu University as Senior But this trend implies the need for sanitation services that can keep Lecturer. pace with the growth in urban populations. This can be especially Address: e-mail: challenging in dense urban areas in many low- and middle-income tembo3umd@gmail.com countries, where conventional systems are both costly and difficult Victor Kasulo is the Director to install. Efficient solid waste management, similarly, can present of Research with Mzuzu considerable challenges. Andersson et al.(2) note that both high- and University, Malawi. low-income countries will find it a challenge in the future to achieve Address: e-mail: kasulov@ sustainable urban sanitation, but low-income countries that still lack gmail.com full coverage with conventional sewage and waste removal systems Hastings Kandaya is the have a unique opportunity to go beyond conventional planning and Director of Programmes at Malawi Red Cross Society. to introduce innovative solutions. Environment & Urbanization Copyright © 2018 International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). 597 Vol 30(2):https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247818766495 597–612. 10.1177/0956247818766495 www.sagepublications.com ENVIRONMENT & URBANIZATION Vol 30 No 2 October 2018 One such innovation for filling public entity service gaps for the Address: e-mail: hkandaya@ delivery of environmentally sound sanitation services has been the redcross.mw introduction of public–private–community partnerships, especially Peter Gijs van Enk was for the poor, as promoted by Franceys and Weitz.(3) And in areas where previously with The Netherlands Red Cross. conventional systems are unrealistic, there is significant scope for enterprises offering faecal sludge management through onsite household Address: e-mail: emptying services.(4) In the area of solid waste removal, there are also petergijsvanenk@gmail.com practical solutions, responsive to challenging urban conditions. Yet other Alex Velzeboer was the studies on Africa and Asia point to the difficulties in building private water, sanitation and (5) hygiene (WASH) delegate in sector sanitation services. Malawi for The Netherlands Cost is a major issue. Private sector sanitation services in Malawi, Red Cross. He is currently for instance, are unaffordable given the high consumer price index. with the International Organization for Migration, This reflects monthly inflation, for both food and non-food services, as a WASH officer in (6) of approximately 20 per cent over a minimum wage of Malawian Turkey. Kwacha (MK) 18,000/month (US$ 26/month). Research by Banana et al.(7) Address: e-mail: shows that in low-income urban informal settlements in Africa (Malawi, avelzeboer@gmail.com Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe), the household income available for sanitation is no more than US$ 3–4 per month. This makes it a challenge for households to pay for most standard services. In Malawi, the National Sanitation Policy aims “To ensure that all 1. WHO and UNICEF (2015), Progress on Sanitation and people in Malawi own and have access to improved sanitation facilities, Drinking Water – 2015 Update practice safe hygiene, and practice safe recycling of liquid and solid waste for and MDG Assessment, World sustainable environmental management and socio-economic development.”(8) Health Organization, Geneva, (9) accessed 13 July 2015 at http:// Together, the 1968 Public Health Act and Local Government Act www.unicef.org/publications/ (10) of 1998 provide regulatory authority to city and town councils index_82419.html. with regard to household sanitation services. When sanitation is not 2. Andersson, K, S Dickin and managed correctly, it violates the Environmental Management Act A Rosemarin (2016), “Towards of 1996,(11) which states, “Every person shall have a right to a clean and “sustainable” sanitation: challenges and opportunities healthy environment.” in urban areas”, Sustainability Most studies looking at the challenge of sanitation in informal Vol 8, No 12, Art 1289. urban settlements within Africa have focused primarily on residents or 3. Franceys, R and A Weitz users.(12) This study focuses on sanitation service providers. The objective (2003), “Public-private of this paper is to assess the sanitation situation in smaller urban centres community partnerships in infrastructure for the poor”, in Malawi. This assessment is undertaken in order to consider the Journal of International potential for self-reliant private sanitation services in this setting. A “self- Development Vol 15, No 8, reliant sanitation service” is defined here as a service provided, without pages 1083–1098. household subsidies, to protect human health and the environment by 4. Strande, L, M Ronteltap and D Brdjanovic (editors) (2014), eliminating contact between humans and solid or liquid waste. Faecal Sludge Management: Section II of the paper explains the research study locations and Systems Approach for methods. Section III describes and contrasts the range of public and non- Implementation and Operation, profit sector services available for household sanitation within two urban International Water Association, London, accessed 26 April areas in Malawi, both with populations under 150,000. The paper then 2016 at http://www.eawag. goes on in Section IV to consider the private sector sanitation services ch/en/department/sandec/ that are available, specifically including the construction of improved publikationen/faecal-sludge- management-fsm-book/. (cement) pit latrine slabs; the provision of liquid or solid waste collection, 5. Chowdhry, S and D Kone transport, and treatment services; the supporting supply chain; and (2012), Business Analysis of the financing of these enterprises. Section V discusses the findings and Fecal Sludge Management: Section VI concludes with recommendations. Emptying and Transportation This paper does not assess the impact of industrial activities or Services in Africa and Asia, Draft report, The Bill & Melinda user or landlord willingness to pay. The identified opportunities and Gates Foundation. constraints form the basis for recommendations for longer-term self- 6. Reserve Bank of Malawi reliance and improved urban sanitation in smaller urban areas of sub- (2015), Consumer Price Indices Saharan Africa. (CPI) for 2015, accessed 1 598 SANITATION SERviCE DElivERY IN smallER URBAN AREas (MZUZU AND KARONga, MalaWI) November 2017 at https:// II. RESEARCH STUDY www.rbm.mw/Statistics/ InflationRates. The two research study sites, Mzuzu City and Karonga Township, are both 7. Banana, E, P Chikoti, C Harawa, G McGranahan, in northern Malawi. There, the Malawi Red Cross Society is planning D Mitlin, S Stephen, N work on integrated water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions as part Schermbrucker, F Shumba and of improving the overall sanitation situation in these towns. Mzuzu A Walnycki (2015), “Sharing University researchers collected data on sanitation services in both reflections on inclusive sanitation”, Environment & areas to design a programme for training self-reliant sanitation service Urbanization Vol 27, No 1, providers, and the current study drew on these. pages 19–34. Mzuzu City covers 48 square kilometres and had a population of
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