Decision Making & Emotion

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Today Aims: - to discuss the neural response to fairness through 2 published studies - to discuss the ways in which processes of interest have Decision Making & Emotion: been isolated with the chosen contrasts (practical Experimental design level) Objectives: At the end of the lecture Dr Dana Samson - you should have a better understanding of the (possible) [email protected] functional roles of the reward system in response to fairness Room C80 – Drop in hours - you should be able to critically examine the choice of Monday 1.30-2.30pm contrasts in fMRI studies Tuesday 3-4pm

• Part 1: Quick reminder • Part 2: Paper 1 • Part 3: Paper 2 I. Quick reminder

Decision making situation

Quick reminder EMOTIONAL PROCESSING NON-EMOTIONAL PROCESSING (quick) (more effortful)

• Evidence for the emotional involvement in decision - Amygdala sensitive to salient - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex making under uncertainty emotional information (framing effect) involved in working memory, planning, - Insula involved in pain, disgust (moral retrieval and selection of information – emotion and risk taking unfairness) from memory - Striatum involved in computing the – emotion and the framing effect reward value associated with a stimulus – regret and decision making (including other people’s reputation) - Ventromedial prefrontal cortex involved in the emotional reaction to • Evidence for the emotional involvement in social morally difficult situations and situations that involve risk decision making – fairness and decision making INTEGRATION – emotion and moral decision making - orbitofrontal cortex/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex involved in regret (emotion is linked to counterfactual thinking), in overriding the framing effect, in accepting unfair offers

1 The Ultimatum Game

Andrew £50 – You £50 Steven £55 – You £45 Patrick £60 – You £40 Mike £70 – You £30 Paper 1 Tim £80 – You £20 Simon £95 – You £5 Oliver £98 – You £2 Henry £99 – You £1

Mark £100 – You £0

(Sanfey et al., 2003, Science)

Human Computer Control BOLD measure

High $5 $5 $5 out of $10 out of $10 s s e $3 $3 $3 n r i out of $10 out of $10 a F

Low $2 $2 $2 out of $10 out of $10

$1 $1 $1 out of $10 out of $10 What’s happening in participants’ mind when they receive an unfair offer during that time window?

(Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair offer • (receiving) human unfair offer INPUT: number processing and holding offer in mind  valuation of outcomes for ? self: self receives little or nothing  valuation of outcomes for other: other receives a lot or nothing  self/other comparison: other potentially more (jealousy/disgust?)  reject decision  anticipation of receiving NO money because of decision

2 (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) human fair offer • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) computer unfair offer • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) control low amount • (receiving) human unfair 9/1 split MINUS (receiving) human unfair 8/2 split

 Insula is more activated in all 4 contrasts, what kind of processing can the insula be associated with?

(Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) human fair offer • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) human fair offer INPUT: number processing INPUT: number processing  similar and holding offer in mind and holding offer in mind  valuation of outcomes for  valuation of outcomes for  self receives good amount or self: self receives little or self: self receives little or nothing nothing nothing  valuation of outcomes for  valuation of outcomes for  other receives good amount or other: other receives a lot or other: other receives a lot or nothing nothing nothing  self/other comparison: other  self/other comparison: other  self and other same: no potentially more potentially more jealousy (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?)  reject decision  reject decision  accept decision  anticipation of receiving NO  anticipation of receiving NO  anticipation of receiving some money because of decision money because of decision money (pain for paying) (pain for paying)

(Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) human fair offer • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) computer unfair offer INPUT: number processing  similar INPUT: number processing and holding offer in mind and holding offer in mind  valuation of outcomes for  self receives good amount or  valuation of outcomes for self: self receives little or nothing self: self receives little or nothing nothing  valuation of outcomes for  other receives good amount or  valuation of outcomes for other: other receives a lot or nothing other: other receives a lot or nothing nothing  self/other comparison: other  self and other same: no  self/other comparison: other potentially more jealousy potentially more (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?)  reject decision  accept decision  reject decision  anticipation of receiving NO  anticipation of receiving some  anticipation of receiving NO money because of decision money money because of decision (pain for paying) (pain for paying)

3 (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) computer unfair offer • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) computer unfair offer INPUT: number processing  similar INPUT: number processing  similar and holding offer in mind and holding offer in mind  valuation of outcomes for  similar  valuation of outcomes for  similar self: self receives little or self: self receives little or nothing nothing  valuation of outcomes for  similar?  valuation of outcomes for  similar? other: other receives a lot or other: other receives a lot or nothing nothing  self/other comparison: other  probably no jealousy  self/other comparison: other  probably no jealousy potentially more potentially more (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?)  reject decision  less reject decision  reject decision  less reject decision  anticipation of receiving NO  less anticipation of receiving  anticipation of receiving NO  less anticipation of receiving money because of decision no money money because of decision no money (pain for paying) (pain for paying)

(Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) control low amount • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) control low amount INPUT: number processing INPUT: number processing  similar and holding offer in mind and holding offer in mind  valuation of outcomes for  valuation of outcomes for  no option valuation but self self: self receives little or self: self receives little or receives little nothing nothing  valuation of outcomes for  valuation of outcomes for  no option valuation other: other receives a lot or other: other receives a lot or nothing nothing  self/other comparison: other  self/other comparison: other  no self/other comparison potentially more potentially more (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?)  reject decision  reject decision  no decision  anticipation of receiving NO  anticipation of receiving NO  anticipation of receiving some money because of decision money because of decision money (pain for paying) (pain for paying)

(Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair 9/1 split MINUS (receiving) human unfair 8/2 • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) control low amount split INPUT: number processing  similar INPUT: number processing and holding offer in mind and holding offer in mind  valuation of outcomes for  no option valuation but self  valuation of outcomes for self: self receives little or receives little self: self receives little or nothing nothing  valuation of outcomes for  no option valuation  valuation of outcomes for other: other receives a lot or other: other receives a lot or nothing nothing  self/other comparison: other  no self/other comparison  self/other comparison: other potentially more potentially more (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?)  reject decision  no decision  reject decision  anticipation of receiving NO  anticipation of receiving some  anticipation of receiving NO money because of decision money money because of decision (pain for paying) (pain for paying)

4 (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair 9/1 split MINUS (receiving) human unfair 8/2 • (receiving) human unfair 9/1 split MINUS (receiving) human unfair 8/2 split split INPUT: number processing  similar INPUT: number processing  similar and holding offer in mind and holding offer in mind  valuation of outcomes for  self receives a little more or  valuation of outcomes for  self receives a little more or self: self receives little or nothing self: self receives little or nothing nothing nothing  valuation of outcomes for  other receives slightly less or  valuation of outcomes for  other receives slightly less or other: other receives a lot or nothing other: other receives a lot or nothing nothing nothing  self/other comparison: other  slightly less jealousy?  self/other comparison: other  slightly less jealousy? potentially more potentially more (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?)  reject decision  reject decision (slightly less)  reject decision  reject decision (slightly less)  anticipation of receiving NO  (slightly less) anticipation of  anticipation of receiving NO  (slightly less) anticipation of money because of decision receiving no money because of money because of decision receiving no money because of (pain for paying) decision (pain for paying) decision

(Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Tabibnia et al., 2008, Psychological Science) • overall insula could be associated with:

INPUT: number processing and holding offer in mind  valuation of outcomes for self: self receives little or How could you nothing improve the design to  valuation of outcomes for narrow down the other: other receives a lot or possibilities? nothing BOLD  self/other comparison: other  only considered paired of trials potentially more with same material utility but where in one case the participant “rejects” (jealousy/disgust?) and in the other s/he “accepts”.  reject decision  anticipation of receiving NO money because of decision (pain for paying) Unfortunately no details by utility...

(Tabibnia et al., 2008, Psychological Science) Reject unfair Accept fair • Reject unfair offer – rest  Insula activation INPUT: number processing  similar • Reject unfair offer – accept fair offer  Unlike previous study: Insula not and holding offer in mind more activated  valuation of outcomes for  similar self: self receives little or  any ideas why? nothing  valuation of outcomes for  other receives same other: other receives a lot or amount nothing  self/other comparison: other  no jealousy potentially more (jealousy/disgust?)  reject decision  accept decision  anticipation of receiving NO  anticipation of receiving money because of decision some money (pain for paying)

5 Reject unfair Accept fair Reject unfair Accept fair INPUT: number processing  similar INPUT: number processing  similar and holding offer in mind  similar and holding offer in mind  similar  valuation of outcomes for  similar  valuation of outcomes for  similar self: self receives little or self: self receives little or nothing nothing  valuation of outcomes for  other receives same  valuation of outcomes for  other receives same other: other receives a lot or amount other: other receives a lot or amount nothing nothing  self/other comparison: other  no jealousy  self/other comparison: other  no jealousy potentially more potentially more (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?)  reject decision  accept decision  reject decision  accept decision  anticipation of receiving NO  anticipation of receiving  anticipation of receiving NO  anticipation of receiving money because of decision some money money because of decision some money (pain for paying) (pain for paying) Insula seem to have been activated equally in both cases! Insula seem to have been activated equally in both cases!

Reject unfair Accept fair (Tabibnia et al., 2008, Psychological Science) INPUT: number processing  similar • Accept fair offers – reject unfair offers (for pairs with matched utilities only) and holding offer in mind Check differencessimilar in method + statistical  valuation of outcomes for  similar  Increased striatum, amygdala and VMPFC activation in response to high self: self receives little or power fairness (reward) nothing  valuation of outcomes for  other receives same other: other receives a lot or amount nothing  self/other comparison: other  no jealousy potentially more (jealousy/disgust?)  reject decision  accept decision  anticipation of receiving NO  anticipation of receiving money because of decision some money (pain for paying) Insula seem to have been activated equally in both cases!

(Tabibnia et al., 2008, Psychological Science) • Accept fair offers – reject unfair offers (for pairs with matched utilities only)

 Increased striatum, amygdala and VMPFC activation in response to high fairness (reward)

• Accept unfair offer – rest • Accept unfair offer – reject unfair offer

 Increased right VMPFC (overcoming negative feeling of unfairness)

6 Take Home Message fMRI is all about contrasts:

Decision making entails a collection of processes and it is important to take the time to think about what the contrasts really highlight...