Today Aims: - to discuss the neural response to fairness through 2 published studies - to discuss the ways in which processes of interest have Decision Making & Emotion: been isolated with the chosen contrasts (practical Experimental design level) Objectives: At the end of the lecture Dr Dana Samson - you should have a better understanding of the (possible) [email protected] functional roles of the reward system in response to fairness Room C80 – Drop in hours - you should be able to critically examine the choice of Monday 1.30-2.30pm contrasts in fMRI studies Tuesday 3-4pm • Part 1: Quick reminder • Part 2: Paper 1 • Part 3: Paper 2 I. Quick reminder Decision making situation Quick reminder EMOTIONAL PROCESSING NON-EMOTIONAL PROCESSING (quick) (more effortful) • Evidence for the emotional involvement in decision - Amygdala sensitive to salient - Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex making under uncertainty emotional information (framing effect) involved in working memory, planning, - Insula involved in pain, disgust (moral retrieval and selection of information – emotion and risk taking unfairness) from memory - Striatum involved in computing the – emotion and the framing effect reward value associated with a stimulus – regret and decision making (including other people’s reputation) - Ventromedial prefrontal cortex involved in the emotional reaction to • Evidence for the emotional involvement in social morally difficult situations and situations that involve risk decision making – fairness and decision making INTEGRATION – emotion and moral decision making - orbitofrontal cortex/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex involved in regret (emotion is linked to counterfactual thinking), in overriding the framing effect, in accepting unfair offers 1 The Ultimatum Game Andrew £50 – You £50 Steven £55 – You £45 Patrick £60 – You £40 Mike £70 – You £30 Paper 1 Tim £80 – You £20 Simon £95 – You £5 Oliver £98 – You £2 Henry £99 – You £1 Mark £100 – You £0 (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) Human Computer Control BOLD measure High $5 $5 $5 out of $10 out of $10 s s e $3 $3 $3 n r i out of $10 out of $10 a F Low $2 $2 $2 out of $10 out of $10 $1 $1 $1 out of $10 out of $10 What’s happening in participants’ mind when they receive an unfair offer during that time window? (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair offer • (receiving) human unfair offer INPUT: number processing and holding offer in mind valuation of outcomes for ? self: self receives little or nothing valuation of outcomes for other: other receives a lot or nothing self/other comparison: other potentially more (jealousy/disgust?) reject decision anticipation of receiving NO money because of decision 2 (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) human fair offer • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) computer unfair offer • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) control low amount • (receiving) human unfair 9/1 split MINUS (receiving) human unfair 8/2 split Insula is more activated in all 4 contrasts, what kind of processing can the insula be associated with? (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) human fair offer • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) human fair offer INPUT: number processing INPUT: number processing similar and holding offer in mind and holding offer in mind valuation of outcomes for valuation of outcomes for self receives good amount or self: self receives little or self: self receives little or nothing nothing nothing valuation of outcomes for valuation of outcomes for other receives good amount or other: other receives a lot or other: other receives a lot or nothing nothing nothing self/other comparison: other self/other comparison: other self and other same: no potentially more potentially more jealousy (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?) reject decision reject decision accept decision anticipation of receiving NO anticipation of receiving NO anticipation of receiving some money because of decision money because of decision money (pain for paying) (pain for paying) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) human fair offer • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) computer unfair offer INPUT: number processing similar INPUT: number processing and holding offer in mind and holding offer in mind valuation of outcomes for self receives good amount or valuation of outcomes for self: self receives little or nothing self: self receives little or nothing nothing valuation of outcomes for other receives good amount or valuation of outcomes for other: other receives a lot or nothing other: other receives a lot or nothing nothing self/other comparison: other self and other same: no self/other comparison: other potentially more jealousy potentially more (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?) reject decision accept decision reject decision anticipation of receiving NO anticipation of receiving some anticipation of receiving NO money because of decision money money because of decision (pain for paying) (pain for paying) 3 (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) computer unfair offer • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) computer unfair offer INPUT: number processing similar INPUT: number processing similar and holding offer in mind and holding offer in mind valuation of outcomes for similar valuation of outcomes for similar self: self receives little or self: self receives little or nothing nothing valuation of outcomes for similar? valuation of outcomes for similar? other: other receives a lot or other: other receives a lot or nothing nothing self/other comparison: other probably no jealousy self/other comparison: other probably no jealousy potentially more potentially more (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?) reject decision less reject decision reject decision less reject decision anticipation of receiving NO less anticipation of receiving anticipation of receiving NO less anticipation of receiving money because of decision no money money because of decision no money (pain for paying) (pain for paying) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) control low amount • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) control low amount INPUT: number processing INPUT: number processing similar and holding offer in mind and holding offer in mind valuation of outcomes for valuation of outcomes for no option valuation but self self: self receives little or self: self receives little or receives little nothing nothing valuation of outcomes for valuation of outcomes for no option valuation other: other receives a lot or other: other receives a lot or nothing nothing self/other comparison: other self/other comparison: other no self/other comparison potentially more potentially more (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?) reject decision reject decision no decision anticipation of receiving NO anticipation of receiving NO anticipation of receiving some money because of decision money because of decision money (pain for paying) (pain for paying) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair 9/1 split MINUS (receiving) human unfair 8/2 • (receiving) human unfair offer MINUS (receiving) control low amount split INPUT: number processing similar INPUT: number processing and holding offer in mind and holding offer in mind valuation of outcomes for no option valuation but self valuation of outcomes for self: self receives little or receives little self: self receives little or nothing nothing valuation of outcomes for no option valuation valuation of outcomes for other: other receives a lot or other: other receives a lot or nothing nothing self/other comparison: other no self/other comparison self/other comparison: other potentially more potentially more (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?) reject decision no decision reject decision anticipation of receiving NO anticipation of receiving some anticipation of receiving NO money because of decision money money because of decision (pain for paying) (pain for paying) 4 (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) (Sanfey et al., 2003, Science) • (receiving) human unfair 9/1 split MINUS (receiving) human unfair 8/2 • (receiving) human unfair 9/1 split MINUS (receiving) human unfair 8/2 split split INPUT: number processing similar INPUT: number processing similar and holding offer in mind and holding offer in mind valuation of outcomes for self receives a little more or valuation of outcomes for self receives a little more or self: self receives little or nothing self: self receives little or nothing nothing nothing valuation of outcomes for other receives slightly less or valuation of outcomes for other receives slightly less or other: other receives a lot or nothing other: other receives a lot or nothing nothing nothing self/other comparison: other slightly less jealousy? self/other comparison: other slightly less jealousy? potentially more potentially more (jealousy/disgust?) (jealousy/disgust?) reject decision reject decision (slightly less) reject decision reject decision (slightly less) anticipation of receiving NO (slightly less) anticipation of anticipation