The Rise and Decline of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Due to Grain Trade
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Poland (Country Report)
Country update POLAND Summary After growing strongly with 4.3% in 2011, the economy of Poland is expected to slow to a still respectable 2-3% in 2012 – despite the Euro 2012 soccer championship in Poland. Fiscal austerity, elevated unemployment and slowing investment weigh on economic growth. Developments in the eurozone pose a downside risk to the growth outlook. Despite strong fundamentals, the zloty depreciated in the second half of 2011, but has since recovered partly. The volatile zloty adds to the government’s challenge to keep its public debt below 55% of GDP, as a third is denominated in foreign currency. The ongoing fiscal consolidation, on the other hand, supports public debt reduction. In 2011, the fiscal deficit was 5.6% of GDP, down from 7.8% in 2010. This year’s target is below 3% of GDP, but this seems rather ambitious. The coalition of PO and PSL renewed its term in the October 2011 parliamentary elections and is expected to continue on its path of cautious reform. Things to watch: Fiscal consolidation and constitutional thresholds on public debt Economic growth (and impact eurozone developments) Author: Reintje Maasdam Country Risk Research Economic Research Department Rabobank Nederland Contact details: P.O.Box 17100, 3500 HG Utrecht, The Netherlands +31-(0)30-21-31403 [email protected] April 2012 Rabobank Economic Research Department Page: 1/5 Country update POLAND Poland National facts Social and governance indicators rank / total Type of government Republic Human Development Index (rank) 39 / 187 Capital -
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202). -
EAA Meeting 2016 Vilnius
www.eaavilnius2016.lt PROGRAMME www.eaavilnius2016.lt PROGRAMME Organisers CONTENTS President Words .................................................................................... 5 Welcome Message ................................................................................ 9 Symbol of the Annual Meeting .............................................................. 13 Commitees of EAA Vilnius 2016 ............................................................ 14 Sponsors and Partners European Association of Archaeologists................................................ 15 GENERAL PROGRAMME Opening Ceremony and Welcome Reception ................................. 27 General Programme for the EAA Vilnius 2016 Meeting.................... 30 Annual Membership Business Meeting Agenda ............................. 33 Opening Ceremony of the Archaelogical Exhibition ....................... 35 Special Offers ............................................................................... 36 Excursions Programme ................................................................. 43 Visiting Vilnius ............................................................................... 57 Venue Maps .................................................................................. 64 Exhibition ...................................................................................... 80 Exhibitors ...................................................................................... 82 Poster Presentations and Programme ........................................... -
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
DISCUSSION PAPER Institute of Agricultural
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Girgzdiene, Vilija Working Paper Restructuring the Lithuanian food industry: problems and perspectives Discussion Paper, No. 9 Provided in Cooperation with: Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies (IAMO), Halle (Saale) Suggested Citation: Girgzdiene, Vilija (1998) : Restructuring the Lithuanian food industry: problems and perspectives, Discussion Paper, No. 9, Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe (IAMO), Halle (Saale), http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:2-22689 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/28563 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open -
Nordic Investment in Poland Outlook
XIV. Nordic investment in Poland Outlook Nordic investment in Poland Outlook This report was prepared in light of the growing importance of Poland as a Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) destination and the intensive economic cooperation between Poland and the Nordic countries, in order to present the most important trends in the cooperation between the regions. The report shows statistics for each Nordic country as well as for a region as a whole, however the purpose of the report is to show the importance of Scandinavia as an economic partner and the potential of this region for Poland. The report´s analysis concerns 4 Nordic countries - Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Whenever the following analysis refers to ‘Scandinavia’, it can be taken to mean all 4 of the above-mentioned countries. This analysis was developed in line with the data of the National Bank of Poland, Ministry of Economy of Poland, Central Statistical Office in Poland and Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency. The report´s main focus is the 7-year-period between 2002 and 2008, which shows the development of economic relations before and after the membership of Poland in the European Union. 1. Poland as the destination of FDI 1.1. Poland in the polls Countries striving for FDI must offer a high quality environment for these investments. There is a whole range of numerous crucial factors that contribute to investor decision making process regarding investment location. The image of Poland as an FDI destination has been confirmed for years by a large number of different polls. The magnitude of this potential is especially valuable in this time of global economic crisis. -
Lithuania S Fight for Freedom .Pdf
LITHUANIA'S FIGHT FOR FREEDOM by E. J. HARRISON Fonnerly British V ice-Consu l in Kaunas and Vilnius Author 0/ " Li thuania Past and Present", " Lithuania 1928," etc. Or igin ally pub lished by THE FEDERATION OF LITHUANIAN SOCIETIES IN GREAT BRITAIN November 1944 Reprinted with Au thor's Permission by Till'; LITHUANIAN AMERICAN I N FOI~oM A TI ON CENTEH New York, Februa ry 194:> Reprodu ced, by permi s sion of the Columbia Uni versity Press, from Th e Economic Reconstruction oi Lithuania alter 1918, by Anicetas Simutis, New York, 1942. The total area of Lithu ania, including the Klai peda-Memel Distri ct, and the Vilnius region as spec ified in th e P eace Tr eaty with Russia of July 12, 1920, accounts for approx. 34.000 square miles with a popu lation a little over 4,000,000. The Klaipeda district it self comprises 1,100 sq. miles with 154,000 inhabit ant s. Th e Vilnius region embrace"s 12,448 sq. miles with a population of 1.600,000. Due to th e Po lish aggression of 1920, Lithu ania was left with ap prox. 21,500 sq. miles of territory and 2,500,000 in habitants,- an area larger _lW,WAT$ than Belgium, Holland, AlOTT 0 TIMI'OlAI'YCAl'lTM Den mark or Estonia. • DII'WCT YOWMI • emu TOWHS teAU' 1. 1000.000 INTRODUCTORY REM ARK S To THE A M ERI CAN EDITIO N Lithuania is the largest and most populated of the three Baltic States, the other two bein g Latvia an d Estonia. -
An Analysis of Polish Devotion to the Catholic Church Under Communism Kathryn Burns Union College - Schenectady, NY
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2013 More Catholic than the Pope: An Analysis of Polish Devotion to the Catholic Church under Communism Kathryn Burns Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Catholic Studies Commons, and the European History Commons Recommended Citation Burns, Kathryn, "More Catholic than the Pope: An Analysis of Polish Devotion to the Catholic Church under Communism" (2013). Honors Theses. 638. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/638 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “More Catholic than the Pope”: An Analysis of Polish Devotion to the Catholic Church under Communism By Kathryn Burns ******************** Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of History UNION COLLEGE June 2013 Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………..........................................1 Chapter I. The Roman Catholic Church‟s Influence in Poland Prior to World War II…………………………………………………………………………………………………...4 Chapter II. World War II and the Rise of Communism……………….........................................38 Chapter III. The Decline and Demise of Communist Power……………….. …………………..63 Chapter IV. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….76 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………..78 ii Abstract Poland is home to arguably the most loyal and devout Catholics in Europe. A brief examination of the country‟s history indicates that Polish society has been subjected to a variety of politically, religiously, and socially oppressive forces that have continually tested the strength of allegiance to the Catholic Church. -
How History Matters for Student Performance. Lessons from the Partitions of Poland Ú Job Market Paper Latest Version: HERE
How History Matters for Student Performance. Lessons from the Partitions of Poland ú Job Market Paper Latest Version: HERE. Pawe≥Bukowski † This paper examines the effect on current student performance of the 19th century Partitions of Poland among Austria, Prussia and Russia. Despite the modern similarities of the three regions, using a regression discontinuity design I show that student test scores are 0.6 standard deviation higher on the Austrian side of the former Austrian-Russian border. This magnitude is comparable to the black vs. white test score gap in the US. On the other hand, I do not find evidence for differences on the Prussian-Russian border. Using a theoretical model and indirect evidence I argue that the Partitions have persisted through their impact on social norms toward local schools. Nevertheless, the persistent effect of Austria is puzzling given the histori- cal similarities of the Austrian and Prussian educational systems. I argue that the differential legacy of Austria and Prussia originates from the Aus- trian Empire’s policy to promote Polish identity in schools and the Prussian Empire’s efforts to Germanize the Poles through education. JEL Classification: N30, I20, O15, J24 úI thank Sascha O. Becker, Volha Charnysh, Gregory Clark, Tomas Cvrcek, John S. Earle, Irena Grosfeld, Hedvig Horvát, Gábor Kézdi, Jacek Kochanowicz, Attila Lindner, Christina Romer, Ruth M. Schüler, Tamás Vonyó, Jacob Weisdorf, Agnieszka WysokiÒska, Noam Yuchtman, the partici- pants of seminars at Central European University, University of California at Berkeley, University of California at Davis, Warsaw School of Economics, Ifo Center for the Economics of Education and FRESH workshops in Warsaw and Canterbury, WEast workshop in Belgrade, European Historical Economics Society Summer School in Berlin for their comments and suggestions. -
Vuosikirja Årsskrift 98 2008
Sisällys Sisällys Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran Finska kyrkohistoriska samfundets Vuosikirja Årsskrift 98 2008 Jahrbuch der Finnischen Gesellschaft für Kirchengeschichte Mit Zusammenfassungen With Summaries Toimittaneet Mikko Ketola ja Tuija Laine Suomen kirkkohistoriallinen seura PL (Aleksanterinkatu ) FI- Helsingin yliopisto Myynti: Tiedekirja, Kirkkokatu , Helsinki Puh. () , telekopio e-mail: tiedekirja@tsv. Kansi ja taitto: Terhi Lehtonen ISBN Helsinki 2008 ISSN Suomen kirkkohistoriallinen seura Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy Societas historiae ecclesiasticae Fennica Jyväskylä, Sisällys Sisällys Sisällys – Innehåll H Jaakko Gummerus Vv. – tapahtumat ja niiden jälkivaikutukset..................................................... K. V. Petrell Viisi viikkoa sotavankina ..–............................................................................. Saatteeksi ............................................................................................................................... 5 A – A Följebrev ................................................................................................................................ 6 Maiju Lehmijoki-Gardner Mikko Ketola Jaroslav Pelikan –............................................................................................... Suomen kirkkohistoriallisen seuran esimiehen avaussanat Sisällissota ja kirkko -seminaarissa ............................................................. Laura Koskelainen Hyvinvointivaltioiden tutkimusta, jossa on myös uskonto otettu -
Baltic and Visegrad Responses to the European Economic Crisis
The Politics of Economic Sustainability: Baltic and Visegrad Responses to the European Economic Crisis Edited by Karlis Bukovskis 1 Riga, 2014 UDK 327(4)+33(4) Po 275 The collection of articles entitled “The Politics of Economic Sustainability: Baltic and Visegrad Responses to the European Economic Crisis” is an attempt by an international collection of authors to explain the political economy of the long and winding road of the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and the four Visegrad countries (Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary) in facing economic and financial problems domestically and/or on the European level. Authors from all the abovementioned countries contributed their ideas, explanations and projections on the future development of their respective countries based upon the lessons learned from the crisis. The book chronicles the economic environments and challenges and compares the political and social results of diverse macroeconomic choices that have been made in these seven European Union member states. The publication is available for free at www.liia.lv. Scientific editor and project director: Karlis Bukovskis [email protected]( ) Reviewers: Edijs Bošs, Andres Kasekamp Authors: Aldis Austers, Karlis Bukovskis, Juraj Draxler, Brian Fabo, Vytautas Kuokštis, Michal Mudroň, Vitalis Nakrošis, Ryszard Petru, Zoltán Pogátsa, Michal Rot, Viljar Veebel, Ramūnas Vilpišauskas English language editor: Talis Saule Archdeacon © Latvian Institute of International Affairs, 2014 © Authors of the articles, 2014 -
AGRICULTURAL SECTOR in ECONOMY of POLAND in 1950-2020. Stanisław Kowalczyk1, Mariola Kwasek2 Abstract Agriculture Constitutes O
doi: 10.5937/WBJAE2002077K WBJAERD, Vol. 2, No. 2 (69-152), July - December, 2020 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN ECONOMY OF POLAND IN 1950-2020. Stanisław Kowalczyk1, Mariola Kwasek2 Abstract Agriculture constitutes one of the first and foremost forms of conscious and organised human activity. Its importance for the society and for the economy stems from its main purpose, namely to meet one of the basic human needs – to satisfy hunger. The period of almost 70 years under consideration brought about exceptional change in the case of Polish agriculture. It consisted of a systematic decline in the potential of agriculture in the economy. The factor that is specific to agriculture - land, evolved relatively the least. Land allocated for agricultural purposes reduced for about one quarter. Much deeper changes have taken place in the other two factors, universal from the point of view of the sectoral application, namely work (human resources) and capital. In the post-war period, trade in agri-food products, albeit small, remained of great importance for the development of Polish agriculture and the entire economy. The nature of the links in this area has also undergone significant changes. Since Poland’s accession to the European Union, the balance in foreign trade in agri-food products has been positive and has been growing steadily. This means that foreign customers are becoming increasingly interested in agricultural and food products from Poland. The strategic directions of development for Polish agriculture are the production of bovine meat, poultry meat, eggs, milk and milk products, butter, sugar, fruits, vegetables, pulses, potatoes and cereals. Food consumption has also undergone dynamic changes.