Luigi Mastrangelo POLITICHE DEL CONSENSO E IDENTITÀ

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Luigi Mastrangelo POLITICHE DEL CONSENSO E IDENTITÀ e -JURIDICA 1 Percorsi nella fisicità competitiva degli antichi, tra dinamiche sociali e legittimazione del potere Luigi Mastrangelo POLITICHE DEL CONSENSO E IDENTITÀ AGONISTICHE IN GRECIA E A ROMA e -JURIDICA 1 a cura di Francesco Lucrezi Luigi Mastrangelo POLITICHE DEL CONSENSO E IDENTITÀ AGONISTICHE IN GRECIA E A ROMA Mastrangelo, Luigi Politiche del consenso e identità agonistiche in Grecia e a Roma Collana Pegaso - University Library Pars e-Juridica, 1 Museopolis Press, 2009 ISBN 978-88-6489-002-9 © 2009 Museopolis Press piazza S. Maria la Nova, 44 - 80134 Napoli tel/fax: 0815521597 - 0815523298 mail: [email protected] In copertina: Pollice Verso, Jean-Léon Gérôme Olio su tela, 1872 LA COLLANA Lo studio del diritto positivo e dei comportamenti normativi di ogni società, con particolare attenzione alla comunità europea ed italiana, è fonte di precipuo interesse per cultori, studenti, professori e professionisti dei fenomeni giuridici. La sezione di questa collana universitaria dedicata allo studio e all’approfondimento delle norme e delle questioni giuridiche, ha il principale scopo di offrire spazi di ricerca per far confluire varie indagini scientifiche da cui attingere riflessioni per un rinnovato e continuo confronto intorno al complesso mondo del diritto. In particolar modo gli studenti della Facoltà di giurisprudenza troveranno, nei volumi di questa sezione e-Juridica, approfondimenti specifici che aiuteranno concretamente il lettore a confrontarsi con varie competenze giuridiche per riportarle nella propria esperienza universitaria e professionale. Questa sezione della Collana Pegaso, University Library, si presenta come un’opera innovativa per il suo formato principalmente digitale che contribuirà non poco alla diffusione e al continuo confronto su di una realtà, quella giuridica, soggetta a cambiamenti repentini e bisognosa di verifiche costanti. IL TESTO Il volume propone una ricostruzione dei fenomeni della fisicità nei contesti delle società classiche, esaminando in connessione fonti letterarie e fonti giuridiche per individuare il ruolo politico rivestito dagli agonisti e quello delle manifestazioni competitive nel processo di formazione del consenso. Luigi Mastrangelo È ricercatore presso l’Università degli studi di Teramo, dove insegna Sport e politica presso la Facoltà di Scienze politiche. È socio dell’Associazione Italiana degli Storici delle Dottrine Politiche. Si è occupato delle interconnessioni tra agonismo e politica, sia per quanto concerne il Novecento, con specifica attenzione al concetto di “pace olimpica” nei regimi totalitari, sia in riferimento al ruolo politico degli spettacoli nelle società antiche. Ha curato il volume Giochi e sport in Abruzzo dall’antichità ai giorni nostri (Pescara, 2009), realizzato nell’ambito del Dottorato di ricerca in Critica storica, giuridica ed economica dello sport dell’Università di Teramo. A Luciano, Capitano degli Agonisti Abbreviazioni AARC - Atti dell’Accademia Romanistica Costantiniana AE - L’annéè epigrafique AJF - American Journal of Philology AM - Athenische Mitteilungen ANRW - Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt AP - Antologia Palatina BBIG - Bollettino Biblioteca Istituto Giuridico BIDR - Bullettino dell’Istituto di diritto romano “Vittorio Scaloja” CGL - Corpus Glossatorum Latinarum C.I. - Codex Iustinianus CIG - Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum CIL - Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CSEL - Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum C. Th. - Codex Theodosianus D. - Digesta Iustiniani ED - Enciclopedia del diritto EG - Epitome Gai FIRA - Fontes iuris Romani anteiustiniani I. - Institutiones Iustiniani Augusti IG - Inscriptiones Graecae ILS - Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae JRS - Journal of Roman studies L. e N. - Lancillotto e Nausica LQR - The law quarterly review NDI - Novissimo Digesto Italiano PWRE - Pauly, Wissova G. (e altri), Realenzyklopädie der klassiken Altertumswissenschaft RA - Revue archéologique RIDA - Revue internationale des droits de l’antiquité SDHI - Studia et documenta historiae et iuris SHA - Scriptores Historia Augusta TAPA - Transaction of the American Philological Association TLL - Thesaurus linguae Latinae ZSS - Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abteilung Sigle A.O.N.I. - Accademia Olimpica Nazionale Italiana C.E.S.H. - European Committee for the History of Sport C.I.O. - Comitato Internazionale Olimpico C.O.N.I. - Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano I.A.S.P.A.D. - Istituto Adriatico per lo Studio del Principato tra Adriano e Diocleziano S.I.S.S. - Società Italiana di Storia dello Sport Indice Introduzione 12 Parte prima La Grecia: civiltà dell’agonismo 16 1.1 Una filosofia agonistica 16 1.2 Miti competitivi 34 1.3 Il greco, socialmente agonista 43 1.4 L’agonismo è intellettuale 54 1.5 La tregua sacra 62 1.6 La vittoria e la memoria 67 1.7 Le competizioni del “Periodo” 73 1.8 Il Ginnasio 88 Parte seconda Roma: caput ludorum 98 2.1 Una contaminazione parziale 98 2.2 L’agonismo romano 107 2.3 I ludi e gli altri spettacoli competitivi 113 2.4 Status personae degli agonisti romani 135 2.5 L’agonismo nelle fonti giuridiche 167 2.6 Rilievi impiantistici 179 2.7 Le competizioni tra privilegio e ricerca del consenso politico 184 Parte terza Attacchi religiosi e resistenze ludiche 212 3.1 La fine delle Olimpiadi 212 3.2 L’ostilità del Cristianesimo 219 3.3 Una differenza non solo linguistica:ludi e munera 234 3.4 Cenni conclusivi 245 Bibliografia 254 Fonti antiche 254 Bibliografia generale 259 Indice Introduzione L’educazione del corpo e il suo utilizzo in attività di competizione costituiscono un elemento caratterizzante della cultura occidentale che, anche attraverso le manifestazioni dell’agonismo, è riuscita a elaborare la sua identità sociale e politica. Nelle varie forme assunte dalle attività ludico-atletiche che hanno permeato le esperienze degli antichi (in particolare, tra le più significative, quelle dei greci e dei romani) possono, infatti, ravvisarsi i caratteri fondanti dell’organizzazione stessa della convivenza civile, basata su un dialettico confronto tra le persone e le loro idee, hegelianamente volto a una sintesi, da intendersi come risultato transeunte che, subito, viene rimesso in discussione da un nuovo processo. Competitivo, per sua natura. Ne scaturisce una sorta di moto perpetuo che consiste, essenzialmente, nel rapporto tra la necessità di ribadire una superiorità conseguita (di qualsiasi natura, fisica o intellettuale, economica o politica) e la contrapposta e inconciliabile esigenza, avvertita dagli altri gruppi o soggetti, di sovvertire, nelle varie valenze, l’ordine gerarchico esistente. Le gare atletiche elleniche tra i rappresentanti delle diverse poleis (ai cui esiti gli antichi Greci attribuivano valenze ben più ampie di quelle strettamente connesse all’evento, coinvolgenti le stesse dinamiche di relazione tra le città-stato) dimostrano come 12 Indice gli agoni abbiano da sempre costituito fattore politico impossibile da ignorare. Per la loro capacità di illustrare, anche se a volte in maniera schematizzata se non semplificata, ma proprio per questo di più immediata evidenza, le dinamiche complesse della relazione politica nella sua interrelazione continua tra istanze conservatrici e spinte innovatrici, gli agoni greci appaiono metafora delle dinamiche inter e intra-cittadine. Accanto alla competizione tra le città-stato, in essi si manifesta, infatti, quell’agonismo individuale che costituisce un valore fondante la stessa identità del polites. La funzione ideologica dell’areté – di un’areté che si afferma, che si fonda nel mettersi continuamente alla prova – nella costruzione dell’immagine del cittadino è, come vedremo, evidente nella riflessione degli stessi antichi. Essa si presenta, inoltre, come propria della dottrina politica antica, poiché nasce all’interno di formazioni economico-sociali nelle quali la guerra costituisce una delle attività proprie e degne di un uomo libero. La città, nata per disciplinare l’uso della forza tra i gruppi che la costituiscono assumendo la competizione come valore, la riconduce a una funzione di coesione del corpo politico cittadino. L’areté, come valore propriamente civico, è ancor più palese nell’esperienza repubblicana romana nell’ambito della quale 13 Indice l’identità delcivis coincide con quella del miles, come testimonia la stessa struttura, conformata su quella dell’exercitus, del comitiatus maximus, quel comizio centuriato cui competono gli atti che sono a fondamento della vita politica cittadina: l’elezione dei magistrati supremi e l’approvazione delle leggi. In questa temperie, si enfatizza, ancor più che in Grecia, il valore politico identitario dell’agonismo e si sviluppa – particolarmente dopo la fine della Repubblica – un uso delle manifestazioni pubbliche in cui esso si esprime come vero e proprio strumento di governo. I ludi romani rappresentano, infatti, un interessante laboratorio di ricerca nell’analisi delle relazioni biunivoche tra vertice e base della piramide politica, basate sulla formazione e sul mantenimento di un “consenso” che si mostra, a Roma, in tutta la sua ampiezza di significato e che comprende non solo aspetti tangibili, ma anche “sensazioni” più sfumate, determinanti, però, nel portare la comunità a “farsi un’opinione” che poi nella maggioranza dei casi è, oppure diventa, “la stessa opinione” di chi esercita il potere: tre fasi del rapporto politico che, non a caso, coincidono con l’evoluzione semantica fatta registrare dalla parola. Un consenso che, in realtà, è sempre
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