DOCSLIB.ORG

The Frisco-Man, January 1920

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Frisco-Man, January 1920 34 THE FRISCO-MAN A REVIEW OF THE YEAR. Prohibition Amendment ( ConLinued Prom page 5) The putting into effect of nation- At this time there had arisen a num- wide prohibition and the subniission ber of problems so difficult to handle by Collgress of the constitutional that it seemed possible at times that amendment for complete woman's the Peace Conference might be unable suffrage were other important events to reach a settlement. On March 21 it of the year. Ratification of the na- was reported that the Italian delega- tional prohibition amendment came tion threatened to withdraw from the early in the year with a rapidity that conference unless the port of Fiume surprised the nation. The Michigan was awarded to Italy. On April 2 legislature ratified the amendment on Baron Makino, head of the Japanese January 2 and other states acted rap- delegation, declared that "no Asiatic nation could be happy in a League of idly on the measure during the en- Nations in which sharp racial discrim- suing month. On January 16 Ne- ination is maintained." On March 11 braska's legislature acted, giving the Secretary Lansing, speaking at a din- necessary three-fourths majority for ner in honor of the American peace the amendment. On January 29 the delegation, had given warning that the State Department proclaimed the rati- imposition of too harsh terms upon fication of the amendment and set Germany woulcl cause the spread of January 16, 1920, as the date when Bolshevism and anarchy. On the other it \voulcl become effective. hand, on April 8 the majority of the On January 9 Attorney-General House of Commons sent a telegram to Gregory tendered his resignation, to Lloyd George, reminding him of his become effective March 4, and A. election pledge to force the utmost in- Mitchell Palmer was appointed to suc- demnity from Germany, and on April ceed him on February 27. On January 10 members of the French Senate 11 Walker D. Hines was appointed signed a resolution expressing the hope director-general of the railroads to that full restitution and reparation for succeed William G. McAdoo, who had damage I\-odd be exacted from the tendered his resignation. enemy and that the full cost of the war The government's first blow at the would be imposed upon those respon- radicals during the year was delivered sible for it. on January 8, when Congressman Vic- Domestic Affairs tor L,. Berger and four other socialist leaders were found guilty by a federal The return of the United States to jury in Chicago of conspiring to inter- a condition of peace was not accom- fere with the successful conduct of the plisl~ecleasi1~-. Unusual conditions ex- war. On February 18 they were sen- isted and the people of the country tenced to twenty years' imprisonment. \yere confronted with problems that had been unknown in the days before On January 25 it was announced by the war. One of the most striking the chief of staff of the army that when developments of the year was the the war ended, on November 11, 1918, startling activity of the radical ele- the United States had the second larg- ment, which was engaged apparently est army on the western front, with in a well organized effort to undermine 1,950,000 men. France had 2,950,000 the government and bring about a men, and the British, including the condition similar to that existing in Portuguese, 1,718,000. On February Russia. Entirely aside from the in- 6 the War Department reported that dustrial disorders, which were unusu- American casualties in Northern Rus- ally numerous during the year, the ac- sia, to the end of January, were 409 tivities of the I. W. W. and other killed out of a force slightly in excess radical groups forced the government of 5,000. It was also announced by to take unusual measures for their the jjrar Department on February 12 suppression. that in the three months following the A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1919 3 5 signing of the armistice, 287,000 Amer- priation bill because of a "rider" re- ican troops overseas had embarked for pealing- the daylight saving law. Con- home and that 1,330,000 men in home gress ~romptlypassed a separate bill camps had been demobilized. repealing the daylight saving law and Congress Passes Suffrage when President Wilson vetoed this One of the first acts of the new measure, both Houses passed the bill House was to pass the woman suffrage over his veto on August 20. amendmcnt to the constitution by a Much of the industrial unrest es- vote of 304 to 89. The amendment isting throughout the country mas at- was again brought up in the Senate tributed to the greatly increased cost on June 4 and this time was adopted of living. As prices continued to ad- by a votc of 36 to 25, two more than vance, the government took steps to the necessary tu o-thirds. Having been curb profiteering and to reduce prices. passcd by both branches of Congress, On August 8 President IVilson ad- the amendment then went to the state dressed Congress on the necessitj- of legislatures for ratification. reducing the cost of living, recom- On May 17 the War Department mending measures designed to pro- estimated that America's participation duce this result. Some of the legisla- in the war had cost $21,291.000,000. tion proposed was enacted by Con- On May 20 President Wilson, by gress and the Department of justice cable, recommended to Congress that undertook to enforce vigorously the it repeal the war-time prohibition act laws prohibiting profiteering. Later so far as it affected the manufacture it was announced that a reduction in of wine antl beers, but no action was prices had resulted, 1,ut the reduction taken upon the recommendation. On was so small as to have little nppre- June 5 the postmaster-general restored ciable effect upon the cost of living. control of the telegraph and telephone The country was aroused during the systems to the owners, so far as oper- summer by a series of race riots, the ations were concerned, but retained first of which occurred in Iiashinston jurisdiction over the finances of the on July 21. Fbur persons were lcdletl companies and the rates charged pencl- in the rioting at the capital. On July ing action by Congress. 27 the most serious race riot of the The activities of anarchistic elements year began in Chicago. For several mere manifested 011 June 2, when days a large section of the city. of bombs mere exploded simultaneously which negroes composed the principal at the residences of ten men in eight population, was in a state of seige. It Eastern cities. One bomb, which es- was finally found necessary to call out ploclecl at the home of Attorney-Gen- state troops to quell the disturbance era1 Palmer in Washington, blew the and before order had been restored bomb planter to pieces, but none of thirty-three persons Ilad been killed the intended victims were injured. and hundreds injured. About half oi The probability that the woman suf- the killed \\-ere whites and half negroes. frage amendment to the constitution Other clashes bet~veen negroes and noulcl be adopted before the next pres- whites occurred at other points cluring idential election was indicated by the the following weelis. On September prompt action of the legislatures of 27 a great mob in Omaha. Nebraska, Illinois. IVisconsin and AIichigan, all lynched a negro prisoner. set fire to'the of which ratified the amendment on court house and attempted to hang June 10. the mayor. On September 29 t\vo ne- U. S. Goes Dry on July 1 groes were I!-nclletl by a inoh at Mont- On July 1 the war-time emergency gomery, ;ilal)an~a. (-)n 0ctol)er 1 a prohihitior act went into effect ant1 for serious I~nttlebctwecn the races 1)roke the first time in history the sale of out at Elaine. Arkansas. and before liquor was i!e throughout the the trouble was ended by federal and United States. On July 12 President state troops five white men antl eleven Wilson vetoed the ae;ricultural appro- negroes had been killed. 36 THE FRISCO-MAN In recognition of the services which other doctrine that attacks the sov- he rendered as commander-in-chief of ereignty and independence of Mexico." the American Espeditionary Forces, A new revolutionary governnient in General I'ersliing was made a general Mexico was proclainled by the follo~v- for life hy act of Congress. IIis noni- ers of Villa, ~vitliGeneral Felipe An- ination for this post was confirmed b~ geles as provisional president. Villa's the Senatc on September 4 and the forces began an attack upon Juarez conimission was handed to General on June 11 and the following day, Pershing as he landed, on September after several Americans in El Paso had been killed or wounded I>y shots across 8, at Seu. York, where he and the the border, American troops crossed First Division, which accompanied to Juarez and attacked the Villa forces. him, were given an enthusiastic recep- After a battle, in which the Villistas tion. 1ve1-e routed with a loss of forty-five The United States entertained a men, the American troops returned number of distinguished officials from across the border. On June 19 the abroad during the latter part of the Carranza governnlent notified the year. On Septenlher 9 Cardinal Mer- United States that it had taken steps cier of Belgium landcd at Xew Yorli to protect American citizens in the and began a tour of the country.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glenn Killinger, Service Football, and the Birth
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School School of Humanities WAR SEASONS: GLENN KILLINGER, SERVICE FOOTBALL, AND THE BIRTH OF THE AMERICAN HERO IN POSTWAR AMERICAN CULTURE A Dissertation in American Studies by Todd M. Mealy © 2018 Todd M. Mealy Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2018 ii This dissertation of Todd M. Mealy was reviewed and approved by the following: Charles P. Kupfer Associate Professor of American Studies Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee Simon Bronner Distinguished Professor Emeritus of American Studies and Folklore Raffy Luquis Associate Professor of Health Education, Behavioral Science and Educaiton Program Peter Kareithi Special Member, Associate Professor of Communications, The Pennsylvania State University John Haddad Professor of American Studies and Chair, American Studies Program *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines Glenn Killinger’s career as a three-sport star at Penn State. The thrills and fascinations of his athletic exploits were chronicled by the mass media beginning in 1917 through the 1920s in a way that addressed the central themes of the mythic Great American Novel. Killinger’s personal and public life matched the cultural medley that defined the nation in the first quarter of the twentieth-century. His life plays outs as if it were a Horatio Alger novel, as the anxieties over turn-of-the- century immigration and urbanization, the uncertainty of commercializing formerly amateur sports, social unrest that challenged the status quo, and the resiliency of the individual confronting challenges of World War I, sport, and social alienation.
    [Show full text]
  • Privilege in Tennis and Lawn Tennis: the Geelong and Royal South Yarra Examples but Not Forgetting the Story of the Farmer’S Wrist
    PRIVILEGE IN TENNIS AND LAWN TENNIS: THE GEELONG AND ROYAL SOUTH YARRA EXAMPLES BUT NOT FORGETTING THE STORY OF THE FARMER’S WRIST GRAEME KINROSS SMITH DEAKIN UNIVERSITY I It is the season. That strange game called lawn tennis in- filtrated the Australian colonies in the mid 1870s when the wealthy, in emulation of English cousins,rigged nets in their city gardens or in the grounds of their country estates and invited long skirted ladies and men in cummerbunds, white shirts, and formal ties to tennis parties. The flight of the balls over nets five feet or more from the ground was demure and accompanied by giggles, gasps and gentlemanly shouts. By the 188Os, those whose enjoyment of these physical dashes required for its satisfaction something more codified in the way of a game were beginning to establish clubs for players of like mind. Their endeavours were guided by the All England Croquet Club at Wimbledon which had incorporated the words Lawn Tennis in-its title, in 1877,and which staged its first Gentlemen's Singles Championship under rules which modified those of the modern game's inventor,Major Wingfield,and allowed for a net still five feet high at the posts,a rectangular court rather than Wingfield's hour glass, and the modern system of scoring. That all occurred about a century ago. So it is the season- for celebrating the birth of the game, for taking stock, for writing the centenary histories of Australia's earliest tennis clubs. In 1878, the Melbourne Cricket Club added an asphalt court and a tennis club as an adjunct to cricket,and laid a grass court in 1880.
    [Show full text]
  • Babe Ruth: the Media Construction of a 1920'S Sport Personality
    Colby Quarterly Volume 32 Issue 1 March Article 6 March 1996 Babe Ruth: The Media Construction of a 1920's Sport Personality Patrick Trimble Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cq Recommended Citation Colby Quarterly, Volume 32, no.1, March 1996, p.45-57 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Colby. It has been accepted for inclusion in Colby Quarterly by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Colby. Trimble: Babe Ruth: The Media Construction of a 1920's Sport Personality Babe Ruth: The Media Construction ofa 1920's Sport Personality By PATRICK TRIMBLE NE COULD SPECULATE that had Babe Ruth not been born, he would have Obeen invented by the bubbling social cauldron of the 1920's. It was the Jazz Age, the decade of the flapper and of prohibition. The moral fiber of America was split along the lines of the rigid puritan work ethic and a hedo­ nism that honored individual achievement and upward social mobility. In these hectic years, no personality represented the idea of celebrity better than George Herman "Babe" Ruth. l Ruth's rise from the streets of Baltimore to the ballparks of New York was an Horatio Alger story, a blueprint for American success. He was, in the words of sport historian David Voigt, the most photographed man in America during the 1920's.2 His skill on the ballfield and his indulgences off the field were legendary. When he was not playing ball, he performed in vaudeville shows. Newspaper columns, "How to Play Baseball" guides and even a children's book were ghost-written in his name.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nordic Games and the Origins of the Olympic Winter Games Ron Edgeworth
    The NorDic Games aND the OriGiNs oF the Olympic WiNter Games Ron Edgeworth he Olympic Winter Games formally began in 1924 Games.15 According to Ny tidning för Idrott (the SCFIF Tat Chamonix, although they were originally known publication), Swedish support was essential: “The most as the Semaine internationale des sports d’hiver. Prior to fundamental implications of the Nordic Games have been, that time, winter sports events had been held during the in addition to the fostering of a hardy species, the rally- Summer Games of 1908 (fi gure skating) and 1920 (fi gure ing of the Swedes around something really national. It skating and ice hockey). But there existed an earlier had long been a weakness among us that we have not had international winter sports festival, the Nordic Games, something acceptably national, which could assemble which began in 1901. The Nordic Games were presented the entire people.”15 in Revue Olympique as the “Scandinavian Olympiads.”6 It was not simply the idea of furthering nationalistic 2. Fairs of the Olympic Games and early traditions World Years The Formative Many years later, Olympic Review wrote that “The inten- pride but also of creating publicity for Sweden in other sive focus of [the Nordic Games] can be regarded as a countries. Sweden was to be showcased, as a nation and precursor to the Winter Games which were to come.”6 as a site for tourism. The purely nationalistic ambitions But were they? were thus complemented by commercial motives. When one understands these motives, the structure of Early History of the Nordic Games the Nordic Games becomes comprehensible.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Cricket in Oregon, 1870S–1920S
    The History of Cricket in Oregon, 1870s–1920s CRAIG OWEN JONES THE FAILURE OF AMERICAN CRICKET TO FLOURISH during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is the Rorschach inkblot test for sports historians — each sees in the failure whatever they wish to see. Arriv- ing at a viable explanation, one that takes into account class distinctions, practical considerations, differences of national character, and exactly how much weight to assign to the influence on would-be cricketers of baseball in the second half of the nineteenth century, has been a long and arduous process, summarized by George Kirsch in his excellent recent overview.1 Scholars, however, have been able to agree on one thing: changes in clubs’ membership composition is crucial to understanding the subject. For much of the nineteenth century, cricket was a sport that straddled class divides; in Philadelphia, the spiritual home of American cricket, the game was the province of working-class players just as much as it was of their middle-class and upper-class counterparts.2 As the century wore on, however, in places where middle-and upper-class British immigrant society patronized the game, the promoters of cricket ultimately failed to convert enough sportsmen to play beyond their class ranks. When the stream of new arrivals from the United Kingdom dwindled, so too did cricket as an endeavor that was able to reach beyond the niche of English American society. Following changes in immigration patterns during the 1890s, the demographic balance shifted from the British Isles and Northern Europe to the Mediterranean and East- ern Europe, especially following the 1921 Immigration Restriction Act and subsequent legislation.3 The history of cricket in Oregon provides an interesting corollary to this model.
    [Show full text]
  • INFORMATION to USERS This Maauscript Has Been Reproduced
    INFORMATION TO USERS This maauscript has been reproduced from the microSlm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in ^ew riter face, while others may be from aity type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction Is dependent upon the quali^ of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Fhotogr^hs included in the orignal manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell information Com pany 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 3l3.'761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9516979 The modernization of professional football in England and the United States: A comparative analysis Dawson, Steven Charles, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1994 UMI 300 N.
    [Show full text]
  • UQ BLUE and HALF BLUE AWARDEES 1910S
    UQ BLUE AND HALF BLUE AWARDEES 1910s Year First Name Last Name Maiden Name Sport Award 1912 T. Francis Athletics Blue 1912 Norman Lloyd Rugby Union Blue 1912 John Radcliffe Tennis Blue 1913 Daniel Baldwin Rowing Half Blue 1913 Percival Brown Rowing Half Blue 1913 Eric Fisher Rowing Half Blue 1913 Charles Foggon Athletics Blue 1913 L.A. Foote Rugby Union Blue 1913 P. Fowles Rowing Half Blue 1913 T. Francis Athletics Blue 1913 A. Jones Rowing Half Blue 1913 Norman Lloyd Rugby Union Blue 1913 John Noble Rowing Blue 1913 John Radcliffe Tennis Blue 1913 Allan Rowe Rowing Half Blue 1913 Harry Scriven Rowing Half Blue 1913 Francis Thompson Cricket Blue 1914 George Brown Rugby Union Blue 1914 Stanley Francis Rugby Union Blue 1914 Eric Francis Rugby Union Blue 1914 Charles Jameson Athletics Blue 1914 Norman Lloyd Rugby Union Blue 1914 Allan Rowe Rugby Union Blue 1915 Reginald Quinn Tennis Blue 1915 John Radcliffe Tennis Blue 1919 Robert Barbour Tennis Blue 1919 Felix Brazier Rugby Union Blue 1919 Nesta Brown Hockey Blue 1919 Sydney Cran Hockey Blue 1919 John Davidson Tennis Blue 1919 Gordon Fisher Rugby Union Blue 1919 D. Fowles Rugby Union Blue 1919 Eric Francis Rugby Union Blue 1919 Noel George Tennis Blue 1919 Julia Gordon Hockey Blue 1919 Murray Graham Tennis Blue 1919 Victor Grenning Rugby Union Blue 1919 John Halferty Rugby Union Blue 1919 Julia Hulbert Birkbeck Hockey Blue 1919 Thomas Lawton Rugby Union Blue 1919 Elvina Lord Hockey Blue 1919 Zoe Martin Hockey Blue 1919 John Michie Athletics Blue 1919 F.W. Patterson Athletics Blue 1919 L.
    [Show full text]
  • Sunday Sport Comes to Pennsylvania: Professional Baseball and Football Triumph Over the Commonwealth's Archaic Blue Laws, 919-1933
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 109 103 SP 009 352' AUTHOR Jable, J. Thomas TITLE Sunday Sport Comes to Pennsylvania: Professional Baseball and Football Triumph over the Commonwealth's Archaic Blue Laws, 919-1933. .PUB DATE Apr 75 NOTE 27p.; Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the North American Society for Sport History (3rd Boston, Mas'achusetts, April 16-19, 1975); Best copy Available- EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC1-$1.95 PLUS POSTAGE 'DESCRIPTORS .*Athletics; Baseball; *Laws; *StAte Legislation *State Recreation Legislation IDENTIFIERS *Bt1Laws Football; Pennsylvania ABSTRACT Following World War I, many Americans plunged into _sport, and found the Sabbath a convenient and popular day for engaging in sporting events, especially since'Sunday activities had become commonplace during the War and acceptablin many areas. However, when Pennsylvanians turned to sport on the Sabbath, they were confronted by the state's archaicblue law of 1794 which prohibited all ports and diversions on Sundays%. In 1926, the Philadelphia Ath'etics baseball team tested the statute byscheduling . a Sunday contest with the ChicagoWhite Sox. The game was played without incident, but Sabbatarians protested and broughtthis'issue before the court In 1921 the Pennsylvania Supre e Court concurring with Sabbatarian harges, ordered the Athletics not to schedule any more Sunday games under penalty offorfeiting its charter of incorporation. It was not until 1933, after several battlesin the Pennsylvania legislature, that the Sunday lobby,generated enough votes to modify the 1794 statute. The new lawpermitted baseball and ootball on Sunday afternoolVS between 2:00 and 5:30,p.m.,if the voters of any locality approved.
    [Show full text]
  • 1"!««*»«Eefanan in Seabright Final-Purchase Wtna Big Handicap at Saratoga
    2ÏÏ5*1g?1"!««*» «eefanan in Seabright Final-Purchase Wtna Big Handicap at Saratoga Tennis Quaker City Star Naval Academy First Hildretli Colt International League Marston To Wins Show Skill Beats New Yorker Start Football GAMES TO-DAY Philadelphians NearRecord in Heading; at Newark. Twice in in Easily Practice for 1919 Jersey City at Baltimore (1). Play ISational Regalia Rave Toronto at Hinghamton. Classic at Hi; IT.-tit. at Rochester. For f Attenuated Philadelphian Wins First on New Aug. l.-Probably Spa YESTERDAY'S RESULTS sham Leg ANNAPOLIS,the Hr3t of the colleges to Cup K«*!ly and Coffello Defeat start its football Reading, 8; Newark, 7. Singles Challenge Cup by Downing Opponent practice.the Navnl Raltimore, .1; «lor. City, 0. Hoover, of Duluth. to Academy had a squad of more than Conqueror of Sh- Karton Hinghaiiifon. 2: Tornillo. I (Ist). Will IMrrt Patten in ..- the . in Four-Set at one hundred 4 (10 . Match, 6.3, 3.6, 6.2, 6.1 members of the new Wins Toronto,:.; Bing'.on, in.). for fourth on Easily in Buffalo, 3; Rochester. 2. Final Qualify Srullinp # class the field this after¬ Opening Koitml of Golf noon, under Lieutenant STANDING OF TEAMS Row Fred Commander Feature; Roamer Out W. L. at Mancheater In« By Hawthorne W. A. Richardson, a Pel W. !.. Pc. To-day former Acad¬ B'more. 71 28 .717 Blng't'n 48 49.495 W0RCB8TE&, Ma**.. Au». 1. í'htla SEABRIGHT. Ñ. J., Aug. 1..William Tilden, 2d, of emy player, and John otrmion rac Philadelphia, Wilson, who Toronto 63 36 ..36 Roch ..
    [Show full text]
  • “The White Man's Burden”
    ChApter one “The White Man’s Burden” Football and Empire, 1860s–1919 Modern SportS start with European imperial expansion in the last two centuries. The agents of that imperialism played sports among them- selves, but also saw sport as a tool of civilization. For example, British soldiers, sailors, traders, and government employees enjoyed football for their own entertainment, but they also saw it as pivotal in the European “civilizing mission” in Africa. Building on their experiences with youth and urban workers in industrial Britain, teachers and missionaries used this inexpen- sive, easy-to-learn fun to satisfy “the white man’s burden.” This expression, taken from Rudyard Kipling’s famous formulation, meant teaching African converts and colonial subjects about the virtues of Christianity, capitalist commerce, and Western civilization. In this opening chapter, I intend to show how the game of football arrived in Africa in the late nineteenth century through the major port cities and then began to spread into the interior by the 1920s by means of newly laid railway lines, Western-style schools run mainly by missionaries, and the colonial armed forces. Africans, of course, had their own sports, but these activities were little esteemed by their new imperial masters. Sports such as wrestling, martial arts, footraces, canoe racing, and competitive dancing offer compelling evidence of how agrarian African societies embraced Sportgeist—the spirit of sport.1 As the historians William Baker and Tony Mangan explain: “Through- out pre-colonial Africa . dances and games were long performed with a seriousness akin to sport in modern industrial societies, and for purposes not altogether different: the striving for status, the assertion of identity, the 1 2 ChApter one maintenance of power in one form or another, and the indoctrination of youth into the culture of their elders.”2 Indigenous sports were spectacles of fitness and physical prowess, technical and tactical expertise.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of World Series Scheduling
    CHARLIE BEVIS The Evolution of World Series Scheduling n the early years ofWorld Series play, game sched­ opted for a lengthy 5-of-9 game format to generate the I ules were not nearly a~ standardized as today's for- most gate receipts possible. After the NewYork Giants Imat. Back then, a coirt toss decided the site ofthe refused to play Boston in a post-season series between opening game as/.well as a\possible seventh game. The pennant winners in 1904, New York owner John order ofgames hosted bYleach league's pennant win­ Brush proposed in early 1905 a set ofofficial rules for ner varied each year. Anq as late as 1956, the games future World Series play to be conducted under the were often played on cortsecutive days without any supervision ofthe National Commission. respite for travel or rest. The "Brush Rules;' adopted by both leagues in mid­ The four primary elements of today's World Series February 1905, stipulated that "seven games shall scheduling format have been in place since 1960 fol­ constitute a complete series" and "the clubs shall con­ lowing a six-decade evolution. These four primaryele­ tinue to play each day according to the authorized ments are: schedule until one ofthem has won four games:'! Exactly what inspired Brush to include a 4-of-7 • Seven-ganle series, willIler lleedillg fOllr victories game format is unclear. Brush seemed to merely • 2-3-2 format of alternating game sets between adopt a post-season format he was familiar witlI, tllat cities ofthe Temple Cup series conducted from 1894 to 1897 • Site of the first game alternates between leagues between the first- and second-place finishers in the each year National League.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Korea and the Olympic Games, 1910–1945
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2016 Colonial Korea and the Olympic Games, 1910–1945 Seok Lee University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Kinesiology Commons Recommended Citation Lee, Seok, "Colonial Korea and the Olympic Games, 1910–1945" (2016). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1836. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1836 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1836 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Colonial Korea and the Olympic Games, 1910–1945 Abstract This dissertation examines how Koreans received and consumed the Olympic Games under Japanese colonial rule (1910–1945). Although a growing body of research on colonial Korea addresses a range of topics beyond politics and economy, sports is still a relatively neglected topic in this field. By exploring Olympic fever in colonial Korea, this study shows how multifaceted aspects of Korean society became a part of the global sports world. Korean athletes participated in the 1932 Summer, 1936 Winter, and 1936 Summer Games as part of the Japanese delegation, attracting much attention from members of all walks of life in colonial Korea. Public figures as varied as political leaders, intellectuals, sport journalists, and athletes recognized and promoted the Games through the burgeoning mass media. As the Olympic Games were a powerful tool for promoting Korean nationalism, Korean athletes’ performance was in the spotlight of Korean vernacular media, which also pursued commercial interests in featuring scandals of athletes. Nevertheless, many advocates of public gymnastics criticized what they perceived as the bourgeois-oriented, if not elitist, nature of the Games.
    [Show full text]