Disímiles Vidas Paralelas

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Disímiles Vidas Paralelas DISÍMILES VIDAS PARALELAS CICLO DE MIÉRCOLES DEL 6 AL 27 DE FEBRERO DE 2019 DISÍMILES VIDAS PARALELAS CICLO DE MIÉRCOLES DEL 6 AL 27 DE FEBRERO DE 2019 FUNDACIÓN JUAN MARCH on Las vidas paralelas, el pensador e historiador griego Plutarco (40/50-120 d.C.) inauguró un nuevo método de escritura biográfica basado en la narración paralela de dos personalidades emparejadas, una griega y otra romana. Esta visión comparada permitía extraer lo semejante de ambos Cpersonajes, al tiempo que lo distintivo surgía con una luz más nítida. Inspirado en este modelo historiográfico, Disímiles vidas paralelas traslada esta perspectiva a la programación musical. Cada uno de los cuatro conciertos confronta dos compositores coetáneos que, pese a representar mundos estéticos distintos, comparten algunos rasgos en su antagónica diferencia. La escucha comparada de sus obras entrelazadas, a veces surgidas tras el contacto personal o el conocimiento de sus respectivas composiciones, permite apreciar las diferencias de un mismo espíritu de la época y las semejanzas de estéticas contrapuestas. Fundación Juan March Por respeto a los demás asistentes, les rogamos que desconecten sus teléfonos móviles y no abandonen la sala durante el acto. ÍNDICE 7 VÉRTICES Y FUGAS José Luis Téllez Tan cerca, tan lejos Divergencias democráticas Outsiders, pero no tanto Ni convergentes ni divergentes 27 Miércoles 6 de febrero BACH & VIVALDI Benjamin Alard, clave 39 Miércoles 13 de febrero EISLER & REVUELTAS Oxalys 54 Miércoles 20 de febrero BRITTEN & SHOSTAKÓVICH Julia Sitkovetsky, soprano Fernando Arias, violonchelo Roger Vignoles, piano 67 Miércoles 27 de febrero VICTORIA & GESUALDO Contrapunctus Owen Rees, dirección 80 Bibliografía Autor de las notas al programa Vértices y fugas José Luis Téllez Vértices y fugas (o coincidencias y dis- ción por la obra del músico veneciano crepancias): los ocho nombres que arti- no carecía de lucidez crítica: Johann culan el presente ciclo, figuras cimeras Joachim Quantz (al que Bach conoció de sus respectivas épocas y estilos, pre- durante su visita a Potsdam en 1747 sentan significativas similitudes, pero por invitación de Federico el Grande de también discordancias no menos tras- Prusia, para quien escribiría después cendentes. Enfrentar algunos de sus hi- la Ofrenda musical) afirmaba que Bach tos vitales más reveladores, junto con le había dicho que sus conciertos mos- algunas de las obras de unos y otros que traban una escritura más sutil que la de de modo más palmario ejemplifican Vivaldi. Por lo demás, si Vivaldi sufrió sus aportaciones más significativas, es un rápido oscurecimiento después de la finalidad de este ciclo en cuatro se- su muerte, los arreglos de Bach de algu- siones que abarca un panorama tem- nos de sus conciertos permitieron que, poral de casi cuatro siglos. a la resurrección moderna de su propia obra, siguiera la del autor italiano. Pero TAN CERCA, TAN LEJOS el reconocimiento de su incuestionable grandeza tuvo que esperar a la segunda No existe la menor noticia de que mitad del siglo xx: no hace falta recor- Vivaldi supiese de Bach ni de su mú- dar la célebre (e inexacta) diatriba de sica, aunque ciertos compositores co- Stravinsky afirmando que Vivaldi se nocidos que admiraban la obra de uno había limitado a escribir quinientas y otro tuvieron contacto con ambos, veces el mismo concierto. como Pisendel, Heinichen y Stölzel. Los numerosos viajes de Vivaldi Bach, por su parte, conoció sus con- (sobre todo entre 1729 y 1733, cuando ciertos del Op. 3 a partir de 1713, lo que Bach ya llevaba seis años establecido supuso el más importante y decisivo en Leipzig, su último acomodo profe- motor estilístico de toda su actividad sional) tuvieron por objetivo principal creativa posterior, si bien su admira- supervisar la producción de sus es- 6 7 trenos operísticos en ciudades como casi 400 kilómetros) hasta que obtuvo Anna Magdalena fue la amanuen- Al parecer Paolina actuaba como una Florencia, Cremona, Mantua y Verona, el puesto de Kantor en Leipzig, don- se de buena parte de las partituras de especie de enfermera, ya que Vivaldi, pero también Praga y, probablemente, de permaneció ya hasta su muerte. Bach a partir de esta época y Johann hijo prematuro, padecía lo que él mis- Viena (ciudad en la que fallecería el 27 Mühlhausen, Weimar y Köthen fueron Sebastian compuso para ella el exqui- mo describió como una stretezza di de agosto de 1741). Vivaldi no se movió las diferentes cortes en las que traba- sito Pequeño libro de Anna Magdalena petto que le provocaba constantes ata- de Venecia −salvo algún desplazamien- jó hasta encontrar otros empleos más Bach, donde hay piezas sencillas para ques de asma (el compositor William to esporádico− hasta 1726, pero a partir rentables (o más prestigiosos). La otra teclado y que, todavía hoy, sigue em- Hayes afirmó que, si Vivaldi tocaba con de ese momento, y según aumentaba su ciudad de su peregrinaje personal fue pleándose como texto didáctico de la increíble celeridad con que lo hacía, prestigio como operista, su periplo ar- Dornheim, donde contrajo matrimo- referencia. Con Anna Magdalena tuvo era para compensar su lentitud de mo- tístico le proyectó por todo el norte de nio con su primera esposa −su prima trece hijos, de los que solo siete (uno de vimientos, debida a su insuficiencia Italia (que estaba bajo administración segunda Maria Barbara, hija de Johann ellos discapacitado) llegaron a la edad respiratoria). En todo caso, en 1737 fue austriaca) y fuera de ella (pero siem- Michael Bach− el 17 de octubre de 1707. adulta. Dos de ellos fueron músicos acusado de conducta impropia y al año pre en territorios controlados por los Maria Barbara le dio siete hijos, de los conocidos: Johann Christian y Johann siguiente Tommasso Ruffo, arzobispo Habsburgo). que solamente sobrevivieron Wilhelm Christoph Friedrich. Anna Magdalena de Ferrara, le prohibió la entrada en Hay aquí una curiosa asimetría es- Friedemann, Carl Philipp Emanuel y le sobrevivió una década y falleció en la la ciudad: no solo su vida amorosa era pecular: si la segunda parte de la vida Johann Gottfried Bernhard. Fallecida miseria; de hecho, en sus últimos años motivo de escándalo, sino también el de Vivaldi está marcada por el tránsito, repentinamente a comienzos de julio de pudo mantenerse únicamente gracias hecho de que se hubiera negado a decir la de Bach sigue un itinerario opuesto. 1720 mientras Bach estaba en Karlsbad a las limosnas de los vecinos. Ninguno misa desde 1705. Años más tarde (en Tras su etapa formativa en Luneburgo, formando parte del séquito del príncipe de los hijos de Maria Barbara, muy bien 1739), Bach sufriría en Leipzig diver- y hasta 1723, se movió por diferentes Leopoldo, el compositor contrajo nuevo situados profesionalmente, le prestó la sas represalias por negarse a enseñar ciudades, pero sin salir de los límites matrimonio en diciembre del año si- menor ayuda: es obvio que habían vi- latín, cosa que formaba parte de sus de Turingia (salvo alguna escapada guiente con Anna Magdalena Wilcke, vido las segundas nupcias de su padre obligaciones contractuales. Por otra ocasional a la Hansa, a capitales como una soprano dieciséis años más joven como una traición hacia la memoria de parte, si Bach era un luterano sincero Hamburgo o a Lubeca para escuchar que también formaba parte de Kapelle su madre y, quizá también, hacia la pro- ocasionalmente próximo al pietismo, a Buxtehude; viaje que, según parece, de Köthen, donde cobraba un sueldo de pia familia Bach. Vivaldi, y pese a su vida aparentemen- efectuó a pie desde Arnstadt, distante 200 florines anuales. Vivaldi, sacerdote desde 1703, ni se te licenciosa, era un católico ferviente casó ni tuvo hijos, pero desde 1725 vivió cuyas partituras autógrafas ostentan la con una mezzosoprano, Anna Giraud divisa LD (laus Deo) a guisa de exordio. (o Girò), alumna de canto suya, y con La primera parte de la vida de Vivaldi su hermana Paolina. Las malas lenguas (entre 1703 y 1716, con algunas interrup- afirmaban que ambas eran amantes del ciones) está ligada al Ospedale della prete rosso, cosa que este siempre negó. Pietà, uno de los cuatro hospicios de 8 9 Venecia que era también una especie era llamado como experto para peritar 1729, que, más allá de recrear el conoci- de la primera mitad del xviii que hoy si- de conservatorio femenino de caridad los órganos. Si Vivaldi, pese a estar con- do episodio mitológico, es un verdade- guen causando nuestro asombro (ni el cuya orquesta ofrecía conciertos las tratado simplemente como maestro di ro manifiesto que reivindica la músi- violín habría quizá alcanzado tal extre- tardes de los sábados y las mañanas violino, debía ocuparse de la enseñan- ca alemana (encarnada por Phoebus: mo de virtuosismo y primacía). Vivaldi dominicales. Estos recitales eran muy za de muchos otros instrumentos, ser Apolo) frente a la italiana (encarnada creó la propia estructura concertante apreciados por la nobleza y constituían profesor de canto, componer música por Pan: Dionisos). Las dos grandes moderna con el sentido formal que le un notable atractivo turístico. Alguna religiosa a partir de 1715 y organizar y arias de estos personajes constituyen asignamos hoy, desarrollando el ritor- de sus alumnas conquistó celebridad dirigir los conciertos, Bach debía com- sendos modelos de los estilos respecti- nello con una flexibilidad y una solidez como concertista: es el caso de Anna poner una cantata semanal, organizar vos y demuestran el absoluto dominio que anticipaba el futuro rondó, utilizó Maria, dedicataria de varios conciertos la música de los servicios religiosos en que Bach poseía de ambos. Como las sistemáticamente modelos motrices vivaldianos, nombrada por tres veces las cuatro iglesias de la ciudad actuan- restantes piezas de idéntico subtítulo, que carecían de precedente (como el en los anales de la institución, virtuosa do como director desde el órgano o el se trata de composiciones perfecta- ritmo lombardo) y, con exuberante del violín, la tiorba, el laúd, la mando- clave y dirigir la enseñanza musical de mente representables de acuerdo con el invención, produjo todo un torrente lina, el clave, el oboe y la viola de amor, los alumnos de las mismas (alrededor código de la época.
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