About the Contributors
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434 About the Contributors Prof. Dr. Andrew Targowski was engaged in the development of social computing in totalitarian Poland (INFOSTRADA and Social Security #for 38 million citizens-PESEL, 1972) and received politi- cal asylum in the U.S. during the crackdown on solidarity in 1981. He has been a professor of business information systems at Western Michigan University since 1980. He published 21 books on information technology, history, and political science {RedFascism, 1982) in English and Polish. During the 1990s, he was a director of the TeleCITY of Kalamazoo Project, one of the first digital cities in the U.S. He investigates the role of information-communication in enterprise, economy, and civilization. He is a president of the International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations and a former chairman of the Advisory Council of the Information Resources Management Association (1995-2003). Dr. Ali. M. Metwalli was born in Egypt and received his bachelor's degree in commerce from Cairo University. He has a MBA from Siena Collage in New York State and he earned his PhD in business administration from St. Louis University in Missouri. He has served in the healthcare industry in various executive, research, and consulting positions since 1965. He moved to Grand Rapids in 1980 to teach for Western Michigan University and served as director of the MBA program in Grand Rapids campus from 1985 until the end of 1999. He continues to teach at WMU, conduct research, and consult independently. He is a co-founder of MW Stone Importers, LTD. Dr. Metwalli has served as a chairman of the Board (Shora Committee) of the Islamic Mosque and Religious Institute in Grand Rapids for the last two years. He served for six years as a member of the board of directors of the West Central Michigan American Red Cross. He also served on the advisory council for the American College of Healthcare Executives, and is active in numerous other civic and university activities. He has a long list of publications in a number of academic journals focusing on global business and finance. His last publication in 2006 is a book in international finance that focuses on mergers and acquisitions in Asia. Copyright © 2009, IGI Global, distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. 435 Index 418 Asimov, Isaac 273, 324, 340, 433 Ackoff, Russel 225, 251, 253 asymmetric communication 345-362 Afghanistan 53, 57, 139, 165, 167, 196, Atanasoff, John Vincent 199 333, 373, 402 Atlantic Ocean 81 Africa 9, 59, 63, 64, 71, 81, 108, 118, Australia 64, 81, 83, 185, 212, 273, 296, 121, 129, 185, 361, 366, 374, 379, 379, 386, 395 406 Austria 273, 403 agricultural wave (also known as Information automation 83, 85, 187, 192, 208, 226, Age) 56, 163, 197, 198, 201, 202, 245, 247, 248, 249, 252, 254, 271, 206, 213, 214 272, 273, 296, 304, 383, 404 Albania 66 autonomous civilization (also known as par- Alexander the Great 49 ticular, vertical) 9, 10, 14, 22, 24, 26, Alexandria 186 30, 36, 50, 65, 73, 74, 77, 117, Allende, Salvador 316 125, 126, 127, 151 Alps 19 Azerbaijan 18, 139 America 4, 9, 19, 26, 40, 43, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 71, 81, 83, 93, 118, 119, B 121, 122, 129, 133, 134, 140, 142, 162, 165, 168, 181, 189, 190, Babbage, Charles 96, 190, 197 199, 210, 215, 252, 270, 282, 288, Bach, Johann 97 289, 295, 296, 308, 309, 316, Bacon, Francis 59, 76, 180, 189, 317 320, 323, 338, 339, 346, 347, 369, Baden 19 370, 373, 376, 377, 378, 382, 383, Baltimore 115, 181, 192, 198, 338 392, 395, 402, 413 Balzac, Honore 97 American Revolution 17, 35, 51, 82, 190 Barber, Ben 123, 150, 211, 212, 213, 216, Ampere, Andre-Marie 96 290, 310 Anatolia 8 Bauhaus 239 Andersen, Hans Christian 97, 253 Beer, Stanford 254, 274, 316 anthropology 1, 4, 39, 93, 100 Beethoven, Ludwig 97 Aristotle 49, 58, 75, 98, 179, 424 Belarus 18, 36, 85 Arizona 269, 390, 397 Belgium 36, 85 Bell, Alexander 49, 50, 114 Armenia 18 Bell, Daniel 203, 210, 316 Asia 64, 71, 81, 83, 90, 101, 118, 121, Benelux 273 129, 132, 133, 148, 189, 346, 361, 370, 374, 375, 379, 381, 392, 395, Copyright © 2009, IO1 Global, distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of 1GI Global is prohibited. Index Beniger, James 197, 216, 217, 317, 320, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 340 390, 392, 393, 403, 416 Benton, Lauren 7, 42 Carnap, Rudolf 98, 105 Bergson, Henri 98 Carnegie, Andrew 149, 153, 198, 236, 325 Berlin Wall 123, 305 Castells, Manuel 120, 150, 323, 337, 340, Bernoulli, Jacob 96 359 Bertalanfy, Ludwig 199 Cavendish, Henry 96 Blaha, Steven 16, 46, 47, 60 Celsius, Anders 96 Bohm, David 232, 234, 251, 287, 431 Celtic Arc 19 Bohr, Niels 7, 57, 96, 160 Chase-Dunn, Christopher 7, 42 Boole, George 96 Chicago 19, 41, 43, 60, 76, 94, 114, 115, Borges, Jorge L. 97 116, 180, 181, 218, 251, 252, 256, Boston 19, 41, 42, 43, 44, 59, 60, 76, 93, 274, 287, 288, 339, 360, 362, 431 94, 101, 115, 149, 150, 151, 162, Chile 316, 343, 376, 377, 380 180, 200, 214, 215, 216, 251, 287, China 18, 59, 81, 106, 118, 121, 122, 124, 309, 310, 337, 338, 339, 342, 360, 143, 152, 167, 189, 196, 217, 271, 390, 413, 416 351, 362, 363, 369, 371, 372, 374, Brahmagupta 95 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, Brahms, Johannes 97 382, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, Braudel, Ferdinand 1, 4, 9, 34, 42, 62, 76, 393, 403, 416, 418 155, 156, 158, 161, 181, 414 Chirac, Jacques 141 Brazil 121, 381 Chopin, Frederic 97 Brentano, Franz 98 civilization, architecture of 63 Brezhnev, Leonid 52, 239 civilization, autonomous 22 Brodsky,Joseph 239 civilization, characteristics of 66 Bronowski, Jacob 35, 42, 84, 94, 176, 181 civilization, dynamics of 24 Buchanan, Patrick 370, 390 civilization, methods of 11 Buddha 51, 236 civilization, plantetary 36 Bulgaria 18, 66 civilization, the future of 395-418 Burgundy 19 civilization approach, contemporary 4 Burma 119, 145, 148, 150 civilization approach, to human development 1 Burr, Harold 420, 430, 432 civilization crisis 103, 118 Burundi 36, 85 civilization evolution 9 civilization history 156 civilization history, and information 185 Caesar, Julius 51, 133, 236 civilization index 54, 62-78, 117, 169, 361 Calcutta 404 civilization law 84, 85 California 41, 42, 43, 60, 76, 77, 115, 180, civilization life cycle 45-61 200, 216, 252, 360, 391, 433 civilization markets 363-394 Canada 20, 26, 36, 85, 197, 212, 245, 274, civilization war 416 386, 399, 416 civilization wisdom 113, 424 capitalism 6, 21, 41, 53, 54, 121, 124, Clarke, Arthur C. 193, 433 125, 133, 135, 143, 165, 166, 167, climate warming 8, 415 168, 181, 189, 307, 310, 312, 316, Colt, Samuel 96 325, 337, 340, 341, 342, 360, Communication Age 193 363, 367, 370, 375, 379, 380, 381, 436 Index communication climate Dickens, Charles 97 351, 354, 355, 357, 358 digital consciousness (also known as global communism 6, 51, 53, 54, 123, 130, 133, digital consciousness) 291 135, 147, 166, 172, 329, 368, 373, digital divide 123, 129, 195, 214, 305, 307, 375, 378, 391 312, 333 ComputerAge 191 Dominican Republic 376 Comte, August 98 Doppler, Christian 96 Conrad, Joseph 97 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor 97 Control Revolution 191 Drake, Frank D. 38, 40, 250, 433 Copernicus, Nicolaus 95, 129, 189, 401, 419 Drucker, Peter 214, 255, 275, 287, 315, Costa Rica 376, 417 325, 337, 341 Coulborn, Rushton 4, 42 Dubuffet, Jean 239 Coulomb, Charles-Augustin 96 Dumas, Alexander 97 Cray, Seymour 85, 96 Durant, Ariel 40, 155, 181 critical total history (CTH) 156 Dvorak, Antonin 97 Croatia 18, 66, 347 cultural civilization 10, 11 E culture 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, Eckert, John 199 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 33, 35, 38, Eco,Umberto 97, 110, 111, 117 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 60, 64, 77, 79, eco-philosophy 109, 110 80, 86, 92, 97, 99, 116, 125, 128, ecological bomb (also knowne as Bomb E) 404 133, 134, 149, 150, 151, 155, 156, ecosystem 103, 115, 363, 415 169, 205, 207, 209, 211, 212, 216, Edison, Thomas 85, 96 221, 239, 247, 283, 284, 286, 290, Egypt 49, 81, 139, 186, 357 292, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 310, Einstein, Albert 6, 96, 105, 142, 401, 419, 314, 316, 317, 318, 322, 323, 324, 423, 424, 429, 430, 433 326, 327, 337, 338, 339, 345, 346, Electronic Civilization 94 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 353, 354, electronic global village (EGV) 83, 289-310 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, electronic republic (also known as e-republic) 362, 367, 392, 399, 400, 401 8, 94, 313, 414 Curie-Sklodowska, Marie 96 Electronics Age 191 cybernetics 1, 254, 310, 342 El Greco 97 Czechoslovakia 18, 52, 199, 200 El Salvador 376 D England 51, 118, 140, 145, 164, 172, 189, 190, 199, 200 Dali, Salvadore 97, 239 Epicurus of Samos 49 Darwin 96, 105, 117 Erasmus, Desiderius 187, 189 da Vinci, Leonardo 85, 97, 189, 237 Estonia 18, 66, 347 Death Triangle of Civilization I 404 Ethiopia 121 Debussy, Claude 97 Euclid of Alexandria 96 Degas, Edgar 97 Euphrates 8, 9, 81, 365 Demirel, Suleyman 142 Euro-America 81, 142 Denmark 273 Europe 3, 5, 18, 19, 22, 26, 40, 42, 63, Derrida, Jacques 98, 106, 116 64, 66, 71, 72, 81, 82, 83, 89, 92, Descartes, Rene 98, 105, 114, 129, 189 93, 118, 119, 121, 124, 125, 129, Detroit 19 133, 134, 135, 136, 140, 142, 149, 437 Index 150, 151, 162, 164, 171, 172, 181, global economy 19, 20, 79, 80, 125, 126, 187, 189, 190, 191, 197, 200, 212, 127, 128, 129, 130, 135, 193, 277, 216, 239, 245, 273, 296, 304, 278, 304, 308, 310, 311, 325, 326, 316, 324, 342, 347, 366, 367, 373, 333, 334, 335, 341, 345, 346, 347, 374, 375, 378, 379, 380, 382, 386, 348, 349, 350, 351, 353, 354, 355, 388, 392, 395, 399, 402 356, 357, 358, 370, 371, 372, 375, 381, 389, 391, 392, 403 globalization 38, 39, 42, 77, 100, 101, Fahrenheit, Daniel G.