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Azınlıkların Gündelik Yaşamında Kültürel Süreçler

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Azınlıkların Gündelik Yaşamında Kültürel Süreçler T.C. KOCAELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İLETİŞİM ANABİLİM DALI İLETİŞİM BİLİMLERİ BİLİM DALI AZINLIKLARIN GÜNDELİK YAŞAMINDA KÜLTÜREL SÜREÇLER: İSTANBUL ÖRNEĞİ (MODA, TATAVLA, SAMATYA, BURGAZADA) (DOKTORA TEZİ) Berken DÖNER KOCAELİ 2019 T.C. KOCAELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İLETİŞİM ANABİLİM DALI İLETİŞİM BİLİMLERİ BİLİM DALI AZINLIKLARIN GÜNDELİK YAŞAMINDA KÜLTÜREL SÜREÇLER: İSTANBUL ÖRNEĞİ (MODA, TATAVLA, SAMATYA, BURGAZADA) (DOKTORA TEZİ) Berken DÖNER Prof. Dr. Emel KARAGÖZ KOCAELİ 2019 İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ..................................................................................................................... I ÖZET .................................................................................................................................... III ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... IV TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ....................................................................................................... V ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ ......................................................................................................... V GİRİŞ ..................................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. GÜNDELİK HAYAT OLGUSUNA İLİŞKİN KURAMSAL KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVENİN ANA HATLARI 1.1. GÜNDELİK HAYAT OLGUSUNUN KURAMSAL ARKA PLANI .............. 9 1.1.1. Modernleşme ve Gündelik Hayat ............................................................. 12 1.1.2. Başlıca Gündelik Hayat Çalışmaları........................................................ 20 1.2. GÜNDELİK HAYAT PRATİKLERİ ................................................................... 31 1.2.1. Gündelik Hayat Pratiği Olarak Yeme İçme Kültürü .......................... 32 1.2.2. Kültürel Miras Taşıyıcısı: Müzik Pratikleri .......................................... 61 1.2.3. Kültürel Belleğin İfade Alanı Olarak Tören ve Ritüeller ................... 72 1.2.3.1. Yahudi Toplumunda Geçiş Törenleri .................................................. 82 1.2.3.1.1. Doğum İle İlgili İnanç ve Uygulamalar ............................................ 82 1.2.3.1.1.1. Doğum Öncesi...................................................................................... 82 1.2.3.1.1.2. Doğum ................................................................................................... 84 1.2.3.1.1.3. Doğum Sonrası Uygulamalar .......................................................... 84 1.2.3.1.2. Evlilik ........................................................................................................ 86 1.2.3.1.3. Ölüm ......................................................................................................... 88 1.3.3.2. Ermeni Toplumunda Geçiş Törenleri .................................................. 89 1.3.3.2.1. Doğum ...................................................................................................... 89 1.3.3.2.2. Evlilik ....................................................................................................... 91 1.3.3.2.3. Ölüm ......................................................................................................... 93 1.3.3.3. Rum Toplumunda Geçiş Törenleri ...................................................... 94 1.3.3.3.1. Doğum ...................................................................................................... 94 1.3.3.3.2. Evlilik ....................................................................................................... 95 1.3.3.3.3. Ölüm ......................................................................................................... 97 1.2.4. Gündelik Hayatta Kültür ve Kimlik Göstergesi Olarak Mekân ..... 100 I 1.2.4.1. Kent ............................................................................................................ 107 1.2.4.2. Mahalle ...................................................................................................... 120 1.2.4.3. Ev ................................................................................................................ 126 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 2. İSTANBUL ÖRNEĞİ; MODA, TATAVLA, SAMATYA, BURGAZADA 2.1. KENTSEL DOKU BAĞLAMINDA SAMATYA ............................................ 136 2.1.1. Samatya’nın Tarihi, Kültürel ve Coğrafi Konumu ............................ 136 2.1.2. Samatya’da Azınlık Gruplarına Bakış .................................................. 140 2.2. KENTSEL DOKU BAĞLAMINDA TATAVLA ............................................. 156 2.2.1. Tatavla’nın Tarihi, Kültürel ve Coğrafi Konumu .............................. 156 2.2.2. Tatavla’da Azınlık Gruplarına Bakış .................................................... 159 2.3. KENTSEL DOKU BAĞLAMINDA MODA .................................................... 179 2.3.1. Moda’nın Tarihi, Kültürel ve Coğrafi Konumu ................................. 180 2.3.2. Moda’da Azınlık Gruplarına Bakış ....................................................... 184 2.4. KENTSEL DOKU BAĞLAMINDA BURGAZADA ...................................... 203 2.4.1. İstanbul Adaları .......................................................................................... 204 2.4.2. Burgazada’nın Tarihi, Kültürel ve Coğrafi Konumu........................ 207 2.4.3. Burgazada’da Azınlık Gruplarına Genel Bakış .................................. 211 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 3. AZINLIK KAVRAMINA GENEL BAKIŞ 3.1. AZINLIK TÜRLERİ .............................................................................................. 232 3.1.1. Etnik Azınlıklar .......................................................................................... 233 3.1.2. Dilsel Azınlıklar .......................................................................................... 234 3.1.3. Dinsel Azınlıklar ......................................................................................... 235 3.1.4. Ulusal Azınlıklar ......................................................................................... 236 3.2. LOZAN ANTLAŞMASI VE AZINLIKLAR KONUSU ................................ 237 3.2.1. Lozan Antlaşması Sonrası Azınlık Gruplarının Genel Görünümü 242 3.2.1.1. Lozan Antlaşması Sonrası Ermeni Toplumunun Genel Görünümü ..................................................................................................................................... 242 3.2.1.2. Lozan Antlaşması Sonrası Rum Toplumunun Genel Görünümü 248 3.2.1.3. Lozan Antlaşması Sonrası Yahudi Toplumunun Genel Görünümü ..................................................................................................................................... 251 SONUÇ .............................................................................................................................. 255 KAYNAKÇA .................................................................................................................... 269 EKLER .............................................................................................................................. 281 II ÖZET Bu çalışmada, Moda, Tatavla, Samatya ve Burgazada semtlerinde yaşayan azınlık gruplarının aidiyet bağları, geniş toplumla olan iletişim süreçleri ve kültürel bellekleri, gündelik hayat pratikleri çerçevesinde araştırma analiz konusu yapılmaktadır. İstanbul’un kültürel yapısı tarihsel süreç içerisinde, çok farklı etno- dinsel katmanların katkısı ile oluşmuştur. Kent mekânı iletişim bilimlerinin disiplinlerarası olarak ortaya koyduğu kültürel iletişim modelinin en önemli ögelerinden biridir. İstanbul gibi tarihsel önemi olan bir kent, bu modelin pek çok boyutunun gözlemlenebilmesine olanak tanıyan yapısı ile araştırma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Birer kültürel iletişim modeli olarak İstanbul gibi tarihsel değeri olan bir kentin dört farklı semtinde azınlıkların gündelik hayatının incelendiği bu çalışma, aynı zamanda İstanbul’un çokkültürlü yapısına da açıklık getirmektedir. Gündelik hayat pratikleri; yeme içme kültürü, tören ve ritüeller ve müzik pratikleri olarak betimlenmektedir. İstanbul’da yaşayan azınlıkların gündelik hayat pratiklerindeki etkileşim, mekân ve zaman yapısı, kent ölçeğindeki aidiyet unsuru ayrıntılı biçimde değerlendirilmektedir. Kapsamı açısından sosyoloji ve iletişim alanlarıyla ilişki kuran çalışma, azınlık gruplarının İstanbul’da gerçekleştirdikleri gündelik hayat pratiklerini farklı boyutlarıyla incelemektedir. Disiplinlerarası bir yaklaşımla, azınlıkların ”gündelik hayat” ve “kültürel bellek” arasındaki ilişkisi, kendi aralarında ve geniş toplumla olan ilişki çerçevesinde analiz edilmektedir. Gündelik hayat pratiklerinin betimsel bulguları ve bu bağlamda gerçekleştirilen iletişimsel ve sosyolojik analiz, kültürel bellek ile ilişkilendirilerek çok boyutlu olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmanın sonucu kültürel bellek, çokkültürlülük ve nostalji kavramları etrafında tartışılmaktadır. Anahtar Sözcükler: İstanbul, Azınlıklar, Gündelik Hayat, Kültürel Bellek III ABSTRACT In this study, the relationship of belonging to minority groups living in Büyükada, Moda, Tatavla and Samatya extensive communication process with the community and cultural memories, everyday life is made the subject of research in the framework of analysis practices. Istanbul's cultural structure in the historical process, was formed by the contribution of many different ethno-religious layer. Revealed as an interdisciplinary communication science of urban spaces cultural
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