Radioactive Waste Management Practices and Issues in Developing
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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Chapter 5: Treatment Machines for External Beam Radiotherapy
Chapter 5: Treatment Machines for External Beam Radiotherapy Set of 126 slides based on the chapter authored by E.B. Podgorsak of the IAEA publication: Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students Objective: To familiarize the student with the basic principles of equipment used for external beam radiotherapy. Slide set prepared in 2006 by E.B. Podgorsak (Montreal, McGill University) Comments to S. Vatnitsky: [email protected] IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency CHAPTER 5. TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.1. Introduction 5.2. X-ray beams and x-ray units 5.3. Gamma ray beams and gamma ray units 5.4. Particle accelerators 5.5. Linacs 5.6. Radiotherapy with protons, neutrons, and heavy ions 5.7. Shielding considerations 5.8. Cobalt-60 teletherapy units versus linacs 5.9. Simulators and computed tomography simulators 5.10. Training requirements IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 5.1 Slide 1 5.1 INTRODUCTION The study and use of ionizing radiation in medicine started with three important discoveries: • X rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. • Natural radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896. • Radium-226 by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898. IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 5.1 Slide 1 5.1 INTRODUCTION Immediately upon the discovery of x rays and natural radioactivity, ionizing radiation has played an important role in: • Atomic and nuclear physics from the basic physics point of view. • In medicine providing an impetus for development of radiology and radiotherapy as medical specialties and medical physics as a specialty of physics. -
A Retrospective of Cobalt-60 Radiation Therapy: “The Atom Bomb That Saves Lives”
MEDICAL PHYSICS INTERNATIONAL Journal, Special Issue, History of Medical Physics 4, 2020 A RETROSPECTIVE OF COBALT-60 RADIATION THERAPY: “THE ATOM BOMB THAT SAVES LIVES” J. Van Dyk1, J. J. Battista1, and P.R. Almond2 1 Departments of Medical Biophysics and Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada 2 University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States Abstract — The first cancer patients irradiated with CONTENTS cobalt-60 gamma rays using external beam I. INTRODUCTION radiotherapy occurred in 1951. The development of II. BRIEF HISTORY OF RADIOTHERAPY cobalt-60 machines represented a momentous III. LIMITATIONS OF RADIATION THERAPY breakthrough providing improved tumour control UNTIL THE 1950s and reduced complications, along with much lower skin reactions, at a relatively low cost. This article IV. RADIOACTIVE SOURCE DEVELOPMENT provides a review of the historic context in which the V. THE RACE TO FIRST CANCER TREATMENTS advances in radiation therapy with megavoltage VI. COBALT TRUTHS AND CONSEQUENCES gamma rays occurred and describes some of the VII. COBALT TELETHERAPY MACHINE DESIGNS physics and engineering details of the associated VIII. GROWTH AND DECLINE OF COBALT-60 developments as well as some of the key locations and TELETHERAPY people involved in these events. It is estimated that IX. COBALT VERSUS LINAC: COMPETING over 50 million patients have benefited from cobalt-60 teletherapy. While the early growth in the use of MODALITIES cobalt-60 was remarkable, linear accelerators (linacs) X. OTHER USES OF COBALT-60 provided strong competition such that in the mid- XI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1980s, the number of linacs superseded the number of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS cobalt machines. -
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338 Geologica Macedonica, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 95–117 (2018) GEOME 2 IISSN 0352 – 1206 Manuscript received: August 5, 2018 e-ISSN 1857 – 8586 Accepted: November 7, 2018 UDC: 553.46:550.43.08]:504(497.721) 553.497:550.43.08]:504(497.721) Original scientific paper SUPERGENE MINERALOGY OF THE LOJANE Sb-As-Cr DEPOSIT, REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA: TRACING THE MOBILIZATION OF TOXIC METALS Uwe Kolitsch1,2, Tamara Đorđević2, Goran Tasev3, Todor Serafimovski3, Ivan Boev3, Blažo Boev3 1Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abt., Naturhistorisches Museum, Burgring 7, A-1010 Wien, Austria 2Institut für Mineralogie und Kristallographie, Universität Wien, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria 3Department of Mineral Deposits, Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, “Goce Delčev” University in Štip, Blvd. Goce Delčev 89, 2000 Štip, Republic of Macedonia [email protected] A b s t r a c t: As part of a larger project on the environmental mineralogy and geochemistry of the Lojane Sb- As-Cr deposit, Republic of Macedonia, which was mined for chromite and, later, stibnite until 1979 and is a substantial source of arsenic and antimony pollution, the supergene mineralogy of the deposit was studied. Samples collected on ore and waste dumps were used to identify and characterize the previously uninvestigated suite of supergene mineral phases by standard mineralogical techniques. The following species were determined (in alphabetical order): annaber- gite, arseniosiderite(?), gypsum, hexahydrite, hörnesite, pararealgar, roméite-group minerals, rozenite, scorodite, sen- armontite, stibiconite, sulphur, tripuhyite and valentinite. Their occurrences are described and their local conditions of formation are discussed. High-resolution Raman spectra of hörnesite, hexahydrite and rozenite are provided and com- pared with literature data. -
Radiation Dose in Radiotherapy from Prescription to Delivery
IAEA-TECDOC-896 XA9642841 Radiation dose in radiotherapy from prescription to delivery INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Dosimetry Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria RADIATION DOSE IN RADIOTHERAPY FROM PRESCRIPTION TO DELIVERY IAEA, VIENNA, 1996 IAEA-TECDOC-896 ISSN 1011-4289 © IAEA, 1996 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 1996 The IAEA does not normally maintain stocks of reports in this series. However, microfiche copies of these reports can be obtained from INIS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria Orders should be accompanied by prepayment of Austrian Schillings 100, in the form of a cheque or in the form of IAEA microfiche service coupons which may be ordered separately from the INIS Clearinghouse. FOREWORD Cancer incidence is increasing in developed as well as in developing countries. However, since in some advanced countries the cure rate is increasing faster than the cancer incidence rate, the cancer mortality rate is no longer increasing in such countries. The increased cure rate can be attributed to early diagnosis and improved therapy. On the other hand, until recently, in some parts of the world - particularly in developing countries - cancer control and therapy programmes have had relatively low priority. The reason is the great need to control communicable diseases. Today a rapidly increasing number of these diseases are under control. Thus, cancer may be expected to become a prominent problem and this will result in public pressure for higher priorities on cancer care. -
A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats
A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951). -
Commercial Radioactive Sources
Commercial Radioactive CNS Sources: Surveying the OCCASIONAL PAPER #11 JANUARY 2003 Security Risks Charles D. Ferguson, Tahseen Kazi, Judith Perera THE CENTER FOR NONPROLIFERATION STUDIES The mission of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS) is to combat the spread of weapons of mass destruction by training the next generation of nonproliferation specialists and disseminating timely information and analysis. Dr. William C. Potter is the director of CNS, which has a staff of more than 60 full-time personnel and approximately 75 student research assistants, with offices in Monterey, CA; Washington, DC; and Almaty, Kazakhstan. CNS is the largest nongovernmental organization in the United States devoted exclusively to research and training on nonproliferation issues. CNS gratefully acknowledges the support of the following funders and thanks them for their commitment to our mission: the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Center for Global Partnership, the Compton Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Japan-United States Friendship Commission, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Nuclear Threat Initiative, the Ploughshares Fund, the Prospect Hill Foundation, and the Scherman Foundation. For more information on the projects and publications of CNS, contact: Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies 460 Pierce Street Monterey, California 93940 USA Tel: 831.647.4154 Fax: 831.647.3519 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://cns.miis.edu CNS Publications Staff Editor-in-Chief Editor Copy Editor Leonard S. Spector Scott Parrish Bill Gibson Managing Editor Cover Design Lisa Donohoe Cutting Edge Design, Washington, DC Cover photos: Background photo: Radioactive sources that were used in mobile irradiators in the former Soviet Union and that contain 3,500 curies of cesium-137; photo credit: IAEA. -
Radiation Oncology: a Century of Achievements
PERSPECTIVES genotoxic stress. Genes Dev. 14, 2989–3002 Competing interests statement were four main schools of radiation oncology (2000). The authors declare no competing financial interests. 145. Gatei, M. et al. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) in the twentieth century (BOX 1):the German kinase and ATM and Rad3 related kinase mediate school (1900 to ~1920), the French school phosphorylation of Brca1 at distinct and overlapping Online links sites. In vivo assessment using phospho-specific (1920 to ~1940), the British school (1940 to antibodies. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 17276–17280 DATABASES ~1960) and the United States then European (2001). The following terms in this article are linked online to: 146. Deng, C. X. & Brodie, S. G. Roles of BRCA1 and its Cancer.gov: http://cancer.gov/ Union school (1970 to date). interacting proteins. Bioessays 22, 728–737 breast cancer | lung cancer The discovery of X-rays, in 1895, by 2000). Entrez Gene: 147. Scully, R. & Livingston, D. M. In search of the tumour- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in Germany (FIG. 1) suppressor functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Nature BCL2 | BCL-XL | CDKN1A | CSA | CSB | Csb | cyclin B1 | DDB2 | and of natural radioactivity a few months 408, 429–432 (2000). Ku86 |lamin A/C | MDM2 | MLH1 | MSH2 | NUP160 | p53 | TAP | UBF | VHL | Xpa | Xpc | XPC later, by the French physicist Henry Becquerel, Acknowledgements were two such breakthroughs that paved the We would like to thank The National Institute of Health, The FURTHER INFORMATION Swedish Cancer Foundation, Cancer Research UK and the Mats Ljungmans’ lab: way for a new era in science. -
Weathering of Sb-Rich Mining and Smelting Residues: Insight in Solid Speciation
G Model CHEMER-25212; No. of Pages 11 ARTICLE IN PRESS Chemie der Erde xxx (2012) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Chemie der Erde j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.de/chemer Weathering of Sb-rich mining and smelting residues: Insight in solid speciation and soil bacteria toxicity a,∗ a a a Alexandra Courtin-Nomade , Ony Rakotoarisoa , Hubert Bril , Malgorzata Grybos , b c d Lionel Forestier , Frédéric Foucher , Martin Kunz a Université de Limoges, GRESE, E.A. 4330, IFR 145 GEIST, F.S.T., 123 Avenue A. Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France b Université de Limoges, UGMA, UMR 1061, IFR 145 GEIST, F.S.T., 123 Avenue A. Thomas, 87060 Limoges Cedex, France c Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS-OSUC, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans, France d Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Tailings and slag residues from the most important antimony mine of the French Massif Central were Received 14 December 2011 analysed for their mineralogical and chemical contents by conventional X-ray powder diffraction and Accepted 19 February 2012 synchrotron-based X-ray microdiffraction ( -XRD). Results show that ∼2000 metric tons of Sb are still present at the abandoned mining site. Mean concentrations of Sb in slags and tailings are 1700 and Keywords: −1 −1 ∼ 5000 mg kg , respectively. In addition, smaller quantities of As were also measured ( 800 mg kg in Mine tailings tailings). Toxicity tests of As and Sb indicate that the growth of bacteria is severely affected at these Slags concentrations. -
Overexposure of Radiation Therapy Patients in Panama
Artículos e informes especiales / Articles and special reports Overexposure of radiation therapy SYNOPSIS This report summarizes and analyzes the responses of vari- patients in Panama: ous organizations that provided assistance to the National Oncology Institute (Instituto Oncológico Nacional, ION) problem recognition and of Panama following the overexposure of 28 radiation ther- apy patients at the ION in late 2000 and early 2001. The re- follow-up measures port also looks at the long-term measures that were adopted at the ION in response to the overexposure incident, as well as implications that the incident has for other cancer treat- ment centers worldwide. In March 2001, the director of the Cari Borrás1 ION was notified of serious overreactions in patients under- going radiation therapy for cancer treatment. Of the 478 pa- tients treated for pelvic cancers between August 2000 and March 2001, 3 of them had died, possibly from an overdose Suggested citation: Borrás C. Overexposure of radiation ther- of radiation. In response, the Government of Panama invited apy patients in Panama: problem recognition and follow-up mea- international experts to carry out a full investigation of the sures. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2006;20(2/3);173–87. situation. Medical physicists from the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) were among those invited. They as- certained that 56 patients treated with partially blocked teletherapy fields for cancers of the uterine cervix, endome- trium, prostate, or rectum, had had their treatment times calculated using a computerized treatment planning system. PAHO’s medical physicists calculated the absorbed doses re- ceived by the patients and found that, of these 56 patients, only 11 had been treated with acceptable errors of ±5%. -
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VALENTINITE CRYSTALS FROM CALIFORNIA Josonu Munoocu, Uniaersity of California, Los Angeles' Ansrn.rct Valentinite crystals from Lone Tree Canyon, Kern County, California, show an unusual habit. The individuals are lathlike in habit, bounded by a broad and elongated base, a narrow side pinacoid, and a series of eighteen prisrns, many of which are line faces. No pyramids or domes are present. New forms are the prisms {560}, {670}' [12'11'0], {870}' {e70},and {750}. VerBNrtNrtE CRYSTALS lRoM CALTFoRNTA valentinite, the orthorhombic form of sbror, is common as an altera- tion product of stibnite, but is rather rarely crystallized. Accordingly, any occurrence as crystals is worth recording, and the more so in the present instance, as the crystals appear in a habit hitherto not reported. The mineral has been previously reported from two California locali- ties, once as poor, unterminated crystals from Kern County,l and once as pseudomorphsafter stibnite, from San Benito County'2 Undoubtedly it is commonly present as an alteration product of stibnite in many other localities, but not difierentiated from other similar oxides, such as cer- vantite, stibiconite, etc. A specimen of partly oxidized stibnite, collected by the writer from one of the small antimony mines in Lone Tree Canyon, Kern County, California, was found to have several small vugs lined with valentinite crystals. These crystals are small, the largest measuring approximately 1X0.25 X0.1 mm., and elongatedtabular in habit, attachedto the matrix by one end. The facespresent are c{001},6[010] and a numerousseries of prisms to be describedmore fully; c is ordinarily the largest, and nearly always whitened, or roughened, so that it gives a poor reflection. -
Treatment Machines for External Beam Radiotherapy
Chapter 5: Treatment Machines for External Beam Radiotherapy Set of 126 slides based on the chapter authored by E.B. Podgorsak of the IAEA publication (ISBN 92-0-107304-6): Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students Objective: To familiarize the student with the basic principles of equipment used for external beam radiotherapy. Slide set prepared in 2006 by E.B. Podgorsak (Montreal, McGill University) Comments to S. Vatnitsky: [email protected] Version 2012 IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency CHAPTER 5. TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.1. Introduction 5.2. X-ray beams and x-ray units 5.3. Gamma ray beams and gamma ray units 5.4. Particle accelerators 5.5. Linacs 5.6. Radiotherapy with protons, neutrons, and heavy ions 5.7. Shielding considerations 5.8. Cobalt-60 teletherapy units versus linacs 5.9. Simulators and computed tomography simulators 5.10. Training requirements IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 5.1 Slide 1 5.1 INTRODUCTION The study and use of ionizing radiation in medicine started with three important discoveries: • X rays by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895. • Natural radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896. • Radium-226 by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898. IAEA Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 5.1 Slide 1 5.1 INTRODUCTION Immediately upon the discovery of x rays and natural radioactivity, ionizing radiation has played an important role in: • Atomic and nuclear physics from the basic physics point of view. • In medicine providing an impetus for development of radiology and radiotherapy as medical specialties and medical physics as a specialty of physics.