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A STUDY ON THE USE OF MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION AND SPEECH ACTS IN IRON MAN MOVIE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Cristoforus Febri Diputra Student Number: 101214014
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2015 PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
A STUDY ON THE USE OF MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION AND SPEECH ACTS IN IRON MAN MOVIE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Cristoforus Febri Diputra Student Number: 101214014
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2015
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non scholæ sed vitæ discimus
I would like to dedicate this
thesis to My Family
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STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis,which l havc wl■ ttcn,docs not contain the work or parts ofthc work of othcr pcople,cxcept those cited in the quotations and thc references,as a scientiflc paper should。
Yogyakarta,January 22,2015
The W五 ter
CHstoforus Feb五 Diputra
101214014
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LEⅣIBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILⅣIIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEⅣ IIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama :Cristoforus Fё bri Diputra Nomor Mahasiswa :101214014 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan,saya llnembenkan kepada Pcrpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yangbeJudul:
A STUDY ON THE USE OF MAXIMS OF CONVERSATION AND SPEECH ACTS IN IfiON MAN MOVIE
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan data, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikan ke internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selamatetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 5 Januari 2015
Yang menyatakan
(Cristoforus Febri Diputra)
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ABSTRACT
Diputra, Cristoforus Febri. (2015). A Study on the Use of Maxims of Conversation and Speech Acts in Iron Man Movie. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study discussed Iron Man movie, an American movie based on a Marvel Comic of the same title by Stan Lee. The movie revolved around a fictional superhero from Marvel. Tony Stark is an industrialist, adventurer, philanthropist, inventor and scientist. At the age of 21, Tony inherited the entire father’s wealth because his parents died in a car accident. One day, Tony Stark was conducting a research in Iraq. It was a part of his father's dream. Because of his carelessness at the moment, he almost died. The incident made him become someone who is very remarkable. He transformed from an ordinary human into a superhero called Iron Man. The movie depicted real examples of the use maxims of conversation and speech acts in the characters’ utterances. Thus, the writer intended to analyze the utterances phenomena found in Iron Man movie based on the theories. Two research problems were formulated in this study: (1) What are the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in Iron Man movie? (2) What are the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron Man Movie? The writer employed a theory of Grice’s (1989) to find out the maxims of conversation produced by the characters of Iron Man movie. Also, Searle (1987) theory on the speech acts was included to solve the second research problem. The writer chose document analysis as the method of the study, in which Iron man movie’s subtitle became the primary data source of the study. The secondary source of this study contained theories on maxims of conversation and speech acts. The writer and Iron Man movie’s subtitle, further, were considered as the research instruments. Based on the analysis, the writer found that the characters of Iron Man movie applied the utterances based on the four maxims of conversation. Those were maxim of quality, quantity, relevance, and manner. The second finding showed that the speech acts used in speaking were locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.
Keywords: Iron Man movie, maxims of conversation, speech acts
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ABSTRAK Diputra, Cristoforus Febri. (2015). A Study on the Use of Maxims of Conversation and Speech Acts in Iron Man Movie. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Studi ini membahas sebuah film berjudul Iron Man yang diadaptasi dari komik marvel karya Stan Lee. Film ini bercerita mengenai adalah sosok pahlawan super fiktif dari Marvel. Tony Stark adalah seorang industrialis, petualang, filantropis, penemu dan ilmuwan. Pada usia 21 tahun, Tony muda mewarisi seluruh kekayaan ayahnya dikarenakan kedua orang tuanya meninggal karena kecelakaan mobil. Pada suatu hari, Tony Stark sedang melakukan penelitian di Irak. Sebuah penelitian yang merupakan bagian dari impian ayahnya, karena kecerobohannya dia hampir menemui ajalnya. Kejadian tersebut menjadikan dia seseorang yang sangat luar biasa. Dia bertransformasi dari seorang manusia biasa menjadi superhero yang luar biasa yaitu Iron Man. Film Iron Man menggambarkan contoh nyata penggunaan maxims of conversation dan speech acts di dalam sebuah percapakan berdasarkan teori oleh para karakternya. Oleh karena itu, melalui studi ini penulis menganalisa fenomena pengucapan di film Iron Man. Terdapat dua pokok permasalahan dalam studi ini, yaitu: (1) apa sajakah maxims of conversation yang digunakan oleh karakter utama dalam film Iron Man? (2) apakah sajakah speech acts yang digunakan dalam percakapan oleh para karakter film Iron Man? Penulis menerapkan teori Grice (1989) untuk mengidentifikasi maxims of conversation yang digunakan oleh para karakter film Iron Man. Teori Searle (1987) yaitu speech acts disertakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan ilmiah yang kedua. Penulis menggunakan metode analisis dokumen dengan naskah film Iron Man sebagai sumber utama. Sementara itu, sumber sekunder dalam penelitian ini meliputi teori-teori percakapan maxim dan speech acts. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penulis dan naskah film Iron Man. Berdasarkan analisis, penulis menemukan bahwa karater dari film Iron Man menerapkan tuturan yang berdasarkan keempat maxims of conversation, antara lain maxim kualitas, kuantitas, relevansi, dan tata cara. Penemuan yang ke dua yaitu menjelaskan tentang speech acts yang digunakan dalam berbiacara antara lain locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.
Kata kunci: Iron Man movie, maxims of conversation, speech acts
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank God for His blessing and grace, especially during my process in writing this thesis until finish.
I would like to express my profoundest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Retno
Muljani, M.Pd. who has been my inspiration as I struggle with all the obstacles in the completion of this study. Her patience, suggestion, support and knowledge helped me to complete and finish my thesis. I could not imagine having a better advisor for this study.
I would like to thank Revaival, S.Pd., for his help and support in finding sources for my thesis and also Cornelius Yoga, Agustinus Grahito, Arya
Dewangga, Obi Gaguk, and Antonius Nicko for the thesis discussions, precious time spent in the library, help in understanding theories, and we were working together to work on the thesis. I also thank to all my friends of PBI batch 2010.
My deepest gratitude and appreciation are addressed to my beloved parents, brothers and sister for their love and continuous support throughout my life. This thesis is simply impossible without them. I would like to thank everyone who has supported me throughout the entire process.
Cristoforus Febri Diputra
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ...... i
APPROVAL PAGES...... ii
DEDICATION PAGE...... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI...... vi
ABSTRACT...... vii
ABSTRAK ...... viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS...... x
LIST OF TABLES ...... xiii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION...... 1
A. Research Background...... 1
B. Research Problem...... 4
C. Problem Limitation ...... 4
D. Research Objectives...... 5
E. Research Benefits...... 5
F. Definition of Terms...... 6
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CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 9
A. Theoretical Description...... 9
1. Pragmatics...... 9
a. Grice’s Cooperative Principle...... 10
b. Maxims of Conversation...... 11
c. Conversational Implicature ...... 12
d. Context of Utterance ...... 13
2. Speech Acts...... 14
a. Locutionary, Illocutionary, Perlocutionary Acts...... 14
3. Sociolinguistics ...... 15
B. Theoretical Framework ...... 16
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 18
A. Research Method...... 18
B. Research Setting...... 19
C. Data Source ...... 20
D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique...... 20
E. Data Analysis Technique ...... 22
F. Research Procedure...... 25
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ...... 27
A. The Maxims of Conversation Used by the Main Characters in Iron
Man Movie ...... 27
1. Utterances Based on Maxim of Relevance ...... 28
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2. Utterances Based on Maxim of Quantity...... 33
3. Utterances Based on Maxim of Quality...... 38
4. Utterances Based on Maxim of Manner...... 42
B. The Speech Acts Used in Speaking by the Characters in Iron Man
Movie...... 46
1. Locutionary Act...... 47
2. Illocutionary Act...... 48
3. Perlocutionary Act...... 49
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 50
A. Conclusions...... 50
B. Implications...... 51
C. Suggestions ...... 52
REFERENCES...... 54
APPENDIX...... 56
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
3.1 Code List ...... 22
3.2 Utterances Produced Based on Maxims of Conversation...... 24
3.3 Utterances Produced by the Main Characters ...... 24
3.4 Utterances Produced Based on Code 1 and 2...... 24
4.1 Utterances Produced Based on Maxims of Conversation...... 28
4.2 Utterances Based on Maxim of Relevance ...... 33
4.3 Utterances Based on Maxim of Quantity...... 37
4.4 Utterances Based on Maxim of Quality...... 42
4.5 Utterances Based on Maxim of Manner...... 46
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the introduction of this study which consists of six parts. The first part is the research background of the study. The second part is research problems. The third part is problem limitation. The fourth part is the research objectives. The fifth part is research benefits. The sixth part is definition of terms.
A. Research Background
Communication has a substantial role in keeping the harmony of a community. Indonesians, particularly, often utter or imply something within their utterances to avoid awkward situations during conversations. Indonesians, most of the time would feel reluctant to utter what they really mean because they can feel others' emotional feelings and to sense others' existence including their role.
Indonesians, tend to use a more popular term, to be emphatic in dealing with others. This tendency leads speakers to use maxims of conversation and speech acts. Therefore, it has been a part of Indonesians’ speaking culture, and maxims of conversation should better be understood by both the speakers and listeners to avoid misunderstanding. Thus, the listeners are able to interpret the meaning of the utterances and to respond the speakers’ utterances well.
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This study focuses on the language used by the characters in a movie entitled Iron Man. Tony Stark is the main character who is known as an ambitious yet genius man. He uses his skill in technology to build a weapon and iron suit fighting to defend himself and the society who need his help in Iraq. Tony Stark’s struggle tries to help each other is the principle aim from his dream to build the iron suit. There are some troublemakers who have to be faced in the future however, an ambition can defeat everything. Finally, Tony Stark and his friends can enjoy their life because of the iron suit.
Iron Man movie pervades aspects belonging to utterances based on the maxims of conversation and speech acts. The character would break the maxims especially maxim of relevance, for instance, when J.A.R.V.I.S says, “Sir, there are still terabytes of calculations needed before an actual flight is…” Tony Stark cuts and utters, “J.A.R.V.I.S! Sometimes you got to run before you can walk!” It shows how J.A.R.V.I.S’ utterances are irrelevantly answered by Tony by implying something else. The utterance implied that he did not have much time to wait the terabytes of calculations in the project. He just wanted to run the suit and fix an error after the flight. Iron Man movie is chosen because it contains a great deal of utterances based on the maxims of conversation and speech acts among the characters in their conversations and the theories focus on forms of language within speakers’ utterances (Grice, 1989).
This movie depicts how implying can be an inappropriate method of uttering something the speakers want to say because misinterpretation and misunderstanding can occur. The researcher attempts to show that language is a PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
3 significant part of English learners especially for a teacher. The researcher also shows how the English learners can deliver a message through a language, especially English, appropriately and properly.
The writer analyzes the maxims of conversation and speech acts which were uttered by the characters of Iron Man movie because the movie can eventually be medium to study pragmatics. This study will give further data on the utterances based on the maxims of conversation and speech acts by the characters of Iron Man movie. This is closely related to the students who have courses on campus. Especially, for PBI students so that they can apply the concepts of pragmatic related to the maxims of conversation and speech acts in daily conversation, such as in micro teaching class, public speaking, and movie interpretation class which are very useful using the theory as the concept as future
English language teachers. This movie is included in the box office which is famous and is most watched by students. On the other side, the researcher chooses this movie than the other movies because this movie gives more specific information from the utterances related to the theories. The learners can use this movie as a reference especially to study pragmatics. The Iron Man movie contains phenomena belonging to maxims of conversation and speech acts. Thus, the movie can give some information and knowledge about maxims and speech acts itself for learners, especially in the conversation. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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B. Research Problems
Based on the background of the study, two research problems are formulated as follows.
1. What are the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in Iron
Man movie?
2. What are the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron Man
movie?
C. Problem Limitation
The study is limited to the use of the maxims of conversation and speech acts by the characters in Iron Man movie. The characters are Tony Stark, Lt.
Colonel James "Rhodey" Rhodes, Pepper Potts, Obadiah and J.A.R.V.I.S. The writer focuses only on those five characters because they are the ones who play the important roles in the movie and also appear more frequently flout the maxims of conversation than the other characters. The data of the research problem will be analyzed based on the theory of cooperative principle by Grice (1989). On the other side, “maxim is a set of norms which language users adhere to in order to uphold the effectiveness and efficiency of communication” (Hatim & Mason,
1990, p. 242). The methodology used in this study is document analysis and the study is done by watching and analyzing the movie’s subtitle. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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D. Research Objectives
There are two research objectives in this study. The first objective is to find out the maxims of conversations used by the main character in Iron Man movie.
The second objective is to find out the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron Man Movie.
E. Research Benefits
The writer believes that the study will be beneficial for several groups:
1. English Learners
The study will assist the English learners to apply English language proficiency appropriately and properly. The benefit of this research English learner can apply the language especially in a test like TOEFL and teaching- learning process. This research will also encourage English learners to be able to use English in the conversations appropriately, especially to avoid the misinterpretation or misunderstanding.
2. Readers
This study will provide some important information and will enrich readers’ knowledge of pragmatics in relation to utterances based on the maxims of conversation and speech acts for its readers. Thus, readers are capable of applying a good concept of communication as efficient and effective way in speaking.
3. Future Researchers
This study will hopefully become the beneficial research for future researchers, especially in an academic reference to conduct further research on PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
6 pragmatics under the same topic. This study will also contribute to speech acts study related to Grice theory and enrich the information related to efficient and effective speaking.
F. Definition of Terms
In order to help the readers in understanding the topic discussed, the terms used in this study are defined as follows.
1. Maxims of Conversation
According to Grice (1989), “the conversational contribution such as is required at the stage. It is occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the conversation exchange in which you are engaged” (p. 26). This study explains the cooperative principle from Grice’s theory. The principle states that the speaker gives contribution in conversation in which the speaker is engaged. In the cooperative principle, the speaker and the hearer shall always assume that all parties involved are cooperating, the speaker’s implied meaning based on their knowledge on conversational maxim. This cooperative principle contains four categories, which are formulated as basic rules or maxims. Maxim is a set of the norms which language users adhere in order to uphold the effectiveness and the efficiency of communication (Hatim & Mason, 1990, p. 242). Those four maxims are maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance, and maxim of manner. In this study, maxims of conversation refer to the way of a communication in a conversation, especially in our daily activities by using the language in effective and efficient ways. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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2. Speech Acts
Speech acts cannot be separated from the speaker’s intention because the speaker’s utterances in expressing speech acts determine what someone means.
Searle (2010) states that speech acts consist of three things, namely act of saying something, act of doing something, and act of affecting someone (p. 54). In order to distinguish the importance of those three things in producing an utterance related to the three terms which are locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.
3. Iron Man Movie
Iron Man is a 2008 American superhero film based on the Marvel
Comics character of the same title. The story revolves around Tony Stark, a genius, rich, womanizer man and a philanthropist, who is attacked when he is assigned to give a weapons presentation to an Iraqi unit and left bruised with a chest full of shrapnel and a car battery attached to his heart. He, therefore, miniaturizes the battery and figures out that the battery can empower something else. The term Iron Man describes Tony Stark himself, an exceptionally strong or robust man in his iron suit, which is facilitated with high technology.
4. Characters
A character is described by Abrams (1981) as “the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities expressed in the dialogue and action” (p.
20). The term characters in this study refer to individuals who possess their own PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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Lt. Colonel James "Rhodey" Rhodes, Pepper Potts, Obadiah and J.A.R.V.I.S. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The writer provides two parts in this section: theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description includes the discussion of pragmatics, speech acts, and sociolinguistics theory. Furthermore, the theoretical framework is used to synthesize all the theories elaborated in the theoretical description to relate the theories to the current study.
A. Theoretical Description
The writer discusses four parts in this section. The first part that will be discussed is pragmatics. Since the study deals with the utterances produced by the characters of a movie called Iron Man, it is necessary to include the discussion pragmatics because it is closely related with meaning in contexts. The second part is speech acts. Speech acts is a part of pragmatics and the focus is language as a tool for communication. Sociolinguistics is included as well because the theory clarifies the context of conversation based on the situation, setting, plot and also the characters’ utterances. Sociolinguistics needs to be defined and included as a part of the underlying theory in order to make clear understanding on the topic discussed.
1. Pragmatics
Van Dijk (2009) states that, “pragmatics is one of the fields of linguistics and discourse studies that has most systematically studied the relations between
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10 context and language” (p. 13). Levinson (1983) writes, “pragmatics covers both context-dependent aspects of language structure and principles of language usage and understanding that have nothing or little to do with linguistic structure” (p. 9).
Pragmatics clarifies the language usage and language structure as the basic concepts in understanding language within contexts. The focus of pragmatics is how the speakers use language to convey information in communication.
Meanwhile, Leech (1992) mentions that, “pragmatics is the study of how language is used to communicate and also how someone uses language within context in particular ways in communication” (p. 19). Thus, based on the theories the writer states, pragmatics is the language that is used to show our language usage and language structure in our daily communication. a. Grice’s Cooperative Principle
It is important for speakers to deliver the accurate information to the hearer so the conversation is going to run well. According to Grice (1989), “the conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at it occurs, by the accepted purpose of the conversation exchange in which you are engaged” (p. 26).
Based on the definition, the writer tries to infer that the language in conversations should be conducted in the right rules. It makes the conversation will be efficient and effective in speaking. In the cooperative principle, the speaker and the hearer shall always assume that all parties involved are cooperative, so that the speaker’s implied meaning based on their knowledge on a conversational maxim. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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The principle states that the speaker gives contribution in conversation in which the speaker is engaged. This cooperative principle contains four categories, which are formulated as basic rules or maxims. Maxim is a set of norms which language users adhere to in order to uphold the effectiveness and efficiency of communication (Hatim & Mason, 1990, p. 242). Those four maxims are maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance, and maxim of manner. a. Maxim of quantity demands the speaker’s contribution is informative as is
required and no more informative than is required.
Example of obeying: A: “Where are you going?” B: “I’m going to the post office.” In the example, B gives comments to A’s statement without adding other information. b. Maxim of quality requires the speaker not to say what is believed to be false
and for which the speaker lacks adequate evidence.
Example of obeying: A: “Why did you come late last night?” B: “The car was broken down” In t he example, B gives the truth that his car was broken down so that he came late. c. Maxim of relevance required the speaker to be relevant.
Example of obeying: A: “Where is my box of chocolates?” B: “It is in your room.” In the example, B’s reply is related to the question, not talking about something else. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
12 d. Maxim of Manner requires the speaker to avoid obscurity of expression and
ambiguity. Maxim of manner demands the speaker to be brief and orderly.
Example of obeying: A: Where was Alfred yesterday? B: Alfred went to the store and bought some whiskey. In the example, B’s answer obeys the maxim of manner: be orderly, because she gives a clear explanation where A was.
Levinson (1983) states that, Grice’s maxims above specify what participants have to do in order to converse in a maximally efficient, rational, and cooperative way: the participant should speak sincerely, relevantly, and clearly while providing sufficient information (p. 103). In this study, the writer tries to use some theories that can help the reader in knowing the utterances based on the maxims of conversation. c. Conversational Implicature
In daily life, a person unconsciously communicates with others in many ways such as language, gestures and expressions. In communication, he or she is expected to give or share information with others. According to Mey (2001), implicature is derived from the word that implies something like expressing an idea or feeling without saying it directly to the hearer (para. 45). The philosophical approach of Grice to conversation added further dimensions to a research of the language use by introducing the notion of implicatures. Whereas, traditional approaches in semantics, philosophy and logic sentences, stated that implicatures are less strict inferences based on contextual conditions. Grice also formulated what he called maxims as principles of conversational cooperation, PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
13 such as telling the truth, saying no more and no less than necessary, being relevant and being clear. Most of these norms pertain to text and talk itself (such as avoiding ambiguity or speaking relevantly and hence-coherently), but again with a strong contextual dimension of speaking appropriately.
This is the example of the connection between implicature and conversational maxims, and cooperative principle:
A: where is my book?
B: your young sister is drawing something.
Based on the examples above, Grice’s cooperative principle and the four maxims aimed to make the conversation effective. B did not answer A with the right amount of information and the answer is not relevant to the question. B gave the answer which implied something indirectly. d. Context of Utterance
In the conversation, a context is very important in a sentence or utterance.
The context would be different in many ways based on the situation or social condition in speaking. In the context of the utterance, there is an aspect which can be the criteria in conversations. According to Leech (1983), the context is any background of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and hearer which contributes to the hearer’s interpretation of what speaker means by a given utterance. Therefore, the context is important in an utterance to derive relevant meaning to the hearer. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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2. Speech Acts
Speech acts cannot be separated from the speaker’s intention because the speaker’s utterances in expressing speech acts determine what he/she means.
Searle (2010) states that, speech acts consists of three things, namely act of saying something, act of doing something, and act of affecting someone (p. 54). In order to differentiate a kind of speech acts in producing the utterances, Searle determined that speech acts have three terms which explain every detail about expressing an idea in utterances. The terms are locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. a. Locutionary, Illocutionary, Perlocutionary Acts
In this part, the researcher will explain the theories related to locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. The researcher gives further explanation on the use of these theories.
1) Locutionary Act
Searle (1987) mentions that, “locutionary act is an act contains the way people produce an utterance which has a meaningful sentence semantically and literally” (p. 23). For example, in the utterance “this class is really cold” could be perceived as its literal meaning that the temperature inside is really cold or the temperature outside is really cold.
2) Illocutionary Act
Curse (2000) states, “Illocutionary acts are the internal to the locutionary act and also an act which performs a locutionary act” (p. 332). In the illocutionary acts the speaker performs the utterances in speaking with the context. The PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
15 illocutionary act is closely connected to speaker’s intentions. For instance, stating, requesting, apologizing, complaining and threatening are included in illocutionary act. For instances, “Will you close the door?” could mean that the speaker wants the listener to close the door and “The room is too dark” could mean that he or she wants the listener to turn on the light because the situation in the room is too dark.
3) Perlocutionary Act
According to Cruse (2000), perlocutionary acts are “the acts performed by means of language, using language as a tool” (p. 332). Searle (1987) states that perlocutionary is also the production of illuctionary acts which contains acts of persuading, embarrassing, intimidating and inspiring the listener. For example, someone says, “Come on. You can do it!” The way a speaker persuades the listener is by speaking to him or her, but the listener or the one that is being persuaded also needs to do what the speaker is urging.
3. Sociolinguistics
Language possesses various types of context in daily life. This part will elaborate a particular language, especially about the language and society.
Sociolinguistics is a part of linguistics that describes the relation between language and society in social context. This theory will also reveal a fact about human’s ability in speaking which is described how the factors such as age, gender, and also social class can affect the conversation. Llamas and Stockwell
(2009) argue that “societies differ from each other and change over time which shows that language is variable” (p. 21). Thus, this theory explains how the speakers use language in context of a personal or social. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
16
Sociolinguistic aspects in a conversation are the major situation when the speakers need to pay attention in language usage. The speakers should be able to produce language choice in a good concept of communication. It is related to speech acts because the speaker’s utterances in expressing the idea and language usage determine what he or she means in the daily communication.
Sociolinguistics provides facts about human speech in relation to their conversation in the society and speech acts included in the sociolinguistic itself.
Thus, they have a strong relation and complete one another.
B. Theoretical Framework
The purpose of this study is to analyze the maxims of conversations and speech acts by the main character in Iron Man movie. The research problems are
(a) What are the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in Iron Man movie? (b) What are the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron
Man movie? The research problems are solved by some theories proposed by
Grice (1989). On the other side, maxim is a set of norms which language users adhere to in order to uphold the effectiveness and efficiency of communication
(Hatim & Mason, 1990, p. 242). The theories present detailed information and understandable explanation related to the research problems.
Moreover, pragmatics study aims at comprehending the characters’ utterances related to Grice’s cooperative principle, maxims of conversation, conversational implicature and it deals with meaning in context of utterance, especially, the maxims of conversation. These theories are applied to analyze the PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
17 data from the utterances in the movie. Speech acts are also presented because it is a part of pragmatics in which the utterances produced by someone can mean requesting, commanding, and stating. In other words, someone can produce an utterance than conveys one or more than one meanings. Those components might be appropriate for further explanations for the findings especially related to the characters’ utterances. Theory of sociolinguistics is a part of the theories because it is the study of language in society. Analyzing the characters’ conversations means dealings with the concept of language use in the scope of society, especially for the utterances. The theories of maxims of conversation by Grice
(1989) are included as the main sources to help the writer work on the findings later in chapter four. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter provides an analysis of the methodology which is used to find data of the particular research. There are six parts in this section, namely research method, research setting, data source, instruments and data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure. Research method contains the definition of the research type that is chosen by the writer.
A. Research Method
In this study, the writer focuses on the utterances produced by the characters in Iron Man related to maxims of conversation and speech acts. The method that was used by the writer in this study is to answer the two research problems, what are the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in
Iron Man movie? and what are the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron Man movie?
In order to answer the research problems, the study adopted a qualitative research because it focuses on the utterances of Iron Man’s characters. The results of the research problems needed to be explained and interpreted by the words.
This study qualitative research is used to analyze the data and to identify the pattern of data based on the data collected through observation or document analysis.
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19
More specifically, this study used a document analysis. Ary, Jacob, and
Razavieh (2002) conclude that “document analysis provided narrative description and interpretation rather than a numerical analysis of data” (p. 22-25). It means that the method used by the writer in this study to answer the research questions was narrating and interpreting the analysis of Iron Man. The researcher employed the document analysis method to apply the method in maxims of conversation and speech acts especially the utterances in Iron Man movie.
Besides, Ary, Jacob, and Razavieh (2002) define “content or documents analysis as a research method applied to written or visual materials, the materials can be in the form of scripts, newspapers, textbooks, advertisements, and any other types of the documents” (p. 442). In this study, the utterances of the characters in Iron Man movie subtitle are taken as the data. The first character is
Tony Stark who is known as an ambitious yet genius man. The second is Lt.
Colonel James "Rhodey. The third is Pepper Potts. The fourth is Obadiah. The last one is J.A.R.V.I.S.
B. Research Setting
The researcher analyzed the script of Iron Man. The analysis was started from August 2013 until May 2014. Specifically, the writer watched the movie to know the setting, situation, plot and characters. After that, the writer analyzed the subtitle related to the movie. Besides, the writer categorized the character’s utterances on the basis of theories in the study. The last step, the writer identified PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
20 the character’s utterances based on maxims of conversation and speech acts, and then writing the report.
C. Data Source
The data sources used in this study were the subtitle of the Iron Man movie, particularly the utterances of the five characters. The first character is
Tony Stark. The second is Lt. Colonel James "Rhodey" Rhodes. The third is
Pepper Potts. The fourth character is Obadiah, and the last one is J.A.R.V.I.S.
Those five characters play important roles in the movie. They also experience more emotions and expressions dealings with characters’ utterances itself. For instance, J.A.R.V.I.S. asked “Sir, there are still terabytes of calculations needed before an actual flight is...” Tony Stark cut and uttered “J.A.R.V.I.S.! Sometimes you got to run before you can walk”, it showed how J.A.R.V.I.S.’ utterances were irrelevantly answered by Tony by implying something else. The writer analyzed how characters modified their utterances due to the utterances by the other characters.
D. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
There were two instruments used in the study. They were the researcher as the human instrument and Iron Man movie subtitle as the document. Instrument each of them will be described in the following part. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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1. The Researcher as Human Instrument
The writer gathered the data in the form of expressions or utterances produced by the characters of Iron Man by watching the movie and reading the subtitle. The writer also searched for more information from books, journals, and internet regarding the theories. Arikunto (2002) says that “Human instrument is the only primary instrument that is possibly used to collect the data needed” (p.
126). According to Lincoln and Guba (1998) state that human as an instrument in the research is to underline the very unique role played by qualitative research in their inquiries (p. 76). Therefore, it can be concluded that a qualitative research studies human experiences and situation. After that, the researcher needs to be able to capture the uniqueness of the human instrument.
2. Iron Man Movie Subtitle as the Document
The writer analyzed the document, Iron Man subtitle, to answer the research problems. The analysis result is the narrative description and interpretation of the characters of Iron Man. As Ary et al. (2002) mention, documents can be personal such as diaries, official such as files, or documents of popular culture, such as books, etc (p. 435). The researcher used the Iron Man subtitle as a document to collect some utterances from the subtitle. In this study, as mentioned previously, the movie was used to answer the research questions: what are the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in Iron Man movie? and what are the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron
Man movie? In order to answer the research question, the writer selected certain PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
22 utterances or expressions dealings with maxims of conversation and speech acts in the subtitle which were produced by the five characters.
E. Data Analysis Technique
The researcher used descriptive analysis to analyze the data. Miles and
Hubberman (2004) defined analysis as a consisting of three current flows of activity (p. 10). Those are data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification.
1. Data Reduction
In this step, the writer organized the data for the analysis. In addition, the writer gathered all conversations of the Iron Man’s characters in the script and observed how they try to convey their messages as well as how they respond to the conversations. The writer classified certain expressions of utterances proposed by Grice (1989, p. 41), and then listed the data into some categories through a process of coding Creswell (2007).
Table 3.1 Code List Theme Code Research Problem No. Maxim of Quality MoQl 1 Maxim of Quantity MoQn 1 Maxim of Relevance MoR 1 Maxim of Manner MoM 1 Locutionary L 2 Illocutionary IL 2 Perlocutionary PL 2 None - 1 & 2 PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
23
This coding process should provide this study with helpful information about the utterances based on the movie subtitle, especially the utterances related to maxims of conversation and speech acts.
2. Data Display
Data display is the next step after data reduction. The data would be displayed in short description form. The characters’ utterances which belong to the maxims of conversation are the main concern in this study and especially focus on the four maxims of conversation theory that is found in the conversation.
The four maxims are the maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relevance, and maxim of manner. Moreover, the utterances analyzed based on the speech acts are especially focused on the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary related to the expressions.
3. Conclusion Drawing and Verification
The third stream of analysis activity is conclusion drawing and verification from the collection process related to the utterances. Therefore, the researcher tries to reduce the data especially the utterances based on the characters. It consists of drawing initial conclusions based on cross-case data displays and then subjecting these initial conclusions to confirm the procedures. The results of this study is the utterances based on maxim of relevance, quantity, quality, manner, and speech acts used in speaking by the main characters in Iron Man movie.
Further, the result of the study would be verified and deemed appropriate. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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Table 3.2 Utterances Produced Based on Maxim of Conversation in Iron Man Movie Maxims of Utterance Percentage (%) Conversation Quality Quantity Relevance Manner TOTAL
After classifying the utterances from maxim of conversation, the researcher analyzed the utterances in some categories based on the characters’ utterances.
Table 3.3 Utterances Produced by the Main Characters in Iron Man Movie Character Maxim of… Tony Stark Pepper Potts Colonel Obadiah J.A.R.V.I.S TOTAL
The illustration led the researcher to make a classification table of utterances based on the first and second research question based on code 1 and 2.
Table 3.4 Utterances Produced by the Main Characters Based on Code 1 and 2 in Iron Man Movie Characters Utterances Maxims of Speech Acts Conversation Code 1 Code 2 Tony Stark Pepper Potts Colonel Obadiah J.A.R.V.I.S PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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F. Research Procedure
The procedures taken by the writer in this study were:
1. Analyzing the Subtitle
The writer analyzed the subtitle for further complete information related to the expressions or utterances used by the characters in the movie. The writer, furthermore, analyzed every conversation and every expression used by the characters in the movie to be employed to answer the research questions.
2. Categorizing the Characters’ Utterances
The utterances produced by the characters of Iron Man were categorized into some types of the maxims of conversation (Grice, 1989, p. 41). Each utterance in the movie subtitle was put into each category to help the writer in analyzing further data as well as in answering the research question.
3. Identifying the Speech Acts Used by the Characters
The writer analyzed the expressions of conversations between the characters in the movie. Then, the writer identified each expression used by the main characters to find the speech acts used in speaking. There are three terms of speech acts which used to analyze the expressions, they are locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts.
4. Writing up the Report
The writer started to write a report on the study especially to solve the research problems in this study. Besides, the writer gathered all the utterances to obtain the data which were connected to the theories. The writer provided PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
26 explanation on each character’s utterances presented as the data which covered the findings based on the theories by Grice (1989) and Searle (1987). PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This part will provide the discussion of the research findings and the discussion of the research problems. The first research problem is the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in Iron Man movie. The second research problem is the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron Man movie.
The data will be presented based on the order of the research problems. The content of this chapter is divided into two parts. Part A will discuss the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in Iron Man movie and part B will present the speech acts used in speaking by the characters in Iron Man movie.
A. The Maxims of Conversation Used by the Main Characters in Iron Man
Movie
This part discusses the maxims of conversation used by the main characters in Iron Man movie. The maxims divided into four parts, there are the maxim of quantity, quality, relevance and manner. The identified maxims of conversation are based on the utterances produced by the five characters in Iron Man movie.
The data were taken from the movie subtitle. The characters are Tony Stark, Lt.
Colonel James “Rhodey” Rhodes, Obadiah, Pepper Potts, and J.A.R.V.I.S. The following discussion concerns on the analysis of the utterances based on maxims that are produced by the five characters. The data are presented with the examples of the dialogues as well as the explanation for each dialogue.
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According to Grice (1989), the term maxims of conversation are derived from the word “imply” which means expressing an idea or feeling without saying it directly in conversation (para. 80). Based on the meaning of the root, conversational maxims can be defined as an idea or a feeling that is indirectly expressed in a conversation. Grice (1989) suggests that there is an effective way to communicate, which we all accept as standard behavior. They are Grice’s cooperative principle and the four maxims aimed to make conversation effective.
Table 4.1: Utterances Produced Based on Maxim of Conversation in Iron Man Movie Maxim of Utterances Percentage (%) Conversation Quality 30 times 24.4 % Quantity 21 times 17.1 % Relevance 47 times 38.2 % Manner 25 times 20.3 % TOTAL 123 100
1. Utterances Based on Maxim of Relevance
Similar to its name, this maxim expects the speaker to be relevant of the conversation. It is important because when the hearer gets irrelevant answers in conversation, it means that the communication would be failed. When a person flouts the maxim of relevance, she/he does not intend to mislead the hearer when he or she changes the subject. The speaker expects the hearer to see the other meaning. There is a reason the speaker flouts the maxim of relevance in conversation.
Characters’ utterance that is related to maxim of conversation, especially for maxim of relevance was frequently flouted by some characters in the movie.
Tony Stark and J.A.R.V.I.S sometimes make it in some conversations. Those two PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
29 characters were preparing some projects which are planned by Tony Stark. In the project, J.A.R.V.I.S was the conductor in making the suit of war Iron Man, while
Tony Stark is a person who uses it. He could be called as an Iron Man. Tony Stark asked J.A.R.V.I.S to deliver some information about preparations, especially to import all preferences from home interface, connection, calibrating virtual environment and control surface.
In this scene Tony Stark used the maxim of relevance, while J.A.R.V.I.S made some preparations for the suit. Tony Stark and J.A.R.V.I.S were scheduled to start the machine. J.A.R.V.I.S had tested the preparation to power down and to begin diagnostics. Before J.A.R.V.I.S wanted to start all of calculations needed,
Tony Stark decided to know some information of the weather and ATC. He had to remember and also start to listen it as listed. It is to make sure that J.A.R.V.I.S knew all of them when they run the Iron man.
Dialogue 1 Setting : Tony Stark’s House Situation : Tony Stark and J.A.R.V.I.S are testing Iron Man. Participants : Tony Stark and J.A.R.V.I.S
Tony Stark : Do a check on control surfaces. J.A.R.V.I.S : As you wish. (Preparation) Test complete. Preparing to power down and begin diagnostics. Tony Stark : Yeah. Tell you what. Do a weather and ATC check. Start listening in on ground control. J.A.R.V.I.S : Sir, there are still terabytes of calculations needed before an actual flight is... Tony Stark : J.A.R.V.I.S! Sometimes you got to run before you can walk. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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Utterance based on maxim of relevance was flouted by Tony Stark when
J.A.R.V.I.S tried to give the information about terabytes of the calculations which was needed before an actual flight. Tony Stark actually knew that they have to wait for a moment, especially for the calculation needed. However, he was not tolerant to run the suit of war. Tony Stark had a limited time to finish the project, especially to show up in front of many people. He tried to help people and just gave the simple statement. Tony Stark uttered, “J.A.R.V.I.S! Sometimes you got to run before you can walk”. It showed how J.A.R.V.I.S’ utterances were irrelevantly answered by Tony Stark. The answer implied that he did not have much time for waiting for the terabytes of calculations, what he wanted is to run the suit and fix an error after the flight.
Tony Stark did not only flout the maxim of relevance in the house, but also manage to use it more in the conference where the ceremony of Apogee Award.
Lt. Colonel Rhodey was presenting the award to Tony Stark. However, he felt that
Tony Stark did not follow the ceremony. Colonel felt was confused because Tony
Stark did not care much about the award. On the other hand, Obadiah tried to replace Tony Stark’s position as his partner of a job especially in Stark Industry.
Lt. Colonel Rhodey was impatient to wait for him because he had to delegate the award. Finally, Colonel found Tony Stark in a bar, playing gambling. He was exasperated by Tony Stark and he just answered all of the statements with irrelevant responses until the conference finished. When Tony Stark wanted to go home, he was interviewed by Christine as a journalist. He also flouted many maxim of relevance to answer all of the questions. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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The conversation of Tony Stark, Colonel and Christine is presented in the dialogue 2:
Dialogue 2 Setting : conference Situation : Tony Stark followed the conference. Participants : Tony Stark, Colonel and Christine E.
Colonel : If I presented you with an award, you'd be deeply honored. Tony Stark : Of course I'd be deeply honored. And it's you, that's great. So when do we do it? Colonel : It's right here. Here you go. Tony Stark : There it is. That was easy. I'm so sorry. Colonel : Yeah, it's okay. Tony Stark : Wow! Would you look at that? That's something else. I don't have any of those floating around. We're gonna let it ride! (Out of conference) Christine E. : You've been called the da Vinci of our time. What do you say to that? Tony Stark : Absolutely ridiculous. I don't paint. Christine E. : And what do you say to your other nickname? "The Merchant of Death"? Tony Stark : That's not bad.
The utterances based on maxim of relevance were also shown within Tony
Stark’s utterances. He carried out innocent face acts toward Colonel in his utterances by using harsh expressions in high tone and flouted, “Wow! Would you look at that? That's something else, I don't have any of those floating around, we're gonna let it ride!” These expressions showed the innocent face as if great changeover all of attentions from Colonel because he was angry before. The utterances implied that Tony Stark wanted to invite Colonel for playing the gambling. He forgot about the award which was not attended by Tony Stark. The same thing occurred when he uttered, “Absolutely ridiculous. I don't paint”. It PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
32 showed how Christine’s utterances were answered irrelevantly by Tony Stark. The answer implied that he did not know the relationship between him and Da Vinci.
He just worked to continue his father's dream. Moreover, in the last answer, he just uttered “That's not bad”. Tony Stark committed the action of implying a meaning beyond and certainly he did not like the nickname, especially for the
"The Merchant of Death"
Evidently, Tony Stark was the one who mostly flouted the utterances based on the maxim of relevance. He applied it to show urgency, flattery, efficiency and effectiveness in speaking. “I'd be prepared to lose a few with you” The statement was used to seduce Christine. He also flouted the maxim of relevant to imply her for joining with him in his house. In another scene, Tony Stark felt annoyed and was angry with Obadiah. It was because he did not attend the award ceremony to meet him and suddenly come to take his burger. Tony Stark uttered the maxim of relevance by stating, “There's only one left” His utterance was intended to not give it because it was the last one. Tony Stark showed there is an effective way to communicate which we all accept as standard behavior.
The maxim of relevance was often applied by Tony Stark in his conversations as shown in dialogue 1 and 2. Table 4.2 presents the number of utterances based on maxim of relevance produced by each character. There were totally forty four utterances. It was the first most maxims of conversation by the characters in Iron Man Movie. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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Table 4.2: Utterances Based on Maxim of Relevance Produced by the Characters Character Maxim of Relevance Tony Stark 28 times Pepper Potts 6 times Colonel 2 times Obadiah 4 times J.A.R.V.I.S. 4 times TOTAL 44
Of the five characters in the movie, five of them – Tony Stark, Pepper
Potts, Colonel, Obadiah, and J.A.R.V.I.S. produced some utterances based on maxim of relevance in their dialogues. There were two utterances of Colonel concerning with maxim of relevance. He used it less frequently than the other characters, because he never intended to surprise his addressees. He produced two statements only on maxim of relevance to show welcomes and efficiency in speaking. Obadiah and J.A.R.V.I.S produced the utterances concerning with the maxim of relevance four times. Pepper Potts was involved in the dialogues and mentioning maxim of relevance six times. Tony Stark was involved as many as twenty eight times. Thus, Tony Stark contributed more utterances based on maxim of relevance in the dialogues. He uttered to apply the maxim of relevance more than the others because he was the one who mostly appeared in the movie.
He applied maxim of relevance to show urgency, flattery, efficiency and effectiveness way in speaking.
2. Utterances Based on Maxim of Quantity
According to Grice (1989), there are two specific maxims of quantity in conversation. The first one is about the contribution which provides information than is required. The second one is the contribution that provides more PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
34 information than is required. On the other hand, this maxim deals with the amount of information that is given by the speaker in conversation. This maxim of quantity frequently happens when the speaker aims to make an effective conversation.
Maxim of quantity was frequently used by some characters in the Iron Man movie. Those characters are Tony Stark, Lt. Colonel James “Rhodey” Rhodes,
Obadiah, Pepper Potts, and J.A.R.V.I.S who use the utterances based on maxim of quantity. It was started when Tony Stark wanted to show up his technology in front of the soldier. The soldier tried to keep up and guarded him until the last destination. On the way to a project of Tony Stark, he attempted to seduce soldiers with his words. Finally, Tony Stark was interviewed by the soldier.
Dialogue 3 Setting : Desert, Kunar Province, Afghanistan. Situation : Guardianship of Tony Stark. Participants : Tony Stark and Soldier
Soldier : Is it true you went 12 for 12 with last year's Maxim cover models? Tony Stark : That is an excellent question. Yes and no. March and I had a scheduling conflict, but fortunately, the Christmas cover was twins. Anything else? You're kidding me with the hand up, right? Soldier : Is it cool if I take a picture with you? Tony Stark : Yes. It's very cool. Soldier : All right. Tony Stark : I don't want to see this on your MySpace page. Please, no gang signs. No, throw it up. I'm kidding. Yeah, peace. I love peace. I'd be out of a job with peace.
Tony Stark felt that he was like a stranger in the car. He tried to be friendly with the soldier so that he made a conversation. He attempted to ask the soldier like and to make a joke or to give them a strange statement. However, the soldiers PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
35 felt awkward to be near with him. Suddenly, one of the soldiers asked something that was not relevant to the conversation. The soldier tried to lighten the situation by making a question about maxim cover models. Tony Stark loudly answered and gave the response like this “That is an excellent question. Yes and no. March and I had a scheduling conflict, but fortunately, the Christmas cover was twins.
Anything else? You're kidding me with the hand up, right?” Based on the statement, Tony Stark just flouted the maxim of quantity when soldier asked “Is it true you went 12 for 12 with last year's Maxim cover models?” Tony Stark was flouting it by giving the more informative answer. The utterance implied that
Tony Stark just wanted to make a joke, because the soldiers seemed to be so serious in the car.
Tony Stark also employed the maxim of quantity in his conversation with
Pepper Potts. It was shown by the intense of maxim of relevance that he had applied at his conversation previously. After the incident, Tony Stark and Pepper
Potts planned to have a vacation. The conversation indicated that the relationship between Tony Stark and Pepper Potts took a favorable turn as boss and assistance.
It was shown by the compliments they gave to one another optimistically.
Dialogue 4 Setting : Tony Stark’s House Situation : Pepper Potts was dressing up Tony Stark, before went to vacation. Participants : Tony Stark and Pepper Potts
Tony stark : Tell me you never think about that night. Pepper Potts : What night? Tony stark : You know. Pepper Potts : Are you talking about the night that we danced and went up on the roof, and then you went downstairs PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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to get me a drink, and you left me there, by myself? Is that the night you're talking about? Tony Stark : Mmm-mmm… Pepper Potts : Thought so.
There are two specifications on maxim of quality according to Grice
(1989), the first is the contribution is less informative than is required, and second is the contribution is more informative than is required. It was shown by one of the characters based on the conversation above. Tony Stark was implying something else that had another meaning, especially the maxim of quantity by giving uninformative answer. When Pepper Potts asked many questions about the night in the party, Tony Stark just uttered “Mmm-mmm…” to answer Pepper’s question. He did not know what to say when she asked him the question again.
This fact showed that she did not understand that Tony Stark was embarrassed and speechless. He gave less information than what Pepper Potts wanted to know.
His answer meant that he knew everything about that night. He just made Pepper
Potts curious and he just tried to entice her. Tony Stark was more selfish as a boss in front of her.
Moreover, based on the data that were calculated in this movie by main characters, Tony Stark was also the one who mostly applied this maxim. He flouted it to show flattery, amusement, and efficiency in the conversation.
Besides, the characters that implied maxim of quantity were Pepper Potts and
Colonel. The example taken from the movie showed the utterance was applied by saying, “I'm not part of the press conference, but it's about to begin right now”. It was started when Agent Coulson wanted to ask Pepper Potts, but spontaneously she flouted the statement which implied something. She meant that for now she PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
37 did not want to be disturbed by everyone, she just focused on her boss so that her statement really uninformative. In another scene, Tony Stark wanted to know more information about training exercise which was related to the conference.
Colonel just uttered “It's not that simple” He implied the utterance. It is because he wanted to make an effective conversation, and also he would save his secret in front of many people. Colonel showed that there is an effective way to communicate as standard behavior. Thus, he gave less information than what
Tony stark wanted to know.
Based on the utterances, Tony Stark, Pepper Potts, and Colonel were engaged in conversations where they frequently uttered maxim of quantity to each other. However, the total number of the utterances concerning with maxim of quantity was smaller than the maxim of relevance. Therefore, the least utilized maxim among other maxim of conversation which shown in Iron Man movie was owing to the fact that statements of friendship and solidarity were rarely shown by the characters. It was also uttered to show the effectiveness in speaking. Table 4.3 shows the number of utterances concerning with utterances based on maxim of quantity.
Table 4.3: Utterances Based on Maxim of Quantity Produced by the Characters Character Maxim of Quantity Tony Stark 9 times Pepper Potts 4 times Colonel 4 times Obadiah - J.A.R.V.I.S 1 times TOTAL 18 PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
38
There were totally eighteen utterances expressing the maxim of quantity.
Tony Stark flouted more utterances based on maxims in his conversations as many as nine times. He often uttered the expression based on maxim of quantity to give compliments to his assistant and close friends. Pepper Potts and Colonel employed four utterances in his dialogue. J.A.R.V.I.S contributed one utterance each concerning with maxim of quantity in his dialogues especially to respond to
Tony Stark in another way. Obadiah was the only one who did not flout the maxim of quantity since he never gave any compliments to others.
3. Utterances Based on Maxim of Quality
The function of this maxim is to make sure that a speaker has given the correct information to the hearer. Moreover, the maxim quality is one of maxims that support the effective conversation. The maxim of quality has two subcategories under the super maxim, namely the speaker should not tell a lie in conversation and the speaker should not tell something without enough knowledge or lack of evidence.
The utterance based on maxim of quality was the second maxim which is more flouted after maxim of relevance in the movie subtitle. It was shown by some characters, especially Tony Stark who flouted it the most than the others. He tried to imply some statements that were believed to be false. Tony Stark and
Colonel, in the middle scene of the movie, were trying to finish his project for the first time and no one knew it. He forced to finish it as soon as possible to help many people in the outskirts of Gulmira by using Iron Man. There were many farmers and herders from peaceful villages who were attacked by warlords. He PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
39 already knew that the mastermind who attacked the peaceful villages was
Obadiah. Tony attempted to help them. After that, he did not know that what had been done in Gulmira was included of monitoring by Colonel. Tony Stark was trying to deceive everyone involved in the incident. Their conversation can be seen in dialogue 5.
Dialogue 5 Setting : The Outskirts of Gulmira Situation : Tony Stark was attacked back by Colonel’s soldiers Participants : Tony Stark and Colonel
Tony Stark : Speak up, please. Colonel : What in the hell is that noise? Tony stark : Oh, yeah, I'm driving with the top down. Colonel : Yeah, well, I need your help right now. Tony stark : It's funny how that works, huh? Colonel : Yeah. Speaking of funny, we've got a weapons depot that was just blown up a few clicks from where you were being held captive. Tony stark : Well, that's a hot spot. Sounds like someone stepped in and did your job for you, huh? Colonel : Why do you sound out of breath, Tony? Tony stark : I'm not, I was just jogging in the canyon. Colonel : I thought you were driving.
In the conversation above, Tony Stark clearly showed lack adequate evidence to one another that was considered as an example of maxim of quality.
Lack of evidence was frequently used by a speaker to utter something to their addressee. When maxim of quality was applied by someone who flouted it in maxim of quality, it was utilized to show the expression, compliment, and fun by deceiving someone. Thus, the untruth was usual flouted in maxim of quality and sometimes what you had believed, it can be false. It was shown when Tony Stark said, “Oh, yeah, I'm driving with the top down.” He flouted the maxim of quality because he said what he believed to be false. He did not say the truth by telling PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
40 something that implied another meaning. It was just an expression to keep his secret and also to divert the attention because someone in the suit of Iron Man is
Tony Stark. Moreover, for the second time he deceived colonel “I'm not, I was just jogging in the canyon.” Colonel was not sure because Tony Stark did not have enough evidence to prove. He was flouting a maxim to make a fun of
Colonel.
Moreover, Pepper Potts was the one who applied the most maxim of quality after Tony Stark in conversation. In the dialogue about the arrival of Tony Stark was a sign after the incident that involved him and Colonel in Afghanistan. He was kidnapped by Obadiah’s subordinate. Besides, Colonel had lost contact in a few days and because of Tony Stark’s expertise, he could escape from the abduction and eventually was helped by colonel. This is the conversation between
Tony Stark and Pepper Potts.
Dialogue 6 Setting : The Airport Situation : The arrival of Tony Stark after incident in Afghanistan Participants : Tony Stark and Pepper Potts.
Tony Stark : Are you kidding me with this? Get rid of them. Your eyes are red. A few tears for your long-lost boss? Pepper Potts : Tears of joy. I hate job hunting. Tony Stark : Yeah, vacation's over
It was obvious that Tony Stark asked Pepper Potts about his arrival after long-lost in a few days. Pepper Potts was already looking forward to this situation when she met Tony with the joy. Indirectly, she shed tears in front of him. Tony
Stark seduced her by asking a simple question. Pepper Potts just uttered the PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
41 maxim of quality, “Tears of joy. I hate job hunting” It was only the expression that everyone especially Tony Stark cloud know about it. Pepper Potts flouted the maxim of quality by implying something what she had believed to be false.
Certainly, Tony Stark already knew that Pepper Potts lied. She tried to say the untruth in front of him because she was ashamed of her boss. It was just an expression that implied something to cover up her feelings toward Tony Stark.
In the movie, the writer mostly found utterances of the five characters except J.A.R.V.I.S. They gave messages indirectly to their addressees and let them guess the meaning. Besides, they flouted maxim of quality to imply some statements by breaking the maxim. “You don't need to apologize to me. I'm your man. Just indifferent right now” was another example based on the maxim of quality uttered by Colonel to inform Tony Stark that he was not angry to him because Tony Stark came late. He did not keep his promises. However, Tony
Stark really knew that he was angry to him. Indirect statement which was flouted by Colonel was the lack of evidence because Tony Stark had known the truth.
Besides, Obadiah was also included the character who used the maxim, when they talked about the project which was planned. Tony Stark wanted to ask about the optimism in the project only 40 points at minimum. He cut and uttered “Yep”. In reality, Obadiah was not sure about the target that had been achieved because he did not have enough evidence to prove actually. He just implied something to make sure that Tony Stark worked for him. Another utterance which was flouted by Tony Stark “I think you lost objectivity. I think they just... People... We just danced.” The word ‘I think’ indicated that the speaker was not sure about PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
42 something that had been believed and it could be false and also need to have enough evidence.
The maxim of quality was applied less frequently than maxim of relevance but was applied more frequently than maxim of quantity. Nonetheless, not all characters applied the strategy. Table 4.4 shows the number of utterances produced by the characters.
Table 4.4: Utterances Based on Maxim of Quality Produced by the Characters Character Maxim of Quality Tony Stark 15 times Pepper Potts 8 times Colonel 3 times Obadiah 2 times J.A.R.V.I.S - TOTAL 28
There were twenty eight utterances concerning about this maxim. Tony
Stark, as usual, flouted the maxim more than the others. He uttered it fifteen times. Pepper Potts, contributed eight utterances. Colonel contributed three utterances. The least flouted maxim was Obadiah’s. He uttered two utterances.
Only four of the five characters flouted the strategy since J.A.R.V.I.S did not utilize it. J.A.R.V.I.S did not apply the maxim of quality because he never tried to avoid imposition on the hearers.
4. Utterances Based on the Maxim of Manner
In this maxim, Grice mentions the general understanding, especially about
“being perspicuous”. There are various types of maxim of manner, namely avoid obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief and, and be orderly. This part is going to explain about some utterances related to the rules. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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There were four characters who applied some statements which directly breaking the maxim of manner. They tend to speak longer than it was needed by the hearer. Some statements were uttered to imply something different and the speaker expected to know the meaning. It was shown in some dialogues that were spoken by the characters. For instance, as seen in this case:
Dialogue 7 Setting : In the Factory Situation : Pepper Potts and Agent Coulson try to stop Obie’s plan. Participants : Pepper Potts and Agent Coulson.
Pepper Potts : My key's not working. It's not opening the door. Oh, wow! What's that? It's, like, a little device? It's, like, a thing that's going to pick the lock? Agent Coulson : You might want to take a few steps back.
The dialogue occurred when all of the plans carried out by Obadiah had been known by Tony Stark. After that, Obadiah attacked Tony Stark and claimed the control of the possession. Then, Colonel and Pepper Potts worked together to defeat Obadiah. Colonel tried to help Tony Stark for preparing the suit of war while Pepper Potts and Agent Coulson went to Obadiah’s factory with an attempt to arrest Obadiah’s before attacking civilians with his own Iron man. Pepper Potts found a way to Obadiah hideout and directly tried to open the door and uttered
“My key's not working. It's not opening the door. Oh, wow! What's that? It's, like, a little device? It's, like, a thing that's going to pick the lock?” Pepper Potts indirectly flouted maxim of manner in her statement in the dialogue. She implied something different in this way. Besides, the utterances showed the obscurity of expression and gave the ambiguity in speaking longer than it was needed by the hearer. Actually, what Pepper Potts only to say was she needed a help to open the PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
44 door because her key was not working. Because she was in a hurry, she tended to speak longer and flouted the maxim of manner.
In the dialogue 8, there was one statement flouted by Tony Stark who indirectly implied something that had another meaning. It was shown by Pepper
Potts and Tony Stark in their conversation. Tony Stark clearly committed utterances which flouted the maxim of manner in his utterance.
Dialogue 8 Setting : In Tony Stark’s House Situation : Tony Stark needed help from Pepper Potts to do some missions. Participants : Pepper Potts and Tony Stark
Pepper Potts : Tony, you know that I would help you with anything, but I cannot help you if you're going to start all of this again. Tony Stark : There is nothing except this. There's no art opening. There is no benefit. There is nothing to sign. There is the next mission and nothing else. Pepper Potts : Is that so? Well, then, I quit.
Pepper Potts met Tony Stark at his office. Tony Stark wanted her to go to the company. In the next mission, he needed her to hack the mainframe that had been copied by Obadiah. Tony Stark began to insinuate his choice of mission by giving indirect statements which had the opposite meanings because he would stop them especially Obadiah and his assistance. However, Pepper Potts did not know what Tony Stark meant, she directly refused the order. Tony Stark cut and uttered “There is nothing except this. There's no art opening. There is no benefit.
There is nothing to sign. There is the next mission and nothing else.” The statement implied something that had another meaning which flouted by Tony PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
45
Stark in maxim of manner. He just meant that he really needed help to finish his mission by stopping Obadiah. Nevertheless, he showed the obscurity of expression and made the long statements by speaking longer than what Pepper
Potts needed. Actually, he could show the brief utterance and orderly.
The maxim of manner was the third maxim which mostly flouted after quality and relevance in the utterances of the five characters in the movie subtitle.
They tend to talk too much by giving statements to their addresses and made the hearer felt obscurity and ambiguity with the statement. “No. No. I always forget to wear deodorant and dance with my boss in front of everyone that I work with in a dress with no back.” was another example in maxim of manner that made by
Pepper Potts to respond Tony Stark when he wanted to dance with her. Pepper declined the invitation because she felt uncomfortable but she uttered longer and implied something different with her statement. Besides that, it happened when
Tony Stark tried to meet Colonel in military because he needed his help to be a part of it especially the project. He asked, “Hello, sir speaking of manned or unmanned, you gotta get him to tell you about the time he guessed wrong at spring break, just remember that, spring break, 1987.” The statement implied something that he needed help from colonel to stop Obadiah. Tony Stark flouted the maxim of manner, he tend to speak longer and talked nonsense. It sounded amusing for the others but it was too long, not clear and showed the ambiguity.
Table 4.5 presents the number of utterances based on maxim of manner produced by the characters. It was applied more frequently than maxim of quantity, which made it the most utilized strategy in the movie because Tony PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
46
Stark and Pepper Potts, the ones who had bigger roles in applying it, flouted this maxim to implied statements to for the others.
Table 4.5: Utterances Based on Maxim of Manner Produced by the Characters Character Maxim of Manner Tony Stark 18 times Pepper Potts 5 times Colonel 1 times Obadiah 1 times J.A.R.V.I.S - TOTAL 25
Based on the data in Table 4.5, utterances based on maxim of manner was the third most applied maxim among the characters of Iron Man movie. The total number of their utterances concerning the strategy was twenty five. Tony Stark still showed the most utterance than the other character, it was eighteen. Pepper
Potts was the second who uttered it in five times, followed by Colonel and
Obadiah who flouted the maxim of manner in one time.
B. The Speech Acts Used in Speaking by the Characters in Iron Man Movie
This section discusses the speech acts used in speaking by the characters based on the theory proposed by Searle. According to Searle (1987), speech of acts is the expression that uttered by the speaker to show the three things, it is namely an act of saying something, act of doing something, and act of affecting someone (p. 54). It was adopted from Austin and the terms are locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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1. Locutionary Acts
Locutionary act is saying something (the locution) with a certain meaning in traditional sense (Searle, 1987). This may not constitute a speech act. Two types of locutionary act are utterance acts, where something is said (or a sound is made) and which may not have any meaning, and propositional acts, where a particular reference is made.
The utterances used by the characters in this movie contain some literal meaning from the conversation. It is not only about the maxim but it is about the meaning of the sentence which uttered. This part will show the literal meaning from the sentence that related to the utterances. It was started when Colonel and
Tony Stark did the conversation in a plane. Colonel employed the locutionary to make Tony Stark understand what he felt because he was angry. It showed how
Colonel assimilated the context of situation. He was patience and uttered “I'm just your babysitter”. It could be perceived as its literal meaning from Colonel because babysitter is someone who takes care of baby or child but Tony Stark is not baby or child. He just implied that he was a partner who just helped in any situation. Besides, Colonel not only uttered the locutionary in one way to show that he was really mad to Tony Stark. This expression had also implied another meaning of speech act. “I'm indifferent” notice how Colonel did not respond to Tony Stark's question by saying, "Yes, I am really mad now because you are late to come” what he actually said. It is the way to talk from Colonel to respond the statement from Tony Stark because the way he produces an utterance has another meaning what he says literally. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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2. Illocutionary Act
In this part of speech acts show the relation with the locutionary which is about the addressee understand what the speaker means in the conversation. In the illocutionary there were some categories which needed to be a standard in determining the utterances related to speech act. For instance, act of stating, apologizing, predicting, ordering, complaining, refusing, and requesting. Based on the movie which has been analyzed, there were some expressions by the characters uttered the illocutionary act which implied another meaning. It happened in Tony Stark’s house, when he prepared to war with Obadiah. It was the first time for Colonel knew that Tony Stark was Iron Man and made him surprised. Colonel uttered “You need me to do anything else?” it was responded by Tony Stark “Keep the skies clear”. The statement from Tony Stark was the utterance related to illocutionary especially the act of ordering something. Tony
Stark just wanted him to monitor the situation in the air so that his soldiers did not attack when he took off into the air. Another example from Tony Stark when he prepared the suit of war with J.A.R.V.I.S, he was designing commencing automated assembly especially for the estimated completion time is five hours.
Illocutionary was shown by Tony Stark when he requested him by saying that
“Don't wait up for me, honey”. The simple utterance was the one thing could be an order to make the suit of war quickly before he back home again because five hours is a long time for him. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
49
3. Perlocutionary Act
A perlocutionary act is the speech acts that have an effect on the feelings, thoughts or actions of either the speaker or the listener. In daily activities especially in the conversations perlocutionary acts is used as the tools to push the addressee to do something by using the language. For instance, it contains acts of persuading, inspiring, intimidating, and embarrassing as stated by Searle (1987). It started when Tony Stark go to the airport for the flight but Colonel almost for three hours waiting him. Colonel complained to him, he just cut the conversation and uttered “Wheels up! Rock and roll!.” That utterance especially the way of communicating which persuaded by Tony Stark is a language to utter something to Colonel and he needed to do what Tony Stark was urging at that time. Another example from the utterance related to perlocutionary acts is “I know the math! Do
It.! The utterance is stated by Tony Stark when they were trying the suit of war with J.A.R.V.I.S. J.A.R.V.I.S wanted to upgrade the armor but only 15% power of reaching it. It seen Tony Stark persuaded J.A.R.V.I.S by using the language as a motivation or a tool to be responded by J.A.R.V.I.S. He showed the acts of persuading twice when he created the suit of war. Additionally, another perlocutionary acts of inspiring is “J.A.R.V.I.S! Sometimes you got to run before you can walk.” The expectations came from Tony Stark when he gave the statement to J.A.R.V.I.S because he felt doubtful in running the Iron Man with
Tony Stark. The way the characters by using the language to utter something that had another meaning to focus on what the speaker expected. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
This part consists of conclusions, implications, and suggestions.
Conclusions aim to sum up the result especially the data and the research finding.
Implications are in reference to the involvement of the study in education.
Suggestions are given by the writer for future researchers and language learners to conduct further studies on the similar topic.
A. Conclusions
This research deals with the use of maxims of conversation and speech acts in Iron Man movie. This study specifically aims at revealing two research findings. The discussion focuses on the maxims of conversation and the speech acts in speaking by the characters in their utterances. The writer employed the theory of Grice’s maxim of conversation (1989) to find out the utterances based on five characters – Tony Stark, Lt. Colonel James “Rhodey” Rhodes, Obadiah,
Pepper Potts, and J.A.R.V.I.S for the first research problem. The theory of Searle
(1987) focuses on the speech acts used in speaking by the characters. This theory was included to solve the second research problem.
In this study of the utterances based on maxims of conversation, there are five characters who flouted four maxims of conversation, namely maxim of quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relevance, and maxim of manner. The frequency of their occurrences, however, indicated maxim of relevance was
50 PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
51 employed forty four times. In other words, this maxim was the most flouted among the others. Maxim of quality was flouted as many as twenty eight times.
Maxim of manner and maxim of quantity were flouted as many as twenty five and eighteen times respectively as the less flouted by the characters. The speech acts used in speaking by the characters affecting utterances in Iron Man movie are locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutonary acts. However, the term of speech acts was the most suitable theories as they were depicted in the movie.
B. Implications
For educational purposes, this study contributes important information to the practice of language teaching especially for English teaching. Pragmatics is an important subject to study as a part of language knowledge. Comprehending the rules of conversation makes the English speakers able to speak more effectively and efficiently. For the readers, hopefully this study is useful and also can enrich readers’ knowledge of pragmatics in relation to the maxims of conversation and speech acts for its readers. For the future researchers, the pragmatics study is an interesting topic to be studied. This study can be an additional reference to make more detailed research about pragmatics related to speaking or speech acts based on the characters.
The study in Grice’s maxims of conversation can be an additional material for pragmatic class. Since there are maxims of conversation and speech acts which are taught in pragmatics language related with the conversation in the class. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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Generally, the theories which are used in daily conversation it can be also applied in public speaking, hot seat, and debate class.
Speech acts, nowadays, is somehow an issue to go unnoticed. English learners, indeed, need to acquire pragmatics competence and teachers can function as proponents to get their students apply speech acts through language. In accordance with teaching and learning, speech acts should be considered as a substantial strategy to develop our conversation in our daily activities. Besides, language as a motivation especially acts of sign, persuading, and refusing which are related to speakers’ intentions. Speech acts theory can be used in speaking class and micro teaching. In fact, applying speech acts especially the terms and the type of illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts during teaching process in the classroom can definitely be a wake-up call for the students. Teachers can motivate the students with some statements in the class. It can be used as a games, and also make the situation in the class interesting for students.
C. Suggestions
Hereafter, the writer would like to give suggestions regarding the study.
The suggestions are addressed to future researchers and language learners. Thus, they will be able to obtain the benefits from this study.
1. For Future Researchers
This study will provide useful information and enrich readers’ knowledge of pragmatics in relation to utterances based on the maxims of conversation for its PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
53 researchers. Thus, researchers are capable of applying a good concept of communication.
The writer would like to present the first suggestion to future researchers to conduct other researches regarding utterances based on maxims of conversation and speech acts as this study is simple and limited. It is expected that future researchers can create interesting data and make more specific analyses about speech acts especially the terms related to the cooperative principle. Therefore, it may be highly beneficial to conduct another pragmatics study especially speech acts related to cooperative principle specifically based on interesting data. Also, future researchers can use other theories to support their studies.
2. For Language Learners
The writer encourages students who learn English as a second language to pay attention to their language use based on the aspects of pragmatics. It will also help language learners to apply English language proficiency and comprehension appropriately in the context of the English conversation. This study will also help
English learners to be able to apply English expressions in the form of conversations appropriately in order to avoid misinterpretation or misunderstanding. Sometimes, language learners tend to speak longer and make the conversation useless and inappropriate. Language learners can apply a better strategy by applying speech acts and using maxims of conversations in which the speakers attempt to avoid misunderstanding. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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Ary, D., Jacob, L. C,. & Razavieh. A. (2002). Introduction to research in education (6th ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth Thomson Learning.
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed). London: Sage Publications.
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Basil, H & Ian, M (1990). Discourse and the translator: Language in social life. London: Longman.
Grice, H.P. (1989). Studies in the ways of words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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Levinson, S. C (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Llamas, C., & Stockwell, P. (2009). Sociolinguistics: An introduction to applied linguistics (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnlod.
Mey, J. (2001). Pragmatics: An introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
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Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. London: Sage Publications.
Searle, J. (1987). Speech acts. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. (2010). Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Van Dijk.T. (2009). Society and discourse: How social context influence text and talk. London: Cambridge University Press. http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/a2/iron-man-script-transcript.html (retrieved on August 12, 2013) . PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
APPENDIX
The List of Utterances Based on Maxims of Conversation and Speech Acts Produced by the Characters in Iron Man Movie
Characters Utterances Maxims Of Speech Acts Conversation Code 1 Code 2 Tony Stark Oh, I see. So it's personal? MoQl - Tony Stark Good God, you're a woman. MoM IL I honestly... I couldn't have called that. Tony Stark That is an excellent question. MoQn - Yes and no. March and I had a scheduling conflict, but fortunately, the Christmas cover was twins. Anything else? You're kidding me with the hand up, right? Tony Stark I don't want to see this on MoQn - you’re my Space page. Please, no gang signs. No, throw it up. I'm kidding. MoM Yeah, peace. I love peace. I'd be out of a job with MoR peace. Tony Stark What have we got? MoM - Tony Stark Of course I'd be deeply MoQn IL honored. And it's you, that's great. So when do we do it? Tony Stark Yeah, you can count on it. MoR IL Tony Stark Absolutely ridiculous. I don't MoR L paint. Tony Stark That's not bad. MoQn - Tony Stark Well, Ms. Brown, it's an MoM - imperfect world, but it's the only one we've got. I guarantee you, the day weapons are no longer needed to keep the peace, I'll start making bricks and beams for baby hospitals. 56 PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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Tony Stark I'd be prepared to lose a few MoR L with you. Tony Stark Please don't turn down my MoR IL music. Tony Stark How'd she take it? MoR - Tony Stark Doesn't it kind of defeat the MoR - whole purpose of having your own plane if it departs before you arrive? Tony Stark Is it a good representation of MoR - his spring period? Tony Stark I don't like it when you have MoQl IL plans. Tony Stark What? MoR - Tony Stark I got caught doing a piece for MoQl L Vanity Fair Tony Stark Waiting on you now. Let's MoR IL go. Come on. Tony Stark Hey! Heat up the sake, will MoR IL you? Thanks for reminding me. Tony Stark I'm sorry, this is the "fun- MoM IL vee." The "hum-drum-vee" is back there. Tony Stark Why should I do anything? MoM IL They're going to kill me, you, either way. And if they don't, I'll probably be dead in a week. Tony Stark Yeah, vacation's over. MoR - Tony Stark No is a complete answer. MoQl - I don't have to do anything. I've been in captivity for three months. Tony Stark There's only one left. MoR - Tony Stark I had my eyes opened. MoM - I came to realize that I have more to offer this world than just making things that blow up. And that is why, effective immediately, I am shutting down the weapons manufacturing division of Stark International until such PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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a time as I can decide what the future of the company will be. I think we're gonna be selling a lot of newspapers. What direction it should take, one that I'm comfortable with and is consistent with the highest good for this country, as well. Tony Stark Did I just paint a target on MoR L the back of my head? Tony Stark I'm sorry I didn't give you MoR IL a heads-up, okay? Tony Stark How big are your hands? MoR IL Tony Stark Get down here. I need you. MoQn IL Let's see them. Tony Stark I don't have anyone but you. MoR IL Anyway... Tony Stark Hello, sir. MoM - Speaking of manned or unmanned, You gotta get him to tell you about the time he guessed wrong at spring break. Just remember that, spring break, 1987. That lovely lady you woke up with. Tony Stark Was it lvan? MoR - Tony Stark I'm doing a little better than MoR L walking. Tony Stark Thanks. MoQl IL Tony Stark Actually, I don't know who MoM - to trust right now. Till further notice, why don't we just keep everything on my private server? Tony Stark Doesn't mean it went bad. MoR - Sure doesn't. Oh, boy. MoM Tony Stark This one stays with me. MoQl - That's it, Obie. Forget it. Tony Stark Good night, Obie. MoR IL Tony Stark Jarvis! Sometimes you got to MoR PL run before you can walk. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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Tony Stark Thrill me. MoQn IL Tony Stark A little ostentatious, don't MoQl - you think? Tony Stark Tell you what. Throw a little MoR L hot-rod red in there Tony Stark Don't wait up for me, honey. MoQl IL Tony Stark Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah. MoM - The guy from the... Tony Stark God, you need a new name MoM - for that. Tony Stark That's great. Well, I got great MoM IL taste. Tony Stark I'd make it a week. Sure. MoR IL Tony Stark The other eight? MoM - So I got you for the other eight. Tony Stark Totally harmless. MoQn L Tony Stark We're dancing. No one's MoR - even watching. Tony Stark I think you lost objectivity. I MoQl - think they just... People... We just danced. Tony Stark Oh, yeah, MoR IL I'm driving with the top MoQl down. Tony Stark It's funny how that works, MoR IL huh? Tony Stark Well, that's a hot spot. MoQl L Tony Stark I'm not, I was just jogging in MoQl IL the canyon. Tony Stark Right, I was driving to the MoM IL canyon, where I'm going to jog. Tony Stark Nope! MoQl PL Bogey spotted! MoR Tony Stark Hey, thanks. MoQl IL Tony Stark I know the math! Do It.! - PL Tony Stark Let's face it. This is not the MoM PL worst thing you've caught me doing. Tony Stark There is nothing except this. MoM IL There's no art opening. There is no benefit. There is nothing to sign. There is the next mission and PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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nothing else. Tony Stark Not bad, huh? Let's do it. MoQn PL Tony Stark Keep the skies clear. MoR IL Tony Stark Wheels up! Rock and roll!! - PL Tony Stark You know, it's actually not MoM - that bad. Even I don't think I'm Iron Man. Tony Stark All right, suit yourself. MoQl - Tony Stark Mmm-mmm… MoQn L Pepper Potts Like a champ. MoM L Pepper Potts As a matter of fact, I do. MoR - Pepper Potts Tears of joy. I hate job MoQl L hunting. Pepper Potts I'm not part of the press MoQn - conference, but it's about to begin right now. Pepper Potts Don't look at me. MoQl IL I don't know what he's up to. Pepper Potts What? MoR - Pepper Potts Yes. MoQl - Pepper Potts No. No. I always forget to MoM - wear deodorant and dance with my boss in front of everyone that I work with in a dress with no back. Pepper Potts Oh, God. MoQl IL Pepper Potts Yes, I need some air. MoQl L That was totally weird. Pepper Potts No, it was not just a dance. MoQl - You don't understand MoM because you're you. And everybody knows exactly who you are and how you are with girls and all of that, which is completely fine. Pepper Potts Are those bullet holes? MoR - Pepper Potts Is that so? MoQl - Well, then, I quit. Pepper Potts You're all I have, too, you MoR - know. Pepper Potts Well, he's a complicated MoQn - person. He's been through a lot. MoQl I think he'll be all right. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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Pepper Potts Thank you. Thanks. MoQn IL Pepper Potts My key's not working. MoM IL It's not opening the door. Oh, wow! What's that? It's, like, a little device? It's, like, a thing that's going to pick the lock? Pepper Potts Are you talking about the MoM - night that we danced and went up on the roof, and then you went downstairs to get me a drink, and you left me there, by myself? Is that the night you're talking about? Pepper Potts Thought so. MoQl - Colonel It's right here. MoQn - Colonel I'm serious! MoQl IL Colonel You don't need to apologize MoQl IL to me. I'm your man. Colonel I'm just your babysitter MoR L Colonel Just indifferent right now. MoR L
Colonel Nice job. MoQn -
Colonel What's up with the love-in? MoR IL Colonel Look who fell out of the sky. MoR IL Mr. Tony Stark. Colonel No. What you need is time MoQn - to get your mind right. I'm serious. It's nice seeing you, Tony. Colonel Oh, my God, you crazy son MoM IL of a bitch. You owe me a plane. You know that, right? Colonel No, no, no, no, no, no, the MoR IL less I know, the better. Now, what am I supposed to tell the press? Colonel It's not that simple. MoQn - Colonel Damn! MoQl IL Obadiah Look at you! MoM IL You had to have a burger, yeah? Well, come on. PLAGIATPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TIDAK TERPUJI TERPUJI
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You get me one of those? Obadiah What we should take away MoQl IL from this is that Tony's back! Obadiah Yep. MoQl - Obadiah Just because I brought pizza MoR - back from New York. Obadiah It'll give me a bone to throw MoR IL the boys in New York! Obadiah Tony, Tony. You can't afford MoR IL to be this naive Obadiah Let's take a picture. Come MoR PL on. Picture time! Obadiah You are a very rare woman. MoR IL Tony doesn't know how lucky he is. Obadiah Tony Stark was able to build MoR IL this in a cave! With a box of scraps! J.A.R.V.I.S. Working on a secret project, MoR - are we, sir? J.A.R.V.I.S. It is a tight fit, sir. MoR - Sir, the more you struggle, the more this is going to hurt. J.A.R.V.I.S. Please, try not to move, sir. MoQn IL
Soldier No, you intimidate them. MoQn IL Soldier I'm an airman MoQn - Soldier Sir, I have a question to ask. MoQl IL Soldier Jimmy, stay with Stark! MoR PL Stay down! Yeah. Christine Brown, actually. MoQn - Agent I'm not a reporter. MoQl - Coulson Agent You might want to take a MoR IL Coulson few steps back.