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HISTORY, CULTURE, SOCIETY THROUGH LIFE STORIES a Selected Collection of Latvian Life Stories

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HISTORY, CULTURE, SOCIETY THROUGH LIFE STORIES a Selected Collection of Latvian Life Stories ORAL HISTORY SOURCES OF LATVIA HISTORY, CULTURE, SOCIETY THROUGH LIFE STORIES A Selected Collection of Latvian Life Stories SECOND EDITION Mâra Zirnîte and Maija Hinkle, Editors Published by the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, University of Latvia 2004 Rîga UDK 929 Or 060 Translators: Mâra Lazda Astra Zemzars Marianna Auliciema Inta Ðrâders Aija Celtnieks Blitte Aigars Brants Edîte Irbe Mirdza Eglîte Maija Hinkle Assistant Editors: Indra Gorenko Ieva Garda Maruta Baiba Dzçrve Kristîne Konrâde Biruta Abuls Layout by Kristîne Krçsliòa Text processed for publication by Maija Hinkle First edition partly funded by the Cultural Capital Foundation of Latvia Second edition partly funded by the American Latvian Association Cultural Fund (ALA KF) Printed by Pioneer Printing, Lodi, NY, USA The Conference, “The Role of Oral History in Shaping Cultural and Personal Identity,” May 1–3, 2003, in Latvia, was supported by The University of Latvia The Science Council of Latvia The British Council (in Latvia) Latvian Foundation, Inc. (in USA) © Association of Latvian Oral History (OH) Researchers “Dzîvesstâsts” (Life Story) ISBN 9984 – 9599 – 2 – 9 Contents I. Life Stories from Latvia Mâra Zirnîte. A selection of oral history sources for the international conference “The Role of Oral History in Shaping Cultural and Personal Identity” 5 Nicole Nau. Selected fragments of Latvian life stories 9 Marija Lûse (Arch. No. NMV 1572), prepared for publication by Ieva Garda 31 Alma Dreimane (Arch. No. NMV 374), prepared for publication by Baiba Bela-Krûmiòa 40 Pçteris Anèupâns (Arch. No. NMV 556), prepared for publication by Mâra Zirnîte 61 Ausma Vilma Arâja (Arch. No. NMV 1055), prepared for publication by Mâra Zirnîte 64 Austra Lâce (Arch. No. NMV 1099), prepared for publication by Mâra Zirnîte 79 Valçrija Sieceniece (Arch. No. NMV 74), prepared for publication by Mâra Zirnîte and Ieva Garda 87 II. Life Stories from the USA Maija Hinkle. American Latvian Association’s oral history project “Exile Life Narratives” 104 Mâra Lipace (Arch. No. NMV 786), prepared for publication by Maija Hinkle 109 Irçne Celtniece (Arch. No. NMV 820), prepared for publication by Maija Hinkle 114 Kïaviòu Juris (Arch. No. NMV 787), prepared for publication by Maija Hinkle 127 Oskars Hercs (Arch. No. NMV 855), prepared for publication by Maija Hinkle 142 Elizar Rabinovich (Arch. No. NMV 803), prepared for publication by Maija Hinkle 149 Kârlis Íuzulis (Arch. No. NMV 815), prepared for publication by Maija Hinkle 156 Baiba Dumpe (Arch. No. NMV 863), prepared for publication by Biruta Abuls 187 III. Outline of Latvian History in the 20th Century Mâra Lazda. Latvia and its people in the 20th century 207 Interviewers: In Latvia Ieva Garda Jolanta Upeniece Baiba Bela-Krûmiòa Mâra Zirnîte Inâra Reine Biruta Abuls In the USA Dzidra Ziedonis Gunta Harvey Maija Hinkle Rita Petrièeka Inâra Reine Biruta Abuls Translators: Mâra Lazda Astra Zemzars Marianna Auliciema Inta Ðrâders Aija Celtnieks–Blitte Aigars Brants Edîte Irbe Mirdza Eglîte Maija Hinkle A selection of oral history sources for the international conference “The Role of Oral History in Shaping Cultural and Personal Identity” Mâra Zirnîte Since the reestablishment of independence in 1991, Latvia has developed a strong oral history tradi- tion using biographical and life history approaches. Life stories are valuable not only to scholars but to communities themselves as they seek to confront and remember their own histories. We hope that this international conference will represent a broad range of approaches and theories to foster a conversation in a community of international scholars. The conference has the following aims: (1) To consider the concept of identity through the analysis of life stories; (2) To discuss the theory and practice of life stories, as well as the theoretical and practical problems of this research; (3) To gain insight into the role of the individual in culture and history; (4) To consider how societies shape and present themselves to others. The selected life stories have been chosen to illustrate the link between conference themes and real examples from research sources. History in life stories does not stand in isolation; it is incorporated in experience and reveals conditions that have altered people’s lives, which are reflected in the telling. Life stories and oral histories encompass traditions, cultural experiences, language, people’s perceptions and attitudes to life and a variety of aspects of identity. On casual inspection, seemingly insignificant recordings on audiocassette may seem to be little more than random statements. At the moment at which a story is told, there indeed may be some random elements, in addition to that which is both permanent and indivisible from the person’s being. That moment also reveals the character of the storyteller, their ability for storytelling, capacity for verbal expression, emotional disposition, level of education, ideas about composition, professional experi- ences and methods of presentation. The experienced observer is able to categorise these levels and is able to find the required information, and each researcher searches for their own most suitable method for this task. The National Oral History (NOH) Archive was created as part of the National Oral History project at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, University of Latvia. The Archive serves as a basic source for research. This book of selected life stories has been prepared to introduce researchers and the general public to the oral history and life story sources held by the NOH Archive. The first audio recordings in the Archive were made at the end of the 1980’s when cassettes began to fulfil the role of carriers of individual memories. Today the NOH Archive contains more than 2000 life stories. The Association of Latvian Oral History (OH) Researchers “Dzîvesstâsts” (“Life Story”) was formed, to promote a wide and thorough collection of life stories from both past and present inhabitants of Latvia – in light of the radical change in the composition of Latvia’s population brought about by World War II. This book consists of two parts. The first section contains 6 life stories recorded in Latvia, collected during field work in several regions and reflecting both themes and expressive styles characterising a variety of experiences. The second section consists of 7 life stories from the USA, as prepared for publi- 5 cation by Maija Hinkle, director of the Oral History project of the American Latvian Association (Amerikas Latvieðu Apvienîba). She also authors an introductory article to the section. The five life stories from Latvia were prepared for publication by co-workers in the NOH project. Similar and contrasting memories of those who were deported from their homes in cattle trucks to Siberia are told by Alma Dreimane (from Zemgale, the south of Latvia), Ausma Arâja (from Sçlija, south-eastern Latvia), and Valçrija Sieceniece (from Riga). There are fragments from the memories of a teacher, Pçteris Anèupâns (from Latgale, eastern Latvia), recounting the physical and emotional perse- cution undergone by himself, his brothers and the rest of his family. Large, dramatic events do not seem to appear in the life story of Austra Lâce, although it contains, both directly and indirectly, a description of the consequences to country life of both the Soviet period and that of the renewal of independence. Within life stories, not only are the events and themes significant, but so is the sound of the spoken text, from which one can gain an impression of the Latvian language not only in terms of form, but also context. We wish particularly to call attention to the unique logic of dialects and the expression of emotions, which most directly reveal the character of the respondent. The life stories collected in Latvia are arranged so that differences between regional speech patterns are noticeable. The average age of authors of the life stories is between 60 and 80 years, and they represent a generation amongst whom differences in dialect are more pronounced than in those of younger people. Comparing recordings made with ëmigrës in a number of foreign countries, it can easily be observed that besides the English language experience, there are many and varied influences that create the geo- graphic (and of course social, political and cultural) characteristics of the Latvian language. Interviews recorded in Latvia display a pronounced influence of the Russian language, and not only in those returning from exile within Russia. The effect of Russian on the language stems from the whole of the Soviet period. This book presents some examples from the Archive. This is the first such compilation, which necessitated determination of the best method of presenting the written version of spoken material so that the sound quality is also retained — that which is heard when listening to the cassette recording. Cassettes store sound and are capable of reproducing nuances significant to researchers: intonation, emotional overtones and, most importantly, the nature of the spoken language. Language speaks for itself, characterising the time, place and social milieu to which the storyteller belongs. The selected life stories contain a variety of transcription methods, ranging from transcription of every word and sound (for example, “mmm..”), along with annotations of language speed and intona- tion, to accounts simplified to benefit the comprehension of the reader, omitting repetitions and so- called ‘parasite words’, and including sub-headings indicating content and plot, but without revision of the actual text, that is, retaining grammatically incorrect words if they characterise the account of the respondent. In an introductory article, ‘Selected Fragments of Latvian Life Stories’, the linguist Nicole Nau presents examples of transcriptions – to enable linguistic analysis – that are divided not only into contextual and intonational phrases, but also into sentences and smaller parts of sentences. An example of the full text of a life story analysed in its entirety is the story of Alma Dreimane (Archive No.
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