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Biochar As a Potential Inoculant Carrier for Plant-Beneficial Bacteria

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Biochar As a Potential Inoculant Carrier for Plant-Beneficial Bacteria Biochar as a potential inoculant carrier for plant-beneficial bacteria Martyna Glodowska Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Department of Plant Science Macdonald Campus of McGill University April, 2014 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE ©Martyna Glodowska, 2014 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... iii Résumé ......................................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature Review ............................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Biochar .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1 Effect of biochar on soil proprieties ...................................................................................... 4 1.1.2 Effect of biochar on plant growth ......................................................................................... 5 1.1.3 Biochar and fertilizer interactions ......................................................................................... 6 1.1.4 Biochar and plant resistance ................................................................................................. 8 1.1.5 Effect of biochar on microbial communities ......................................................................... 8 1.2 Seed-coating ................................................................................................................................ 12 1.3 Pseudomonas libanensis – characteristics and influence on plant .............................................. 14 1.4 Bradyrhizobium japonicum – characteristics and influence on plants ........................................ 16 3. Research Question and Objectives .................................................................................................. 18 Preface to Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................................. 19 4. Biochar as an inoculant carrier for the novel phosphate solubilizing bacterial strain Pseudomonas libanensis and its potential to improve corn growth .............................................. 20 4.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 20 4.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 21 4.3 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................ 23 4.3.1 Biochar source, characterization, and carrier preparation ................................................... 23 4.3.2 Pseudomonas libanensis: culture and phosphate solubilisation .......................................... 23 4.3.3 Response of P. libanensis to biochar carrier ....................................................................... 25 4.3.4 Biochar and seed-coating storage time experiment ............................................................ 26 4.3.5 Evaluation of seed-coating and inoculated biochar on plant growth .................................. 26 4.3.6 Statistical analysis ............................................................................................................... 28 4.4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................... 29 4.4.1 Quality of carrier ................................................................................................................. 29 4.4.2 Phosphate solubilisation by Pseudomonas libanensis ........................................................ 31 i 4.4.3 Storage time of P. libanensis inoculated biochar and seed-coating .................................... 32 4.4.4 Evaluation of seed-coating and biochar inoculant on corn growth ..................................... 34 4.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 38 4.6 Tables and figures ....................................................................................................................... 41 Preface to Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................................. 51 5. Biochar as an inoculant carrier for Bradyrhizobium japonicum and its potential to improve soybean growth .................................................................................................................................. 52 5.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 52 5.2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 52 5.3 Materials and methods ................................................................................................................ 55 5.3.1 Bradyrhizobium japonicum source and culture ................................................................... 55 5.3.2 Evaluation of B. japonicum seed-coating and biochar inoculant on soybean growth ......... 56 5.4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................... 58 5.4.1 Storage time of B. japonicum inoculated biochar and seed-coating ................................... 58 5.4.2 Evaluation of seed-coating and biochar inoculant on soybean growth ............................... 61 5.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 68 5.6 Tables and Figures ...................................................................................................................... 70 6. Summary, Conclusions and Future Research ................................................................................ 78 References .................................................................................................................................................. 81 ii Abstract In recent years, biochar has gained importance as a way to deal with global climate change, by sequestering C into soils, but also as a soil amendment and bioremediation tool. Many studies have demonstrated the positive influence of biochar on soil quality and subsequently, plant growth, although the results are not consistent and climate seems to be the main reason for this inconsistency. Biochar, with its highly porous structure, is believed to provide a suitable habitat for many microorganisms by protecting them from predation and desiccation; additionally it might also provide reduced carbon as an energy source and mineral nutrients. However, not much attention has been focused on biochar and microbial interactions. In this study, we propose the use of biochar as an inoculant carrier for plant-beneficial bacteria. Presently the most commonly used carrier for bacterial inoculants is peat moss. However, peat is a natural and effectively non-renewable resource; its overuse is of great environmental concern. Moreover, rapidly decreasing reserves of peat have led to price increases, which ultimately limit its use. A good bacterial carrier must possess a number of key features. It should be relatively unlimited, locally available and inexpensive; furthermore, it should have good water holding capacity and aeration properties and most important of all, it should sustain growth and survival of bacteria over time. Additionally, the right inoculant carrier should be non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and easily produced, sterilized and handled in the field. Finally, it should easily release bacteria into the soil, be simply converted to powder, mixable, packageable and adhere to the seed. I hypothesised that biochar can fulfill the conditions of a suitable carrier; its chemical and physical properties can create appropriate conditions for bacteria habitat and provide some nutrients that sustain survival and growth of bacteria over time. Moreover, it was expected that biochar can be successfully used as seed-coating material. Therefore the objectives of this research were to: 1) determine whether biochar can serve as a carrier for beneficial bacteria, 2) identify biochar(s) which sustains bacteria viability at the highest population density, 3) create a seed-coating system which could potentially
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