For Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve 19.I Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor

Chapter 19: Kootenay ChapterPlains Ecological Reserve Features 19 Analysis

Features Analysis

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for Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve 19.i Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor

Prepared by EcoLeaders Interpretation and Environmental Education Box D82, Bowen Island, BC V0N 1G0 email: [email protected] phone: (604) 947-0483 www.ecoleaders.ca Sample Pages

19.ii Chapter 19: Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis Contents Introduction … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.1 Overview … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.3 The Role of Ecological Reserves … … … … … … … … … … … 19.3 Role of Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve … … … … … … … … … 19.3 Climate … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.5 Geology … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.6 Bedrock … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.6 Fossils … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.6 Geomorphology … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.9 Glacial Features … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.9 Other Important Geomorphological Features … … … … … … … … 19.11 Vegetation and Plant Communities … … … … … … … … … … … 19.13 Grasslands … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.13 Forested Lands … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.13 Ponds and Wetlands … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.13 Environmentally Significant Features … … … … … … … … … … 19.17 Wildlife … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.19 Wildlife Abundance … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.19 Mammals … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.19 Large Mammals … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.19 Small Mammals … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.20 Rare Species … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.20 Extirpated SpeciesSample … … … … … … Pages… … … … … … 19.21 Birds … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.22 Amphibians … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.23 Fish … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.24 Insects … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.25 The Watershed Concept … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.27 The North Saskatchewan River Watershed … … … … … … … … … 19.27 The North Saskatchewan River Watershed … … … … … … … 19.27 Human History Significant Archaeological Features … … … … … … … … … … 19.29 Recent History … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.29 Current First Nations Use … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.31

19.iii Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor

Activities … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.33 Recreation … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.33 Infrastructure Related to Visitor Services Programming … … … … … … … 19.35 Introduction … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.35 Access Points … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.36 Suspension Bridge … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.38 Viewpoints … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.38 Trails … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.39 Signs … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.41 Safety Signs … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.41 Interpretive Signs … … … … … … … … … … … … … 19.42 Wayfinding Signs and Brochure … … … … … … … … … … 19.43 Monuments and Commemorative Signs … … … … … … … … … 19.44

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19.iv Chapter 19: Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis

Finally, for each feature there are recommendations with Introduction regard to: This chapter analyses the major features of the Kootenay • additional research and inventory work needed Plains Ecological Reserve that are described in detail in to understand the location and significance of Background Papers 2 and 4. Here, each feature is briefly the feature(s) described, and the location of detailed coverage in the • interpretation education and information/ back ground papers are cited. orientation activities that should take place Then the feature is assessed in terms of: Visitor Services staff can use the information in this • significance to the ecological reserve chapter to: • visibility to park visitors • review of current knowledge of key features • accessibility to users of the ecological reserve - assisting staff in choosing what site features • seasonality–what seasons of the year can this be to highlight in interpretation and education observed offerings • what dangers this feature poses to users of the - an initial source of information (along with ecological reserve Background Papers 2 and 4) to be used when • what dangers use, visitation and/or observation developing interpretation, education and of this feature pose to the sustainability of the information/orientation offerings ecological reserve’s habitats, plants, animals, • guide the identification of areas where further historic sites and natural functions research on key features is needed

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19.1 Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor

[ Kootenay Plains Kootenay Ecological Ecological Reserve

Sample Pages Figure 19.1 The The location of Plains 19.1 Figure Kootenay ReserveEcological in the NorthValley. Saskatchewan River

19.2 Chapter 19: Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis

Overview

The Role of Ecological Reserves Significance High Ecological reserves are unique entities in the Alberta Parks Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve established in 1983, is System. Unlike other property classifications within the Alberta’s first ecological reserve. It is significant in at least Alberta Parks system, the main reason for their existence four ways: is the protection of the land’s ecosystems, habitats and natural and cultural features, and associated biodiversity. 1. This site features a rare opportunity for visitors to discover To reduce impact of human use, the site focuses on low and enjoy the province’s rare Montane Natural Subregion impact recreation activities. and the exceptional natural features of the Kootenay Plains. Role of Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve 2. Through featuring the unique natural systems that it This ecological reserve was set up to protect a section of protects and showing best practice in land management, the Kootenay Plains. This is Alberta Park’s largest section Alberta Parks could use Kootenay Plains Ecological of protected Montane Natural Subregion which contains Reserve has a “poster child” displaying what an ecological a significant number of rare plant species. Its abundant reserve is, why they are important to Albertans. but provincially rare, montane grasslands and montane 3. According to the, ecological reserves are intended to be woodlands have historically supported huge populations used as natural laboratories for formal research. The site’s of ungulates including bison (now extirpated), elk, rare species and habitats, near pristine natural conditions bighorn sheep, deer (mule and whitetail), moose and and ease of access give it great potential as a research site woodland caribou (now probably extirpated). The for biologists and ecologists. According to the Kootenay ecological reserve continues to provide winter forage for Plains Ecological Reserve Management Plan (1995) large numbers of elk as well as healthy populations of citing two unnamed research papers prepared in before deer, bighorn sheep and moose. the building of the Bighorn Dam in 1972, the Kootenay Unlike most of the province’s ecological reserves, Plains may have been part of an ice-free corridor through Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve has a significant which the ancestors of present day First Nations People number of visitors. This is probably because of a immigrated to North America from Asia. Preliminary combination of the following factors: archeology research has found some very old signs of • it nearness to a well-travelledSample highway (Hwy. 11) Pageshuman habitation and suggest that many more may be • its easy access (the Siffleur Falls Staging Area and found in the reserve. Also, the long-time abundance of its trail system) wildlife in the Kootenay Plains implies that there will be • the fame of its easily accessed Siffleur Falls rich findings for archeologists looking for information • the importance of the Kootenay Plains as a sacred about Aboriginal people throughout the past ten thousand place to the Stoney First Nation and other Alberta years. First Nations 4. Another key purpose for the Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve is education. Detailed Coverage Montane Natural Subregion–>Background Paper 2: 1.64–1.65 Visibility High Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve–>Background Paper 4: 3.2–3.4 The Kootenay Plains are one of the province’s most accessible examples of the Montane Natural Subregion.

Access Relatively Easy Located adjacent to a high quality road, Highway 11, this is the province’s most accessible ecological reserve.

Seasonality Year-Round The reserve is open year-round. Although visitation takes place mostly in the summer, trail counts and vehicle counts at the Siffleur Falls Staging Area show that the site is used year-round. For details see Chapter 20: Visitor Analysis.

19.3 Chapter 19: Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis

➥ Recommendations Education Although the site is a significant distance from any major population centre in Research/Inventory Recommendations Alberta, Alberta Parks there is already significant use of the site by school groups (see Alberta Parks staff should consider putting significant effort into making the sidebar on the facing page). Alberta Parks is developing initiatives for school-based Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve an important site for academic research. education programming. The Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve has many positive Although one of its mains purposes is to provide opportunities for biological and aspects including: historical research, to date only limited research and inventory work has taken place. • easy access by road The following pages will include a number of specific recommendations for research. • nearness to accommodation including the Shunda Creek Hostel in No research has been conducted to investigate the effect of the ecological reserve Nordegg and camping in adjacent Kootenay Plains PRA designation on the ecological integrity of the Kootenay Plains. • high potential for important research in ecology and archeology Interpretation/Education Recommendations Ideally, Alberta Parks could work with researchers from universities who are Interpretation conducting studies in the reserve to develop curriculum-linked citizen science projects Visitor Services staff should include interpretive services that assist visitors to: that would give middle school and high school students opportunities to make • discover and explore features that define the montane subregion real contributions to the understanding and stewardship of the Kootenay Plains. • learn about and explore the features that make the Kootenay Plains These projects would also help students and teachers develop understanding and unique appreciation for the place of Alberta Parks in long-term enjoyment and protection of • understand and appreciate why this part of the Kootenay Plains has been the province’s heritage. designated an ecological reserve In addition, Alberta Parks is becoming a leader in remote education • know what makes an ecological reserve different from a provincial park programming through video-conferencing with schools and classes that remain or other Alberta Park’s designation in their classrooms. This make it possible that, with the right partners including in-agency partners such as the Fish Creek Environmental Learning Centre in Calgary, Alberta Parks could make this ecological reserve a key component of the agency’s distance learning initiatives. This chapter will include more detailed recommendations throughout. Climate

Its unique location in the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountains Visibility not visible and position in the northern edge of the Chinook Region of Alberta result in a dry climateSample that supports a number of Climate Pages is not directly visible,. However, a knowledgeable regionally unique plant communities including grasslands. biologist can predict this climate by reading the landscape—observing the plants animals and communities present and making educated inferences about the climate. Detailed Coverage Chinooks–>Background Paper 2: 1.26 Climate Change–>Background Paper 2: 1.27–35 ➥ Aspect and Microclimate–>Background Paper 2: 1.36-37 Recommendations Kootenay Plains Climate–>Background Paper 4: 3.5 Research/Inventory Recommendations Because the climate of the Kootenay Plains is unique and results in a unique habitat that has apparently weathered the many changes that have occurred here since the Significance High last ice age, this area may be an ideal location to study climate change and its effects. The plant communities supported by this climate include a number of species found nowhere else in Alberta plus Interpretation/Education Recommendations a number of disjunct plant species and communities Because chinooks play an important role in shaping the flora and fauna of this found in the province only in areas far away. These plant landscape, they should be interpreted at this site. communities combined with low accumulation of snow in An important part of the interpretive and education program at this site must be winter support an abundance of large mammals especially observing the landscape and inferring what climate effects created conditions for elk. Throughout human history the abundance of game the present flora and fauna. This can include the observable effects of aspect on has attracted people to this area. The climate (including microclimate. chinooks) created conditions for high numbers of game This should be coupled with the historic, cultural and spiritual connection of First animals, and the low winter snowfall made hunting them Nations people with this landscape. much easier.

19.5 Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor

Geology Bedrock Although most of the Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve is covered in hundreds of metres of sand, gravel and silt deposited by glacial meltwater and the North Saskatchewan River, there are numerous places where bedrock is exposed. Two key easily accessed locations are along the Siffleur Falls Trail and at Whirlpool Point. The Siffleur Falls Trail affords some spectacular views of sedimentary rock in the Siffleur River Canyon and Whirlpool Point provides access to a much rarer outcrop of quartzite-rich metamorphic rock. There are probably many more easily accessible bedrock outcrops in the ecological reserve but there has not been a detailed mapping of the site.

Fossils Almost all the bedrock in the area is sedimentary. Fossils have been reported in the bedrock exposures near plunge pools on the floor of the Siffleur Canyon. No details were available about the age and type of fossils. There may Figure 19.4. A bedrock exposure along Siffleur Falls Trail. be significant fossil bed in the ecological reserve For example, Graham Thursfield (personal communications 2011) reported that he has found numerous marine fossils, mostly mollusks (clam shells imprints) along the Siffleur Falls trail. However, there have been no detailed studies. SampleDetailed Pages Coverage Background Paper 2: 1.6–1.17 Significance Bedrock–>High Fossils–>Unknown Bedrock The bedrock exposures provide visitors with the opportunity to discover and contemplate the deep history of this landscape recorded in the rocks.

Fossils Currently it is not know if there are any significant or easily viewable fossil beds in the reserve.

Visibility High Bedrock is easily viewable in many locations in the reserve. Figure 19.6. Bedrock exposures at Whirlpool Point.

Access Variable As has already been stated, key locations for close views of bedrock include the Siffleur Falls Trail and Whirlpool Point.

Seasonality Year-Round

19.6 Chapter 19: Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis

Danger to Visitors Variable Front Range Mountains The trails in the reserve afford excellent views of many Users of Siffleur Falls Trail walk along the top of the deep of the area’s front range mountains. Many of these and steep Siffleur River Canyon. Visitors to Whirlpool mountains show the sharply tilted stratigraphy diagnostic Point will be close to the steep banks of the deep, cold of the Front Ranges of the Rocky Mountains (see Figures and fast-flowing North Saskatchewan River. All visitors to 19.6—7). As well, the Siffleur River Canyon at the first these sites must be warned of these dangers. lookout shows this tilted stratigraphy see Figure 19.8) so well that photos at this site have been used to illustrate Danger to the Resources Varies books and papers on geology of the area. Bedrock exposures are generally safe from damage. However, rock faces can defaced by graffiti.

Note Re: Fossils: Alberta has one of the strictest fossil protection laws in the world (Alberta Historical Resources Act). Excavating fossils (dislodging in any manner fossils imbedded/buried in the ground or rock) requires special permits available only to professional paleontologists. Surface collecting (picking up isolated fossils that are clearly loose on the surface of the ground) is permitted, but only on private land (with the land owner’s permission) and on provincial Crown land. Fossils may not be collected in any provincial/national park Figure 19. 6. View of Front Range Mountain from Siffleur River Bridge on Glacier Trail. or protected area including ecological reserves. Violation is punishable by fines of up to $50,000 and/or one year in prison. As well, any legally collected fossil always remain the property of the Province of Alberta. The finder may hold the fossil for their own purpose but may not sell it or transfer it outside of the province. This has deep implications for interpreting fossils in the ecological reserve. Visitors Samplemust be made aware of the Pages provincial regulations and should not be encouraged to collect fossils in the reserve.

➥ Recommendations Figure 19. 7. View of Front Range Mountain from near the suspension bridge over the Research/Inventory Recommendations North Saskatchewan River. The reserve currently does not have an inventory of bedrock exposures or fossils. This would be useful information for Visitor Services staff wishing to interpret the deep history of the site. Visitor Services staff should encourage and enable academic researchers to conduct studies and inventories of the geological features of the reserve. A key partner for this type of project is the Alberta Geological Survey. Interpretation/Education Recommendations There are several bedrock exposures within easy viewing of trails. These could be locations for interpretation of the deep history of the area. Fossils could be an important part of this interpretation: 1. If there are viewable fossils located in safe locations near trails (see research recommendations above) 2. If the Alberta Parks Management team feels that there is sufficient enforcement capacity to ensure fossil collecting does not occur in the reserve Figure 19. 8. View of tilted bedrock stratigraphy typical of the Front Ranges of the Rocky Visitor experience staff can develop school programming (on-site and virtual) Mountains seen from the first viewpoint on the Siffleur Falls Trail. focusing on: • Rocks and Minerals (Grade 3– see page 6.17, Chapter 5: Curriculum Analysis)

19.7 Chapter 19: Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis

➥ Recommendations An ideal partner for developing interpretive materials about the geology and mountains is the Geological Survey of Alberta. This agency has worked with Alberta Research/Inventory and Interpretive Recommendations Parks in the past, developing interpretive signs about the geology of Big Hill Springs Many visitors to the reserve are interested in knowing the names and histories of Provincial Park near Cochrane. They also made commitments to conduct research the mountains that they view along the reserve’s trails and viewpoints. A catalogue on the origin of some geological formations in Glenbow Ranch Provincial Park. The of viewable mountains, locations for viewing and background information about contact for these projects was: Roy Eccles of the Alberta Geological Survey (roy. the origin of their names, people who have climbed them and information about [email protected]). trails and accents would be very useful for Visitor Services staff who could develop interpretive materials ranging from smart phone applications, ebooks, brochures and interpretive signs. Geomorphology Glacial Features Most of the other glacier features are deposits of sand, The most recent glacial period or ice age took place at silt gravel and rocks that were first ground from bedrock the end of the Pleistocene, from approximately 110,000 then transported eastward by the moving glacial ice. This to 10,000 years ago. During this time there were several material was then dropped by the melting glaciers. Huge cold periods when ice sheets advanced southward volumes of water released by the melting glaciers then from the arctic and eastward and westward from the picked up, moved, sorted and deposited these materials Rocky Mountain Cordillera. In the area of the Kootenay into various landforms that can be seen in the reserve Plains, the ice advance was eastwards from the North today. Saskatchewan Glacier, part of the Columbia Ice Field. Wittkugel (1983) defined four land systems units within Geologists have found evidence of two ice advances and the reserve: two glacial retreats within the North Saskatchewan River 1. Fans and Flood Plain Land System Valley. Almost all of the visible glacial features are a result 2. Lateral Bench Land System of the final glacial advance and retreat that ended about 3. Mountain Slope Land System 10,000 years ago. 4. Rockland Land System The most striking glacial feature is the U-shaped valley The two most prevalent systems are glacial meltwater in of the North Saskatchewan River and the valleys of origin; the valley bottom fans and floodplains, and the Whiterabbit Creek and theSample Siffleur River (see Figure 19.9) slightly Pages higher lateral benches. which was carved by the moving glaciers.

Siffleur Whiterabbit River Valley Creek Valley

Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve

Figure 19. 9. U-shaped valleys of Whiterabbit Creek and the Siffleur River speak of their glacial past.

19.9 Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 10 10 Figure 19.10 Major geomorphological features of Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve. Map based on maps by Wittkugel (1983) and Bruhjell et al (1997). 09 [ 09 Abraham Lake

08 08

Lateral Benches Fans and Flood Plane

07 07

Fans and Flood Plane 11 Whiterabbit 06 Creek 06 North U-Shaped Valley Saskatchewan River Kootenay Plains PRA

05 05 Fans Two O’clock Creek/ Calvacade Campground Glacier Sampleand Flood Pages Trail Plane Siﬄeur Falls Suspension Staging Area Bridge Lateral Calcareous 04 Benches 04 Cliff Siﬄeur Falls

Kinglet Lake Mountain Trail 03 Slopes 03 Glacier Siffleur Siffleur Trail Falls Rocklands Falls Trail Kootenay Plains Siffleur Ecological River Canyon 02 02 Reserve Siffleur Bacountry Access Trail E Siffleur Siffleur River Wilderness Area 01 Whirlpool Lateral 01 Point Benches Loudon Creek U-Shaped Valley

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 19.10 Chapter 19: Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis

Detailed Coverage Glacial Features–>Background Paper 2: 1.19–1.24 Danger to the Resources Moderate Background Paper 4: 3.4–3.7 Much of the soil of the reserve is fine, dry and sparsely vegetated. People, mountain bikes and horses straying Significance High from designated trails can damage vegetation and cause significant erosion. The Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve is a site that speaks of its glacial history. There are several locations where visitors can look up the wide U-shaped glacier-sculpted ➥ Recommendations valleys of Whiterabbit Creek and the Siffleur River. As well, Research/Inventory and Interpretive Recommendations almost all of the ecological reserve consists of glacial melt- Wittkugel (1983) identified and mapped four Land System Units for the proposed water features (see the general location of these features in Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve. Since that time the boundaries of the ecological Figure 19.10 on the facing page). reserve have changed significantly, especially on the north and eastern sides. Figure 19.10 on the facing page includes an estimation of the location of flood plain and Visibility High lateral bench land system units in these areas. A complete review and mapping of Most glacial features can be easily viewed and identified. lands system will be valuable for Visitor Services staff. This will aid planning and delivering interpretation about glacial features in the reserve. Access Generally easy but variable Interpretation/Education Recommendations Because it is so prominent, glacial features should be interpreted to site visitors. An ideal partner for this will be the Geological Survey of Alberta. Seasonality Year-Round

Danger to Visitors Limited Some of the lateral bench lands have steep slopes unskilled hikers can fall if they stray from designated trails. Other Important Geomorphological Features Siffleur Falls The Siffleur River Canyon has several waterfalls, the first Calcareous (Limestone) Cliffs falls are located in the ecological reserve (see Figure 19.10 Bruhjell et al (1997) indicatedSample that these limestone cliffs Pages on the facing page). Siffleur Falls Trail provides access to are common in the reserve, but mapped only one location view the falls. (see Figure 19.10 on the facing page).

Siffleur River Canyon The Siffleur River has cuts deeply exposing the many strata of sedimentary bedrock (see Figure 19.10 on the facing page). Siffleur Falls Trail provides several good views of the canyon.

Figure 19.11. Siffleur Canyon looking downstream from the lower Siffleur Falls viewpoint. Figure 19.12. Siffleur Falls.

19.11 Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 10 10

09 09

Abraham Lake

08 08 1. Montane Woodland 9. Limber Pine 2. Unique Wetland 10. Meadow 3. Pond 11. Calcareous Cliﬀ 6 4. Unique Meadow 12. Spring-fed Wetland 6 5. Spring Fen 13. Wetland 14. Chanel Edge and Meander Pools 07 6 Montane Grassland 6 07 7. Riverside Seepage 15. River Valley 9 1 8. Alkaline Pond and Seepage 6

11 1 Whiterabbit Creek 06 6 06 North Saskatchewan River 6 Kootenay Plains PRA 9 1 05 05 Two O’clock Creek/ Glacier Calvacade Campground 1 6 Trail Sample SifflPageseur Falls 9 Suspension Staging Area Bridge 9 04 11 1 6 04 6 Siffleur 12 Falls 7 7 Kinglet 10 Lake Glacier 03 Trail 03 Trail 14 Siffleur 6 Falls Trail Kootenay 8 Plains 5 6 1 Ecological 3 02 02 6 Reserve 4 14 13 13 2 1 Siffleur 3 Bacountry 13 Access Trail Siffleur Siffleur 13 River Wilderness

01 Area 01 9 Loudon 13 13 Creek

00 Figure 19.12. Location of01 key Environmentally Significant02 Features identified03 by Bruhjell et al (1997).04 05 06

19.16 Chapter 19: Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis

Environmentally Significant Features

Instead of merely describing the biological communities of Significance High the reserve, Bruhjell et al (1997) defined environmentally significant features within these communities as areas Environmentally significant features is an excellent way which are deemed to be important to society in terms of of dividing up natural features for interpretation and ensuring the maintenance of ecological processes or by education. the provision of useful products. This approach is useful to Visitor Services staff for interpreting the key features of Visibility and Access Variable the site. Features easily visible from current trails include: Bruhjell et al’s key findings were that the presence of • the North Saskatchewan River montane woodland and grassland, important ungulate • montane grassland wintering habitat, make the entire Kootenay Plains • montane woodland Ecological Reserve significant. Many rare wetland and • unique meadow calcareous cliff habitats, not represented elsewhere in • small rivers Alberta, are also present within the reserve. • Siffleur River • Lauden Creek The ecological reserve is a mosaic of open forests and • riverside seepage grasslands communities typical of the Montane Sub- • limber pine community Region (see Figure 19.12 on the facing page). • wetlands Significant features of the Kootenay Plains Ecological Features not accessible from current trails: Reserve identified by Bruhjell et al (1997) are listed below. • meadow • ponds Nationally Significant Sites • unique meadow North Saskatchewan River • spring fen • channel edge and meander pools Provincially Significant Sites • calcareous cliff Montane Grasslands • spring-fed wetlands Montane WoodlandsSample Pages• alkaline pond and seepage Limber Pine Community Unique Wetland Seasonality Year-Round Unique Meadow Small Rivers Siffleur River Danger to Visitors Limited Whiterabbit Creek If visitors remain on designated trails there is little danger Two O’Clock Creek to them. Areas of most visitor vulnerability include Loudon Creek bridges and the edges of rivers especially in high water Alkaline Pond and Seepage Area periods when water volume is high, currents are swift and Spring-fed Wetland water is cold. Calcareous (limestone) Cliff Riverside Seepage Areas Danger to the Resources Moderate Locally Significant Sites Habitat associated with all areas of environmental Meadow significance have delicate, sometimes rare plants and Pond are important wildlife habitat. They are vulnerable to Spring Fens trampling and introduction of invasive species.

Detailed Coverage Background Paper 4: 3.16–3.21

19.17 Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor

➥ Recommendations Research/Inventory Recommendations Bruhjell et al (1997) indicated that there are many limestone cliffs in the reserve but only mapped one. The mapped cliff (see Figure 19.12) is not close to an existing trail and therefore is not easily interpreted to visitors. Visitor Services staff should work with experts such as staff at the Alberta Geological Survey to identify and map all limestone cliffs in the reserve. With luck there will be at least one within view or nearby an existing hiking trail. This would make it much easier to interpret this important feature to visitors. Interpretation/Education Recommendations Environmentally Significant Features: This is a very useful concept for Visitor Services staff to use in public and school programming. These areas should be identified and interpreted when these features are located near existing trails so that they can be directly observed by visitors.

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19.18 Chapter 19: Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis

Wildlife Wildlife Abundance Mammals According to existing reports on the Kootenay Plains (Kondra (1979), Wallis and Wershler (1981), Geographic Large Mammals Dynamics Corp (1996), Kootenay Plains Ecological The grasslands in the Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Reserve Management Plan (1996), Bruhjell et al (1997)), support a large number of ungulates. Bruhjell et al (1997) list the Kootenay Plains is an important wildlife area especially as elk, moose, white-tailed deer, mule deer, bighorn sheep, and overwintering habitat for ungulates such as elk, deer (mule woodland caribou as species living in or traveling through the and whitetail), bighorn sheep and moose. Historically the Kootenay Plains. Mountain goats are also present in higher area also was home to significant populations of bison and elevations surrounding the ecological reserve. According to woodland caribou. Bison were extirpated from the area by park staff, elk are by-far the most numerous. In winter they 1859 and woodland caribou are declining throughout most feed on the reserve’s high-nutrition grasses. of their range throughout most of Canada. They may be extirpated from the reserve. Park staff report that black bear are regularly spotted feeding in open meadows and signs of wolf, cougar and lynx are also routinely found. The reason for the abundance of overwintering ungulates is a combination of: • the abundance of winter forage in the grasslands and open forest savannah in the reserve and nearby public lands on the broad floor of the North Saskatchewan River Valley • the rain shadow of the main range of the rocky mountains that reduces the amount of snow Figure 19.13. Bighorn sheep overwinter in the Kootenay Plains. accumulation making it easier for herbivores Abundance to find grass and herb forage (no or little snow Compared to historic reports of ungulate abundance, cover) and to move about to find food and escape present day populations appear to be relatively small. Past predators Samplesurveys Pages conducted by Alberta Fish and Wildlife Services • regular chinooks that further reduce the amount in the Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve revealed of snow accumulation fluctuating use of the area over the past few years, with No thorough on-site inventory of wildlife has taken place. 30 elk observed in the area in 1990, none in 1993 (tracks That said, it is clear that the Kootenay Plains support a broad only), and 94 in 1994. diversity of wildlife. Wallis and Wershler (1981) as an add- Historical and recent observations confirm the significance on to a study of plants in the Kootenay Plains recorded 65 of the Kootenay Plains as winter range for ungulates, species of birds, 14 mammals and 2 amphibians. Bruhjell et particularly elk. al (1997) looked at species distribution literature in Alberta and speculated that there may be 76 species of birds and 49 Winter Distribution of Large Mammals species of mammals. Mussel (1982) found that the highest ungulate use of the Kootenay Plains occurs during winter. This includes elk, deer, moose and bighorn sheep. Migration Routes Elk and mule deer migrate considerable distances between their winter and summer ranges. Wittkugel (1983) indicates that there is no information about the exact location of summer ranges of the ungulates that overwinter in the Kootenay Plains. He identified the main migration routes as the valleys of the North Saskatchewan, the Siffleur and Cline River, and Whiterabbit Creek.

19.19 Chapter 19: Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis

Extirpated Species Danger to Visitors Variable Bison All large mammals are potentially dangerous. Black bear Bruhjell et al (1997) cite observations from the journals of is spotted regularly feeding in open meadows near the Alexander Henry: “Buffalo are very numerous on this plain .. Siffleur Falls staging area. Visitors must follow standard moose and red deer (elk) are also plenty; jumping deer, grizzly safe wildlife viewing procedures. bears, and other animals peculiar to this country are also found here”. Also, Henry and later John Palliser (1863) both made reference to several large herds of bighorn sheep feeding on the Danger to the Resources High grasslands. Over hunting in the early 1800s resulted in a steady Even though they are gathered in the reserve to feed, decline of ungulate numbers and extirpation of bison by 1859. overwintering wildlife are under great cold, nutritional and energy stress. Intentional and unintentional Grizzly Bear harassment can cause animals to run, expend their Grizzlies have historically used the Kootenay Plains habitats limited energy stores and/or lose body heat when they to hunt elk and moose. Bruhjell et al (1997) conclude that feel forced to leave sheltered areas. This can increase in recent times, it is likely that grizzly bears in response to winter mortality and reduce spring mating condition and higher human use have reverted to higher elevation sub- reproductive success. alpine habitats above the reserve. High summer visitation may have resulted in local grizzly Woodland Caribou populations avoiding prime feeding areas in the reserve. Historically, this species has been reported in the reserve. However, there is no information about recent sightings. ➥ Recommendations Looking at the decline of this species across most of its range in Canada and its sensitivity to human activity, it is likely that Research/Inventory Recommendations woodland caribou have been extirpated from the reserve. It is clear that Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve is an important wildlife area in Alberta. Although some general information about major wildlife species is known Detailed Coverage Background Paper 4: 3.13–3.14 there are many gaps such as: • population numbers and population trends of elk and other species • non-winter activities of key wildlife Significance High - exactly where do elk and bighorn sheep spend the non-winter The Kootenay Plains have long been an important wildlife months area. This concentration ofSample game has attracted hunters Pages• census of large mammals since the time that people first came to North America. • census of small mammals • carrying capacity of the Kootenay Plains and Kootenay Plains Ecological Visibility Variable Reserve This research could be commissioned by Alberta Parks by and perhaps financed Large mammals such as elk are often abundant in winter by a funding partner. Or some of these projects could be carried out by academic and may be seen from Highway 11. institution partners such as the University of Calgary’s department of biology as part In summer most of the area’s elk and bighorn sheep of a graduate student’s research. Visitor Services staff will use this information to move out of the reserve to higher elevations and are not keep interpretive and education programming accurate and up-to-date. They could available for viewing. Small mammals are common but no also assist by acting as a liaison between the researchers and Alberta Parks. more visible than elsewhere in the province. Interpretation/Education Recommendations Visitors may get glimpses of large predators and Visitor Services staff should feature: omnivores (e.g., cougar and black and grizzly bear). • the importance of the Kootenay Plains as overwintering habitat for wildlife Access Easy • wildlife species and the area’s high biodiversity • safe wildlife-watching technique Visitor Services programming could also include opportunities for visitors to: Seasonality Year-Round • report wildlife sightings The best wildlife viewing occurs in the winter. • share photos and videos of wildlife taken on the reserve (likely through the reserve’s website) • view updated species lists and natural history notes about wildlife of the reserve • bear safety awareness at the trailhead should be a focus at the trailhead at the Siffleur Falls Staging Area

19.21 Chapter 19: Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis

Significant Archaeological Features Access Unknown The Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Management Plan (1995) has identified twenty-three prehistoric sites known to Danger to Visitors Unknown exist within the Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve. These sites are extremely sensitive and their locations are purposely exclude from this plan. Danger to the Resources High Archeological sites are sensitive to disturbance. Movement or Archaeological studies within the reserve have been sporadic theft of artifacts can reduce or destroy the scientific value of a and project specific. The only extensive survey was conducted site. The sites in the archeological site are especially vulnerable prior to the construction of the Big Horn Dam in 1972. to pilfering by non-qualified people because of a combination of Another study conducted in 1987 focused on the potential easy road access to the reserve, and low staffing levels available of selected landforms to have ancient sites greater than 8000 for patrolling the reserve. For these reasons, information about years of age. This study showed that existing knowledge known archeological sites are not made public. represents only a small percentage of the number that could exist within the reserve. The archaeological sites in the area are the remains of prehistoric hunting and gathering cultures ➥ Recommendations that have used the area for the past 12,000 years or more. . Research/Inventory Recommendations From the limited information available in the reserve’s management plan, it appears that Detailed Coverage the reserve may contain some very important archeological sites that may shed light on Montane Natural Subregion–>Background Paper 2: 1.96–1.101 very early human use and migration through the Kootenay Plains. Visitor Services staff Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve–>Background Paper 4: 3.22 should look into the possibility of working with partners such as the University of Alberta’s Department of Anthropology to investigate the archeological importance of the Kootenay Plains and identify and research key sites. This academic group has a strong history in Significance High working with Alberta Parks as researchers and educators. They have developed and Portions of the reserve is thought to have been ice-free delivered public and school anthropology education programs in Fish Creek Provincial Park near the end stages of the last ice age. The Kootenay Plains in Calgary and Glenbow Ranch Provincial Park near Cochrane. may have been part of the passageway through which the ancestors of North America’s First Nations people emigrated Interpretation/Education Recommendations from the Bering Strait/Yukon area to the southern plains Currently there is insufficient information on the early human history of these lands to during the last ice age. Consequently,Sample it may contain some feature Pages this topic except perhaps to mention that they may have been part of the ice -free of the earliest evidence of human activity on the continent. zone through which people first entered North America. That said, if further research confirms speculation on the importance of this area as a migration corridor, the Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve could become an important site for working with First Nations to Visibility Not visible interpret Alberta’s early human history. Recent History The 1900s to Present Day The Fur Trade Key happenings in this timeline include: • winter of 1902-03 The lands that make up the Kootenay Plains Ecological - Tom Wilson, guide and outfitter established Reserve have been a fur trade transportation route since the his Powderhorn Ranch during in the, near the eighteenth century. The first Euro-Canadian outpost in the confluence of Whiterabbit Creek and the North region was Rocky Mountain House, established in 1799. The Saskatchewan River Kootenay Plains became an important hunting and trapping - remained for eight years hinterland for the fur traders. By 1810, the hostile Peigan - site is now flooded by the Abraham Lake reservoir Nation forced the Euro-Canadian fur traders abandoned the • 1905 Howse Pass and non-native occupation on the Kootenay Plains - Elliot Barnes, established the Kadoona Tinda ceased for nearly one hundred years. Ranch beside Two O’Clock Creek - raised Clydesdale horses for three years • 1950s - construction of the David Thompson Highway - provided access to Banff and Jasper National Parks through the Kootenay Plains • 1974 - Bighorn Dam was built, creating Lake Abraham

19.29 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 10 10

09 09

Chapter 19:Abraham Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis Lake Current First Nations Use Significance High The Stoney Nation and other Aboriginal groups hold the The Kootenay Plains are sacred land to First Nations 08 Kootenay Plains to be sacred land. The nearby Bighorn First people. The Stoney Nation and other First Nations 08 Nation Reserve holds provincial leases to two blocks of land regularly celebrate religious and community ceremonies to the west of the reserve (see Figure 19.18). They regularly on designated ceremonial lands adjacent to the ecological conduct sun dances and other religious rites and ceremonies Reserve. The ecological reserve itself may be used as a on these lands. source of natural medicines and ceremonial materials. Traditionally, members of the Stoney Nation have used the Alberta’s Plan for Parks clearly indicates that the agency Kootenay Plains area for their ceremonial activities. Other must work with First Nations to interpret their culture Indian bands also use the area. and perspectives on nature and history. Because of its proximity to active ceremonial sites, the Kootenay Plains The eastern area of the ceremonial lands contain relocated 07 Ecological Reserve is potentially the best location in the 07 First Nations grave sites. David Thompson Corridor for working with First Nations communities, organizations and individuals to interpret Detailed Coverage Background Paper 4: 3.23 their history and culture.

Visibility Variable

Figure 19.18. Location of First Nation ceremonial lands adjacent to the Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve. 11 Whiterabbit 06 Creek 06

First Nation Ceremonial Land SampleKootenay Pages Plains PRA North Two O’clock Creek/ 05 Saskatchewan 05 Calvacade Campground River Glacier First Nation Trail Ceremonial Siﬄeur Falls Land Suspension Staging Area Bridge

04 04

Siﬄeur Falls

Kinglet Lake

03 Trail 03 Glacier Siffleur Trail19.31 Falls Trail Kootenay Plains Ecological 02 02 Reserve Siffleur Bacountry Access Trail Siffleur Siffleur River Wilderness

01 Area 01

Loudon Creek

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor

Park staff were not aware of any ceremonies that take place in the ecological reserve. As for the adjacent First Nations Ceremonial Lands, there does not appear to be any road-side signs or indicator along Highway 11 that mark them. However, passers-by can often see prayer flags and the remains of ceremonial structures left after ceremonies on these lands have been completed. As well large gatherings of First Nations ceremonial participants may bee seen at times.

➥ Recommendations Research/Inventory Recommendations To learn more about first nations communities and culture parks staff must: • research and develop a list of appropriate contact in local communities • contact key members and develop trusting relationships - look for opportunities to engage in conversation related to interpretation and education of first nations culture • when appropriate, attend local ceremonies and festivals in the district in order to develop firsthand knowledge and understanding of the ceremonies that take place in lands adjacent to the ecological reserve • develop formal and informal partnerships with key individuals, communities and organizations Interpretation/Education Recommendations Alberta Parks staff have been mandated through Alberta’s Plan for Parks (2009) to “… develop and deliver interpretive parks programs in partnership with the Aboriginal community”. This does not suggest that non-native Visitor Services staff should deliver programs about local First Nations history and culture without First Nations input and consultation. Instead, it means that Alberta Parks staff will: Sample Pages• first develop positive relationships with appropriate First Nations community members • investigate avenues for working together on cooperation collaboration on development and delivery of education and interpretation of Aboriginal Culture and history and First Nations Perspectives on land management and natural history This may include: - Fist Nations experts delivering programs themselves - First Nations and park staff working together to deliver programs - Alberta Parks hiring Aboriginal staff to develop and deliver programs Collaboration project may include on site experiential programs and or sign panels.

19.32 Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor

Suspension Bridge This bridge spans the North Saskatchewan River connecting the Siffleur Falls Staging Area to the majority of the reserves trails. It is a much photographed visitor attraction and affords excellent views of the North Saskatchewan River and its valley and many Front Range mountains. ➠ Assessment This bridge provides hikers a chance to look closely at the North Saskatchewan River. However, it is narrow and sways. This makes it unsuitable for interpretive signs. ➥ Recommendations In addition to the existing single panel that includes information about the North Saskatchewan River, one or more interpretive panels focussed on interpreting the North Saskatchewan River and its upper watershed could be placed beside the trail just before hikers cross the bridge on their way into the reserve. If this bridge is replaced by a fixed structure, Visitor Services staff should work with the designer to include two or more wide section of the bridge deck that could become interpretive nodes allowing hikers to stop and interact with interpretive media and make observations of the river (and perhaps do some fish watching) without disrupting the passage of others across the bridge. Also, the memorial bridge dedication plaque located at the trailhead should be moved to a location nearby the bridge (see signs in a following section).

Viewpoints The Siffleur Falls Trail has a viewing platform that enables visitors to safely view the Siffleur River Canyon. An accompanying sign provides information about the view. Sample➠ PagesAssessment Viewing platforms provide safe, well-placed viewing opportunities. Interpretive signs at these locations can help visitors observe, understand and enjoy nearby features. ➥ Recommendations The existing formal viewpoint along the Siffleur Falls Trail should be maintained. There are a number of viewpoints along the same trail that are becoming eroded and a mass of braided trails are forming. These areas are potentially unsafe because trail users can become confused as to which trail is the official trail and may stray into dangerous locations along unofficial trails. Visitor Services Staff should work with the reserve’s management team to identify such areas and investigate the feasibility of constructing additional lookouts at these locations. They will provide a focus for visitors to safely take in views and may limit trail erosion and the development of braided trails. As well, pending the gathering of information about the exact locations and the sensitivity of wildlife at mineral licks in the reserve, Visitor Services Staff could work with the reserve’s management team to develop lookouts and interpretive media for wildlife watching at safe locations.

19.38 Chapter 19: Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve Features Analysis

00 01 02 03 04 05 06 10 10 Trails Figure 19.25. As stated earlier, the ecological Current Trails in the Kootenay Plains reserve has five linear trails (see Ecological Reserve. Figure 19.25).

• Access Trail 09 09 - unnamed trail begins at the Siffleur Falls Staging Area parking lot trailhead, Abraham leads over the North Lake

Saskatchewan08 River via 08 the suspension bridge to its Kootenay Plains junction with Glacier Trail Ecological Reserve - features include Trails - flat flood plain of the North Saskatchewan River 07 F Hiking 07 - soil is very dry, often * Mountain Biking I sandy with sparse vegetation, making it I Equestrian vulnerable to damage by 11 Whiterabbit 06 Creek 06 hikers Wildlife Viewing Site North - sections of low s Saskatchewan F boardwalk in place River to protect sandy soil Kootenay exposed by previous trail Plains PRA *

use 05 05 • Siffleur Falls Trail Two O’clock Creek/ F Calvacade Campground Glacier - reserve’s most popular trail ^ Trail Siffleur Falls Suspension - features include Bridge Staging Area - Siffleur RiverSample Canyon Pages Access - Siffleur Falls 04 Trail 04 - exposed geological strata - wide variety of habitats Siffleur • Kinglet Lake Trail Falls F - trailhead and access point Kinglet Trail adjacent to Highway 11 Lake Trail - steep trail03 ascent outside F 03 the reserve boundary up Glacier Trail to Kinglet Lake and to a Siffleur Falls junction with Tuff Puff Kootenay F Trail Plains * Ecological 02 02 • Siffleur Boundary Access Reserve Trail F Siffleur - a direct rout up to the Bacountry Siffleur Wilderness Area Access Trail Siffleur Siffleur • Glacier Trail River Wilderness - longest trail in the reserve Area 01 s 01 (no data on exact length) Loudon - extends from the Creek southern boundary 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 nearly to Whiterabbit Creek

19.39 Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor

➠ Assessment The ecological reserve’s trails pass through most of the reserve’s main natural features and habitats—see sections on Geomorphology, Vegetation, Environmentally Significant Areas, and Wildlife above for locations. However, current trails do not pass close to some significant features such as limestone cliffs and rare ponds. Condition of some parts of the trail system is poor. For example, much of the Access Trail between Siffleur Falls Staging Area and the suspension bridge consist of bare soil and exposed root with little trail gravel remaining (see Figure 19. 26). This trail likely becomes quite muddy after a rain or during snow melt. Visitors walking this trail in these conditions tend to walk on the grass on the edge of the trail, an action that eventually kills the grass and widens the trail. Such erosion problems have been Figure 19.26. Trail conditions near the Siffleur Falls Staging Area. solved on the same trail east of the suspension bridge by the placement of a low boardwalk (see Figure 19. 27). In steep upper sections of the Siffleur Falls Trail trail bed has been eroded by hiker traffic and weather erosion exposing tree roots (see Figure 19. 28). Exposed roots are not healthy for the trees and can easily trip hikers. Scenic sections of the trail near Siffleur Canyon have patches of eroded, exposed soil and braided trails (see Figure 19. 29). This situation is unsightly, sets up conditions for loss of natural vegetation and opens soil to invasive plants. The braided trails can confuse hikers who may take an unofficial trail instead of the safe official trail and find themselves in a steep dangerous situation near the edge of the canyon. Linear trails are not optimal for visitor experience and interpretation. Studies of visitor experience show that visitors tend to walk the first half of a linear trail with Figure 19.27. Boardwalk east of the suspension bridge. interest. They are open to stopping at interpretive stations and interacting with their environment. However, when faced with a return trip down the same trail, most visitors adopt an I’ve-seen-this-already attitude and concentrate mostly on getting back to their starting point.

Sample➥ PagesRecommendations Short Term Staff should track user counts for each trail in the system (see recommendations in the Recreation section above), sort individual trails in order of visitor use and prioritize maintenance and trail upgrades based on current levels of use, visitor safety issues and areas of habitat degradation (highest use trails are likely to receive most maintenance effort). Main efforts should be to resurface trails and use boardwalks, Figure 19.28. Exposed tree roots on a steep section of the upper Siffleur Falls Trail. ramps and stairs to: - maintain or increase visitor safety - increase visitor ease of access - reduce impact on sensitive ecosystems such as grasslands Long-Term Trail Design For optimal interpretive potential and better visitor experience, Visitor Services staff should investigate the possibility of developing some of the existing linear trails into a loop or nested loop system where visitors can travel through parts of the ecological reserve without having to return back along the same trail. Recommended Procedure

Figure 19.29. Exposed exposed soil and braided trails, upper Siffleur Falls Trail.

19.40 Visitor Services Development Plan for the David Thompson Corridor

Interpretive Signs

The trails in the ecological reserve have a series of interpretive panels developed in 2007. They feature information about the natural and cultural history of the ecological reserve and its importance for wildlife (see figure 19.32 for samples of these signs.

➠ Assessment The series of interpretive signs along the trails between the Siffleur Falls Staging Area and Siffleur Falls has attractive panels that are expertly designed, illustrated with good interpretive writing. They are mounted so that visitors ranging from adults to children can easily view and interact with them. None of these panels have an Alberta Government logo or any text or logo indicating Samplethat thePages Kootenay Plains Ecological Reserve is part of the Alberta Parks system. ➥ Recommendations These signs should be retained and replaced with standard-conforming signs under the normal replacement cycle. Visitor Services staff should inspect each sign annually for weathering and vandalism. Damaged signs should be removed and replaced as soon damage is discovered. If the current design conforms to the Alberta Parks Sign Standards, any new interpretive signs developed for the ecological reserve should use this design.

Figure 19.32. Interpretive signs located along the Access Trail.

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