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Information for Identification of Candidate Critical Habitat of Bull Trout

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Information for Identification of Candidate Critical Habitat of Bull Trout Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Central and Arctic Region Science Response 2020/044 INFORMATION FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE CRITICAL HABITAT OF BULL TROUT, SALVELINUS CONFLUENTUS (SASKATCHEWAN-NELSON RIVERS POPULATIONS) Context Bull Trout, Salvelinus confluentus, is a char endemic to western North America. They occur in cold, clean, complex, and connected watercourses and are sensitive to habitat alterations due to their specific habitat requirements (COSEWIC 2012). They are divided into five Designatable Units (DU) determined by their National Freshwater Biogeographic Zone classification, range disjunction, and genetic lineage. The distribution range of Bull Trout has decreased over the last century, resulting in fragmented and isolated populations. Declines in population abundance have been observed across the range, particularly in the USA and the eastern range in Alberta (DFO 2017). Major threats to Bull Trout are habitat alteration, habitat fragmentation or loss, non- native species, and overfishing. Additionally, climate change, cumulative effects of habitat loss/degradation, road development, and resource extraction also represent threats to Bull Trout (DFO 2017). The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) has assessed Bull Trout (Saskatchewan-Nelson rivers populations), DU 4 as Threatened (COSEWIC 2012). In August 2019, the Government of Canada listed Bull Trout (Saskatchewan-Nelson rivers populations) as Threatened under the Species at Risk Act (SARA). Subsequently, a Recovery Strategy must be developed that identifies the species’ Critical Habitat, or “the habitat that is necessary for the survival or recovery of a listed species and that is identified as the species Critical Habitat in the Recovery Strategy for the species”. Under the SARA, S.41.1(c), a species’ Critical Habitat must be identified to the greatest extent possible, based on the best available information. DFO Species at Risk program has requested Science Advice to support the identification of candidate Critical Habitat for Bull Trout. This Science Response Report results from the Science Response Process of February 27, 2020 on Information for Identification of Candidate Critical Habitat of Bull Trout, Salvelinus confluentus (Saskatchewan-Nelson rivers populations). Background The Saskatchewan-Nelson rivers populations comprise DU 4 of Bull Trout in Canada, an extent of occurrence greater than 20,000 km² in the eastern drainages of Alberta (COSEWIC 2012). Four river basins comprise this area: Oldman, Bow, Red Deer, and North Saskatchewan. Within these basins, main stem rivers, their tributaries, and lakes are used as habitat. Bull Trout typically occur in complex systems with substrates that include boulder, cobble, pebble, and gravel, and use cover provided by vegetation, undercut banks, large woody debris, root-wads, velocity breaks, and substrate. Bull Trout historically occupied lower elevation reaches in the area, however, their distribution is now restricted to headwater reaches in much of the area July 2020 Science Response: Information on Central and Arctic Region candidate Critical Habitat for Bull Trout (DFO 2017). Population modelling suggests that populations are particularly sensitive to disturbances that affect the survival of immature individuals (Caskenette et al. 2016). Three life histories (resident, fluvial, adfluvial) of Bull Trout occur in DU 4 that differ in habitat use, behavior, diet, and growth (Sawatzky 2016). Water temperature is likely the most important natural limitation for Bull Trout, with adults occurring in water 17 °C or less (DFO 2017), but most populations are typically found in streams with mean August temperatures ≤ 12 °C and egg incubation temperatures (October–May) between 1.2–5.4 °C (DFO 2017, Isaak et al. 2017). Seasonal and perennial groundwater inflows are important for Bull Trout, particularly during spawning, warm summer conditions, and to maintain overwintering habitat. Connectivity between habitats is essential for Bull Trout to complete their life cycle and have access to overwintering locations (DFO 2017). Spawning typically occurs between late August through September and migratory individuals may travel large distances to access spawning sites in high gradient headwater or tributary streams (DFO 2017). Redds created by females for spawning and the development of eggs and alevins meet the SARA definition of residence (DFO 2017). The diet of Bull Trout consists of a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates and individuals may change their diet depending on prey availability and Bull Trout life history (DFO 2017). Many of the major threats to Bull Trout in DU 4 are related to their habitat. Natural limitations mainly result from their specific habitat requirements for cold, clean, complex, and connected water. Anthropogenic threats include habitat fragmentation, habitat loss, habitat alteration, interaction with non-native species, and mortality from capture, including fishing and scientific sampling (Sawatzky 2016). Analysis and Response When an aquatic species is listed on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act as Threatened, Endangered or Extirpated, the federal government must identify and protect habitat required for the survival and recovery of the species, which is linked to the population and distribution objectives established in the Species Recovery Strategy. The best available information is used to identify this habitat. Critical Habitat is defined under SARA as “the habitat that is necessary for the survival or recovery of a listed wildlife species”. Further, habitat of aquatic species is defined as “spawning grounds and nursery, rearing, food supply, migration, and any other areas on which aquatic species depend directly or indirectly in order to carry out their life processes or areas on which aquatic species formerly occurred and have the potential to be reintroduced”. Information to support identification of habitat necessary for the survival or recovery of Bull Trout should include the geographic location (e.g., coordinates); functions, features, and attributes; and a summary of habitat identification relative to population and distribution objectives (DFO 2015). This Science Response provides a review of available information that supports the identification of habitat necessary for the survival and recovery of Bull Trout within the Saskatchewan-Nelson rivers populations. Critical Habitat identification includes a biophysical and a geographic description. Consequently, two objectives were identified to support this review and addressed in further detail within this document: Objective 1: Review information available on the habitat necessary for survival and recovery of Bull Trout Saskatchewan-Nelson rivers populations (DU 4) and identify the functions, features, and attributes of this habitat. Objective 2: Present candidate Critical Habitat locations using the Bounding Box approach. 2 Science Response: Information on Central and Arctic Region candidate Critical Habitat for Bull Trout The intent of the Science Response is to inform identification of candidate Critical Habitat. Data to map watercourses, waterbodies, Hydrological Unit Code (HUC) watersheds (on a HUC 8 watershed scale for the Province of Alberta and HUC 12 watershed scale in National Parks, respectively), and species distribution (presence/absence) were gathered from the Alberta Fish and Wildlife Management Information System (FWMIS) and Parks Canada. Files for wooded areas, national and provincial boundaries were downloaded from the Government of Canada Open Government Portal. A detailed review of the functions, features, and attributes of habitat used by each life stage of Bull Trout was completed for the Recovery Potential Assessment of Bull Trout (DFO 2017) and is summarized in Table 1. Given the information available, the Bounding Box Approach (BBA) was used to delineate candidate Critical Habitat, which defines an area within which Critical Habitat is found (DFO 2015). The BBA is useful when habitat features and their attributes can be described but their exact location varies yearly or knowledge of their specific location is not available. In order for a particular site to be considered Critical Habitat, it must be within the bounding box and represent the described functions, features, and attributes within the bounding box. The Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) developed by the United States Geological Survey and modified by the Alberta Environment and Parks was used to display the bounding box for candidate Critical Habitat on a HUC 8 (provincial waters; Figure 1) and on a HUC 12 watershed scale in National Parks (AESRD 2014; Figure A1.43). The HUC 8 scale was used for provincial assessment of Bull Trout as it addressed the interconnection of resident and fluvial life history types and was a workable scale at the provincial level (MacPherson et al. 2014) whereas Parks Canada Agency adopted a HUC 12 scale. The following three-step approach was used to inform the identification of candidate Critical Habitat on provincially-managed lands (HUC 8) and National Parks (HUC 12) for the Saskatchewan-Nelson rivers Bull Trout populations. Step 1 The Bounding Box Approach was used on HUC 8 or 12 scale, respectively, to identify the current population range of Bull Trout for consideration as candidate Critical Habitat. Areas were either included or excluded based on the following criteria: • HUCs within the distributional range of Bull Trout defined by Alberta’s current Fish Sustainability
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