DOCSLIB.ORG

Coal Extraction Data

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coal Extraction Data Alpha NR A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 1 2 Coal extraction data 3 Richard Heede 4 Climate Mitigation Services 5 File started: 11 January 2005 6 Last modified: August 2011 7 8 yellow column Alpha Natural Resources indicates original 9 reported units 10 www.alphanr.com Abingdon, Virginia 11 Production / Extraction data 12 Year Steam coal Metallurgical Total Coal Gross production Gross production Gross production Gross production Gross production Gross production 13 14 Million tons/yr Million tonnes/yr Million tons/yr Million tonnes/yr Million tons/yr Million tonnes/yr 15 16 1950 Alpha’s Form 10-K for 2008: SIC Code 1221 - Bituminous Coal and Lignite Surface Mining 17 1951 18 1952 19 1953 20 1954 21 1955 22 1956 23 1957 24 1958 25 1959 26 1960 27 1961 28 1962 29 1963 30 1964 31 1965 32 1966 33 1967 34 1968 35 1969 36 1970 37 1971 38 1972 39 1973 40 1974 41 1975 42 1976 43 1977 44 1978 Alpha Corporate Profile 2011 45 1979 46 1980 47 1981 Alpha Natural Resources acquired Massey Energy in 2011 48 1982 49 1983 50 1984 51 1985 52 1986 53 1987 54 1988 55 1989 56 1990 57 1991 58 1992 59 1993 60 1994 61 1995 RAG American 1999-2003 62 1996 Foundation Coal 2003-2008 RAG American 63 1997 million tons 1999-2003 64 1998 no RAG or Foundation Coal prior to 1999 million tons 65 1999 NMA 1999 RAG American 59.2 Alpha 59.2 59.2 53.7 66 2000 NMA 2000 RAG American 63.4 million tons 63.4 63.4 57.5 67 2001 NMA 2001 RAG American 65.5 65.5 65.5 59.4 68 2002 NMA 2002 RAG American 71.0 71.0 71.0 64.4 69 2003 NMA 2003 RAG American 72.2 17.5 72.2 89.7 81.4 70 2004 NMA 2004 Foundation 61.4 Coal 19.5 RAG sold coal mining operations in 2004 80.9 73.4 71 2005 NMA 2005 Foundation 66.3 Coal 20.6 86.9 78.8 72 2006 NMA 2006 Foundation 71.6 Coal 24.8 Alpha NR Alpha NR 96.4 87.5 73 2007 NMA 2007 Foundation 71.8 Coal 24.2 steam coal metallurgical 96.0 87.1 74 2008 NMA 2008 Foundation 69.4 Coal 23.5 15.5 11.4 92.9 84.3 75 2009 NMA 2009incl. FoundationAlpha 85.0 39.1 8.1 85.0 77.1 76 2010 NMA 2010incl. FoundationAlpha 82.2 73.0 11.9 82.2 74.6 77 78 Total 672 297 128 363 969 879 79 80 2008-2010 total: 490 Alpha NR only 81 Coal Types: Steam coal 26.02% Metallurgical 73.98% Total 82 CoalAngloNorthAmerican.xls Alpha NR Cell: D9 Comment: Rick Heede: www.alphanr.com: “Alpha was formed in 2002 and went public in February 2005, trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “ANR.” Over the years Alpha has grown steadily through acquisitions and by building a reputation for itself as one of the nation’s leading coal producers.” “On July 31, 2009, the shareholders of both Foundation Coal and Alpha Natural Resources approved the merger of theirtwo companies.” Wikipedia: “Foundation Coal Holdings, Inc. was a large American coal mining company. Until its July 31, 2009 merger with Alpha Natural Resources (NYSE stock symbol ANR) to form the third largest American coal company, the company was publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol FCL. With corporate offices in Linthicum Heights, Maryland, the former Foundation Coal operates coal mines in Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Wyoming, and was, prior to its merger with Alpha Natural Resources, the fourth-largest American coal producer by tonnage.[1] Foundation Coal, through subsidiaries, owns and operates several of the largest coal mines in the United States, including: Belle Ayr Mine, Wyoming: 26.6 million short tons produced in 2007; Eagle Butte Mine, Wyoming: 25.0 million short tons produced in 2007; Cumberland Mine, Pennsylvania: 7.3 million short tons produced in 2007; Emerald Mine No 1, Pennsylvania: 6.7 million short tons produced in 2007.” Cell: D11 Comment: Rick Heede: Coal production by coal mining companies and state-owned enterprises, including subsidiaries of oil and gas companies. Coal types produced are not ordinarily reported by coal operators (except for metallurgical coal). We distinguish, where possible and reasonably well known, between hard (bituminous and subbituminous) and soft (lignite or peat) coals, especially for the larger companies operating in regions such as Australia and India where soft coals are predominant. Soft coals have lower carbon content per tonne than do hard coals. Cell: D61 Comment: Rick Heede: “In July 2004, RAG Coal Holding Company became Foundation Coal Corp., formed by a private equity consortium consisting of First Reserve Corporation, The Blackstone Group, and American Metals & Coal International (AMCI). Foundation then began trading publicly in December 2004.” National Mining Association (2005) Coal Producer Survey 2004, page 3. Cell: H62 Comment: Rick Heede: “In July 2004, RAG Coal Holding Company became Foundation Coal Corp., formed by a private equity consortium consisting of First Reserve Corporation, The Blackstone Group, and American Metals & Coal International (AMCI). Foundation then began trading publicly in December 2004.” National Mining Association (2005) Coal Producer Survey 2004, page 3. Cell: H70 Comment: Rick Heede: “Until the close of 2003 RAG Coal International was among the leading mining and trading companies on the international coal market with mines in the USA, Australia and Venezuela. As a result of the restructuring of RAG the company’s mining activities have been sold. Today, RAG Coal International is the umbrella for all national and international activities of RAG having to do with coal.” Source: www.rag-coalinter.de/index_e.shtml Cell: E75 Comment: Rick Heede: Alpha Natural Resources merged with Foundation Coal, July 2009. CoalAngloNorthAmerican.xls.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alpha Coal Handbook 2
    201 2 2 Alpha Coal Handbook Alpha Coal Handbook A reference guide for coal, ironmaking, electricity generation, and emissions control technologies. 2012 Edition Forward-Looking Statements Statements in this document which are not statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements” within the Safe Harbor provision of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements are not guarantees of future per- formance. Many factors could cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Who Is Alpha? These factors are discussed in detail in our filings with the SEC. We make forward-looking statements based on currently available information, and we assume no obligation to update the statements made herein due to changes in underlying Alpha Natural Resources is one of the world’s premier coal suppliers factors, new information, future developments, or otherwise, except as required by law. with coal production capacity of greater than 120 million tons a Third Party Information This document, including certain forward-looking statements herein, includes information obtained from third party year. Alpha is the United States’ leading supplier of metallurgical sources that we believe to be reliable. However, we have not independently verified this third party information and cannot coal used in the steelmaking process and third-largest in the world. assure you of its accuracy or completeness. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding any third party data contained in this document, such data involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, Alpha is also a major supplier of thermal coal to electric utilities including those discussed in detail in our filings with the SEC.
    [Show full text]
  • Opportunities to Expedite the Construction of New Coal-Based Power Plants
    Opportunities to Expedite the Construction of New Coal-Based Power Plants Chair: Thomas G. Kraemer Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway Co. Vice Chair: Georgia Nelson Midwest Generation EME, LLC Study Co-Chairs: Robert Card U.S. Undersecretary of Energy Dr. E. Linn Draper, Jr. American Electric Power Co. Technical Work Group Chair: Michael J. Mudd American Electric Power Co. Library of Congress Catalog # 2005920127 THE NATIONAL COAL COUNCIL Thomas G. Kraemer, Chairman Robert A. Beck, Executive Director U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Spencer Abraham, Secretary of Energy Opportunities to Expedite the Construction of New Coal-Based Power Plants 2 National Coal Council Report OPPORTUNITIES TO EXPEDITE THE CONSTRUCTION OF NEW COAL-BASED POWER PLANTS Table of Contents Preface..............................................................................................................................................i Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................ii Principal Contributors .................................................................................................................iv Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1: Introduction................................................................................................................. 7 Section 2: Technology Choices and Economics.......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Alpha Complaint
    Case 2:14-cv-11609 Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 1 of 32 PageID #: 1 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA CHARLESTON DIVISION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; the STATE OF WEST ) VIRGINIA by and through the WEST VIRGINIA ) DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; the ) PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ) PROTECTION; and the COMMONWEALTH OF ) KENTUCKY by and through the KENTUCKY ENERGY ) AND ENVIRONMENT CABINET ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) ) Civil Action No. ________2:14-11609 ALPHA NATURAL RESOURCES, INC.; ALPHA ) APPALACHIA HOLDINGS, INC.; ALEX ENERGY, INC.; ) ALPHA PA COAL TERMINAL, LLC; AMFIRE MINING ) COMPANY, LLC; ARACOMA COAL CO., INC.; ) COMPLAINT BANDMILL COAL CORP.; BELFRY COAL CORP.; BIG ) BEAR MINING CO.; BROOKS RUN MINING COMPANY, ) LLC; BROOKS RUN SOUTH MINING LLC; CLEAR FORK ) COAL CO.; CUMBERLAND COAL RESOURCES, LP; ) DELBARTON MINING CO.; DICKENSON-RUSSELL ) COAL COMPANY, LLC; DUCHESS COAL CO.; EAGLE ) ENERGY, INC.; ELK RUN COAL CO., INC.; EMERALD ) COAL RESOURCES, LP; ENTERPRISE MINING ) COMPANY, LLC; GOALS COAL CO.; GREYEAGLE ) COAL CO.; HARLAN RECLAMATION SERVICES LLC; ) HERNDON PROCESSING CO., LLC; HIGHLAND MINING ) CO.; INDEPENDENCE COAL COMPANY, INC.; JACKS ) BRANCH COAL CO.; KANAWHA ENERGY CO.; KEPLER ) PROCESSING CO., LLC; KINGSTON MINING, INC.; ) KINGWOOD MINING CO., LLC; KNOX CREEK COAL ) CORP.; LITWAR PROCESSING CO., LLC; MARFORK ) COAL CO.; MARTIN COUNTY COAL CORP.; NEW ) RIDGE MINING CO.; OMAR MINING CO.; PARAMONT ) COAL COMPANY VIRGINIA, LLC; PAYNTER BRANCH ) MINING,
    [Show full text]
  • Sagebrush Establishment on Mine Lands
    2000 Billings Land Reclamation Symposium BIG SAGEBRUSH (ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA) COMMUNITIES - ECOLOGY, IMPORTANCE AND RESTORATION POTENTIAL Stephen B. Monsen and Nancy L. Shaw Abstract Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) is the most common and widespread sagebrush species in the Intermountain region. Climatic patterns, elevation gradients, soil characteristics and fire are among the factors regulating the distribution of its three major subspecies. Each of these subspecies is considered a topographic climax dominant. Reproductive strategies of big sagebrush subspecies have evolved that favor the development of both regional and localized populations. Sagebrush communities are extremely valuable natural resources. They provide ground cover and soil stability as well as habitat for various ungulates, birds, reptiles and invertebrates. Species composition of these communities is quite complex and includes plants that interface with more arid and more mesic environments. Large areas of big sagebrush rangelands have been altered by destructive grazing, conversion to introduced perennial grasses through artificial seeding and invasion of annual weeds, principally cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.). Dried cheatgrass forms continuous mats of fine fuels that ignite and burn more frequently than native herbs. As a result, extensive tracts of sagebrush between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains are rapidly being converted to annual grasslands. In some areas recent introductions of perennial weeds are now displacing the annuals. The current weed invasions and their impacts on native ecosystems are recent ecological events of unprecedented magnitude. Restoration of degraded big sagebrush communities and reduction of further losses pose major challenges to land managers. Loss of wildlife habitat and recent invasion of perennial weeds into seedings of introduced species highlight the need to stem losses and restore native vegetation where possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Notice of Changes in the Coal Industry and Implications for the Pawnee
    BEFORE THE PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF COLORADO Docket No. 11A-325E _____________________________________________________________________ IN THE MATTER OF THE APPLICATION OF PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY OF COLORADO FOR A CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY FOR THE PAWNEE EMISSIONS CONTROL PROJECT ________________________________________________________________________ NOTICE OF CHANGES IN THE COAL INDUSTRY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PAWNEE EMISSIONS CONTROL PROJECT _____________________________________________________________________ I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 2 II. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................ 2 III. RECENT CHANGES IN THE COAL INDUSTRY ........................................................................ 4 A. PATRIOT COAL FILED FOR BANKRUPTCY ON JULY 9, 2012 ............................................................. 5 B. ALPHA NATURAL RESOURCES—A KEY SUPPLIER TO THE PAWNEE COAL PLANT—ALSO HAS SERIOUS FINANCIAL PROBLEMS.......................................................................................................... 6 C. ARCH COAL INC —OWNER OF THE LARGEST US COAL MINE, THE BLACK THUNDER MINE— ALSO HAS SERIOUS FINANCIAL PROBLEMS ...................................................................................... 16 D. OTHER US COAL COMPANIES ARE GENERALLY SUBJECT TO THE SAME GEOLOGICAL
    [Show full text]
  • Belle Ayr 2000 Federal Coal Lease Application Environmental Assessment (WYW151133)
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Environmental Assessments (WY) Wyoming 2001 Belle Ayr 2000 Federal Coal Lease Application Environmental Assessment (WYW151133) United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/wyoming_enviroassess Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, "Belle Ayr 2000 Federal Coal Lease Application Environmental Assessment (WYW151133)" (2001). Environmental Assessments (WY). Paper 16. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/wyoming_enviroassess/16 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Wyoming at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Environmental Assessments (WY) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. O?~1-£-/tJ u.s. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Wyoming State Office Casper Field Office April 2001 Belle Ayr 2000 Federal Coal Lease Application Environmental Assessment (WYW1S1133) MISSION STATEMENT It is the mission of the Bureau of Land Management to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. BUllWYIPLo01JOO1+ 1320 NOTE TO READERS: This final EA is being published in abbreviated format. Reviewers will need the Draft Environmental Assessment for the Belle Ayr 2000 coal lease Application, BlM, December, 2000, for review of the complete EA. Copies of the Draft EA may be obtained from: Bureau of Land Management, Casper Field Office, Attn: Nancy Doelger, 2987 Prospector Dri'~e, Casper, WY 82604 Phone: 307-261-7627 e-roail: Attn: Nancy Doelger at "casper_ [email protected]" fax: Attn: Nancy Doelger at (307)-261-7587 United States Department of the Interior BlJREAU OF lA.1'.JD MANAGEMEl':T Casper Field Offi ce 2987 Prospector Drive Casper.
    [Show full text]
  • A Culture of Safety
    A CULTURE OF SAFETY Wyoming’s mines, operating leaner and more efficient than ever, Safety is a core cultural value for Wyoming’s coal mining industry, remain America’s low-cost industry leaders. Home to seven of and Wyoming coal mines are recognized as some of the safest min- the nation’s top 10 producing mines, Wyoming provides about 40 ing operations in the nation. Safe mines are productive mines, and percent of all coal used for electricity production in the nation. the Wyoming coal industry is committed to providing a safe working That translates to about 12 percent of U.S. domestic electric power environment for all employees and contractors. generation. In total, Wyoming produced over 316 million tons of coal in 2017, up 6.4 percent from 2016. All Wyoming coal mines employ dedicated safety professionals, and all employees are trained in proper safety practices to foster a safe WYOMING’S COAL RESOURCES work environment and build and maintain the culture of safety. Wyoming is home to over 1.4 trillion tons of total coal resources • All new employees attend 40 hours of safety training prior to in seams ranging in thickness from 5 feet to some in excess of 200 their first day on the job. feet in the Powder River Basin (PRB). Recent estimates from the • All employees participate regularly in safety refresher training. Wyoming Geological Survey give Wyoming more than 165 billion • Every shift starts with safety briefings and walk-around inspections. tons of recoverable coal. While other regions of the country also • Employees earn safety bonuses to encourage safe and vigilant hold considerable resources, Wyoming’s position as the nation’s work practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Alpha Natural Resources Selects Plum Energy to Supply LNG for Eagle Butte Mine Haul Trucks
    Alpha Natural Resources Selects Plum Energy To Supply LNG for Eagle Butte Mine Haul Trucks BRISTOL, Va., Sept. 19, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. (NYSE: ANR), announced today that Plum Energy LLC will construct a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant on property adjacent to Alpha Coal West Inc.'s Eagle Butte Mine, near Gillette, Wyoming. The Plum Energy facility will supply LNG to Alpha Coal West's mine haul vehicles, producing cost efficiencies and fuel savings for its mining operations. Natural gas becomes LNG when the gas is cooled to more than 260 degrees below zero and the volume becomes 1/600th of the gaseous form, turning the gas into a liquid fuel. LNG is a clean, efficient fuel and is extremely attractive from a price point when compared to the cost of conventional diesel fuel. Alpha Coal West began testing LNG technologies developed by GFS Corp. in trucks at the Belle Ayr Mine in 2012, beginning a pilot program of the world's first LNG-powered mine haul trucks. After 18 months of daily operation, Alpha Coal West decided to proceed with the conversion to LNG of its 16 Caterpillar 793 haul trucks at the nearby Eagle Butte Mine. Alpha Coal West expects the alterations to the trucks, each of which is capable of hauling 240-tons of coal, or the equivalent of two railroad cars, to be completed by the end of 2014. Plum Energy's LNG plant at the Eagle Butte Mine, scheduled to come online in March 2015, will be able to produce 28,500 gallons of LNG a day.
    [Show full text]
  • Powder River Basin Coal Resource and Cost Study George Stepanovich, Jr
    Exhibit No. MWR-1 POWDER RIVER BASIN COAL RESOURCE AND COST STUDY Campbell, Converse and Sheridan Counties, Wyoming Big Horn, Powder River, Rosebud and Treasure Counties, Montana Prepared For XCEL ENERGY By John T. Boyd Company Mining and Geological Consultants Denver, Colorado Report No. 3155.001 SEPTEMBER 2011 Exhibit No. MWR-1 John T. Boyd Company Mining and Geological Consultants Chairman James W Boyd October 6, 2011 President and CEO John T Boyd II File: 3155.001 Managing Director and COO Ronald L Lewis Vice Presidents Mr. Mark W. Roberts Richard L Bate Manager, Fuel Supply Operations James F Kvitkovich Russell P Moran Xcel Energy John L Weiss 1800 Larimer St., Suite 1000 William P Wolf Denver, CO 80202 Vice President Business Development Subject: Powder River Basin Coal Resource and Cost Study George Stepanovich, Jr Managing Director - Australia Dear Mr. Roberts: Ian L Alexander Presented herewith is John T. Boyd Company’s (BOYD) draft report Managing Director - China Dehui (David) Zhong on the coal resources mining in the Powder River Basin of Assistant to the President Wyoming and Montana. The report addresses the availability of Mark P Davic resources, the cost of recovery of those resources and forecast FOB mine prices for the coal over the 30 year period from 2011 Denver through 2040. The study is based on information available in the Dominion Plaza, Suite 710S 600 17th Street public domain, and on BOYD’s extensive familiarity and experience Denver, CO 80202-5404 (303) 293-8988 with Powder River Basin operations. (303) 293-2232 Fax jtboydd@jtboyd com Respectfully submitted, Pittsburgh (724) 873-4400 JOHN T.
    [Show full text]
  • Alpha Natural Resources United States
    Alpha Natural Resources United States Sectors: Coal Mining On record This profile is no longer actively maintained, with the information now possibly out of date Send feedback on this profile By: BankTrack Created before Nov 2016 Last update: Jul 4 2016 Sectors Coal Mining Headquarters Ownership Alpha was formed in 2002 and went public in February 2005, trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "ANR". Subsidiaries Website http://www.alphanr.com/ About Alpha Natural Resources Alpha Natural Resources is a large American producer of metallurgical and thermal coal. It also provides services relating to equipment repairs, road construction and logistics (terminals). It does not produce all of the coal it sells, some is purchased and resold. Alpha operates in Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Wyoming, Utah, Illinois, Tennessee and Pennsylvania. Clients include electricity producers and steel manufacturers. Metallurgical coal is used industrially while thermal is the form of coal used to generate power. In 2014 it had 60 mines in active operation. In 2014 the company shipped a total of 84.6 million tonnes of coal, of which 17.6 million tonnes were exported. In April 2014, Alpha had a Market Capitalization of USD977.1 million, a 12 month total equity return of -39.5% and a B Credit rating at Standard & Poor's. Alpha has suffered four years of losses, has laid off 4,000 workers and closed all but 50 mines. Due to its "abnormally low" stock price ANR was delisted from the NYSE on July 16, 2015. With debts of USD three billion dating from its acquisition of Massey Energy for USD7.1 billion in 2011, the firm filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on August 3, 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Our Pain, Their Gain
    Our Pain, Their Gain Mountains Destroyed for Coal Shipped Overseas NOTE: This report has not been officially adopted by the Committee on Natural Resources and may not necessarily reflect the views of its Members. Released: July 19, 2012 Our Pain, Their Gain Mountains Destroyed for Coal Shipped Overseas One of the coal industry’s favorite ads in recent years displays an orange power cord plugged directly into a piece of coal. The picture is accompanied by words assuring the viewer that coal is cheap, reliable and a key to the nation’s domestic energy security. The message for Americans is that coal equals electricity in the United States, and to tamper with that would be to tamper with our way of life. A more truthful ad would unplug the power cord and replace it with an oceangoing freightliner bound for steel mills and power plants across Europe, South A growing body of research 1 America, China and India. The image of the ship shows that mountaintop leaving an export terminal would then dissolve into removal mines not only ruin the naked remains of what used to be a majestic ecosystems but cause Appalachian mountain. As the camera zoomed out to cardiovascular disease, show the buried remains of streams and rivers and cancer, birth defects and hillsides stripped bare by mining, the announcer poor overall health. would tell the viewer about a dramatically changing industry that is depending more and more on exports to survive. Coal exports have nearly doubled since 2009 to 107 million tons last year, now accounting for almost 12 percent of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mine Is a Terrible Thing to Waste: Past, Present and Future Reclamation Efforts to Correct the Environmentally Damaging Effects of Coal Mines
    Volume 13 Issue 1 Article 6 2002 A Mine Is a Terrible Thing to Waste: Past, Present and Future Reclamation Efforts to Correct the Environmentally Damaging Effects of Coal Mines A. Brooke Rubenstein David Winkowski Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/elj Part of the Environmental Law Commons, and the Oil, Gas, and Mineral Law Commons Recommended Citation A. B. Rubenstein & David Winkowski, A Mine Is a Terrible Thing to Waste: Past, Present and Future Reclamation Efforts to Correct the Environmentally Damaging Effects of Coal Mines, 13 Vill. Envtl. L.J. 189 (2002). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/elj/vol13/iss1/6 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Villanova Environmental Law Journal by an authorized editor of Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law Digital Repository. 2002]Rubenstein and Winkowski: A Mine Is a Terrible Thing to Waste: Past, Present and Future Rec A MINE IS A TERRIBLE THING TO WASTE: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE RECLAMATION EFFORTS TO CORRECT THE ENVIRONMENTALLY DAMAGING EFFECTS OF COAL MINES I. INTRODUCTION Formed 300 million years ago from the remains of vegetation, coal is one of the earliest energy sources known to man.1 Though initially discovered in 1679, commercial coal mining did not begin until 1750.2 Mined in twenty-seven states but found in many more, coal is the most abundant and most used energy source in the United States. 3 Given the current consumption rate, estimates show sufficient amounts of coal exist for use in the Unites States for 4 another 250 to 300 years.
    [Show full text]