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THAIS FERNANDA SILVA GUIMARÃES.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE ANHANGUERA - UNIDERP THAIS FERNANDA SILVA GUIMARÃES HETEROPTERA AQUÁTICOS E SEMI-AQUÁTICOS COMO INDICADORES DE QUALIDADE AMBIENTAL NA FAZENDA BAÍA GRANDE, PANTANAL DE MIRANDA-AQUIDAUANA, MATO GROSSO DO SUL Dissertação apresentada a Universidade Anhanguera- Uniderp, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Regional para a obtenção do título de Mestre. CAMPO GRANDE - MS 2013 THAIS FERNANDA SILVA GUIMARÃES HETEROPTERA AQUÁTICOS E SEMI-AQUÁTICOS COMO INDICADORES DE QUALIDADE AMBIENTAL NA FAZENDA BAÍA GRANDE, PANTANAL DE MIRANDA-AQUIDAUANA, MATO GROSSO DO SUL Dissertação apresentada a Universidade Anhanguera- Uniderp, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Regional para a obtenção do título de Mestre. Comitê de Orientação: Prof. Dr. Silvio Favero Profa. Dra. Mercedes Abid Mercante CAMPO GRANDE - MS 2013 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Anhanguera – Uniderp G981h Guimarães, Thais Fernanda Silva. 80f. Heteroptera aquáticos e semi-aquáticos como indicadores de qualidade ambiental na fazenda Baía Grande, Pantanal de Miranda- Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul. / Thais Fernanda Silva Guimarães. - - Campo Grande, 2013. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Anhanguera - Uniderp, 2013. “Orientação: Prof. Dr. Silvio Favero.” 1. Integridade ambiental 2. Insetos aquáticos 3. Hemiptera 4. Nepomorpha, 5. Percevejos aquáticos 6. Estrutura da comunidade 7. Heteroptera 8. Percevejos semi-aquáticos I. Título. CDD 21.ed. 595.75 iii iv Dedico este trabalho a minha família, pelo eixo de sustentação, pela base de educação para a minha formação como ser. v AGRADECIMENTOS À Deus, por cada respirar, por sustentar-me em Tua presença e pela família abençoada que concedeste a mim. À minha avó Nely (in memoriam), por sua coragem e seu exemplo de caráter, por tudo de bom que me ensinaste. Fortaleza da família que trouxe ao mundo a margarida dentre um jardim florido. Eu te amo incondicionalmente! À minha mãe Magali, meu eixo, meu porto seguro. Agradeço-te por todos os leões que enfrentou durante a vida para que hoje eu aqui pudesse reconhecer, humildemente, que tudo que sou, é o reflexo de uma vida vivida com honra, trabalho e amor. Amo-te! À minha comadre Viviane pela eterna amizade e por simplesmente existir em minha vida. Estaremos juntas, sempre. Amo-te! Agradeço a minha família e aos amigos pela tolerância, companheirismo ao longo desta jornada. Ao Professor Doutor Silvio Favero, por todos os ensinamentos, pela dedicação e paciência ao longo de minha formação no âmbito da pesquisa. E a toda equipe do Laboratório de Entomologia: Cintia Conte, Carolina Pauliquevis e Carolinni Ferreira. Agradeço a amizade e a parceria ao longo destes anos. Vai deixar saudades! Obrigada! Ao Professor Doutor Alan Lane de Melo, muito obrigada por ter me ensinado a identificar os heterópteros aquáticos, enriquecendo ainda mais minha paixão por este incrível mundo e ampliando meus horizontes de possibilidades. Aos amigos do mestrado: Ana Américo, Ana Marques, Célia de Souza, Ednaldo dos Santos, Eiane Lima, Emerson Rodrigues, Fabiane Lima, Gisele Estrella, Karina Balejo, Karolinne Azambuja, Katiúcia Oliskovicz, Leonel Pinto, Luciana Ferreira, Pâmela Leal, Roberto Itsuo, Sabrina Piacentini, Sebastião Damásio, Wilmar Junior, obrigada pelos ótimos momentos que passamos juntos! Ao Professor Dr. Mauro Henrique Soares, pela presteza e disposição, deixo aqui meus mais sinceros agradecimentos pelo auxilio na elaboração dos mapas cartográficos. Aos companheiros de viagem à Fazenda Baía Grande, pelas prosas e risadas, agradeço por me auxiliarem neste trabalho. Agradeço também ao proprietário Alexandre Costa Marques por abrir as porteiras e pelo incentivo à pesquisa em sua fazenda. À Universidade Anhanguera-Uniderp, à PROPP e ao Projeto GIP pelo incentivo e pelo apoio financeiro para a realização deste projeto. A CAPES, pela bolsa de Mestrado que me concedeu. vi E a todos aqueles que de alguma forma contribuíram para a elaboração deste trabalho.E a você que está lendo este trabalho, obrigada! vii “Tenho a impressão de ter sido uma criança brincando à beira-mar, divertindo-me em descobrir uma pedrinha mais lisa ou uma concha mais bonita que as outras, enquanto o imenso oceano continua misterioso diante dos meus olhos.” Sir Isaac Newton viii RESUMO GERAL A preservação e conservação dos ambientes aquáticos são fatores primordiais para o desenvolvimento sustentável de uma região, uma vez que os recursos hídricos são responsáveis pelo equilíbrio de todos os ecossistemas. O conhecimento da fauna aquática é um dos principais fatores para o manejo e conservação dos ecossistemas aquáticos, assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar ambientes em diferentes graus de antropização, através da estrutura da comunidade de Gerromorpha e Nepomorpha na Fazenda Baía Grande, região do Pantanal de Miranda-Aquidauana, Miranda – Mato Grosso do Sul. Os heterópteros aquáticos foram coletados em quatro áreas: Baía Grande, Açude e Ilha e Córrego. Para tais coletas utilizou-se a rede D – que possui uma área de 600 cm2 e malha de 300 µm. Para compreender a estrutura da comunidade de heterópteros, utilizaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: Índice de Diversidade de Shannon (logn), Equitabilidade de Shannon, Riqueza por Rarefação e Análise Multivariada de Similaridade ANOSIM. No total, foram coletados 12428 heterópteros aquáticos. O estudo mostrou que os percevejos aquáticos em estádios ninfais e imaginais não são bons indicadores da qualidade do ambiente. ix SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO GERAL................................................................................................ 01 CAPÍTULO 1 – REVISÃO DE LITERATURA.............................................................. 03 1. Pantanal................................................................................................................... 03 2. Ecossistemas Aquáticos........................................................................................... 04 3. Bioindicadores e Insetos Aquáticos.......................................................................... 05 4. Heteroptera aquáticos.............................................................................................. 08 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS............................................................................ 10 CAPÍTULO 2 – AVALIAÇÃO DA INTEGRIDADE BIÓTICA POR MEIO DA ESTRUTURA DA COMUNIDADE DE HETEROPTERA AQUÁTICOS E SEMI- AQUÁTICOS EM UMA REGIÃO DO PANTANAL DE MIRANDA-AQUIDAUANA, MATO GROSSO DO SUL (Normas de acordo com a Revista Biota Neotropica).................................................................................................................. 18 ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................. 18 RESUMO...................................................................................................................... 19 INTRODUÇÃO............................................................................................................. 20 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS............................................................................................ 21 1. Área de Estudo......................................................................................................... 21 1.1. Baía Grande.......................................................................................................... 23 1.2. Açude.................................................................................................................... 24 1.3. Ilha......................................................................................................................... 25 1.4. Córrego.................................................................................................................. 26 2. Coleta e identificação do material............................................................................ 27 3. Caracterização física e química da água................................................................. 28 4. Análise dos dados................................................................................................... 28 x 5. Obtenção das imagens............................................................................................. 28 5.1. Estimativa da área dos ambientes lênticos........................................................... 28 5.2. Localização das áreas e Hierarquia fluvial............................................................ 29 RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO................................................................................... 29 1. Fatores Abióticos...................................................................................................... 29 2. Abundância e Diversidade........................................................................................ 30 3. Equitabilidade e Dominância.................................................................................... 35 4. Riqueza de espécies................................................................................................ 36 5. Similaridade.............................................................................................................. 37 CONCLUSÃO.............................................................................................................. 40 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS............................................................................ 40 CAPÍTULO
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