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Methods for Improving Early Detection of Exotic Wood Boring Beetles (Note: Several Slides of Unpublished Data Have Been Deleted from This Presentation)

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Methods for Improving Early Detection of Exotic Wood Boring Beetles (Note: Several Slides of Unpublished Data Have Been Deleted from This Presentation) Methods for improving early detection of exotic wood boring beetles (note: several slides of unpublished data have been deleted from this presentation) Jon Sweeney1, Peter Silk1, Peter Mayo1, Krista Ryall2, Chris MacQuarrie2, Dan Miller3, Cory Hughes1, Kate Van Rooyen1, Jerzy M. Gutowski4, Qingfan Meng5, Yan Li5, Joe Francese6, Davide Rassati7, Troy Kimoto8, & Jeremy Allison2 1Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Fredericton, New Brunswick 2Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario 3Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Athens, GA 4Forest Research Institute, Białowieża, Poland Makarov photo 5Forestry College of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, The P.R. China 6USDA APHIS PPQ, Otis Laboratory, Buzzards Bay, MA 7University of Padua-DAFNAE, Padua, Italy 8Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Vancouver, BC LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Getting high, living on the edge and being colourful improves detection of wood boring beetles in surveillance traps Jon Sweeney1, Peter Silk1, Peter Mayo1, Krista Ryall2, Dan Miller3, Cory Hughes1, Kate Van Rooyen1, Jerzy M. Gutowski4, Qingfan Meng5, Yan Li5, Joe Francese6, Davide Rassati7, Troy Kimoto8, & Jeremy Allison2 1Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Fredericton, New Brunswick 2Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario 3Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Athens, GA 4Forest Research Institute, Białowieża, Poland Makarov photo 5Forestry College of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, The P.R. China 6USDA APHIS PPQ, Otis Laboratory, Buzzards Bay, MA 7University of Padua-DAFNAE, Padua, Italy 8Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Vancouver, BC LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Our goal: Improve the efficacy of trapping surveys for early detection of exotic, potentially invasive wood borers By: Ole Martin LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Summary and take home message: Efficacy of detecting exotic wood boring beetles is increased by diversifying trapping methods: 1. Place traps in both the canopy and understory 2. Place some traps along the edge of stands as well as in the stand interior 3. Use more than one color of trap, e.g., green and black, or green and purple *Bait traps with pheromone-enhanced “multi-lures” LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Preventing the movement of infested wood packaging by phytosanitary treatment e.g., ISPM 15, is the best option. LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Next best option: Early detection The earlier an invasive species is detected, the more feasible and cheaper it is to eradicate, contain and manage. LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 How can we better detect the unknown? • By targeting surveys at sites of high risk of exotic wood borer arrivals (e.g., urban forests near ports & industrial parks) • By using methods that detect the greatest proportion of species in target taxa, e.g, Cerambycidae, Buprestidae, Scolytinae, present at survey sites. LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Many factors affect the detection of bark- and wood boring beetles in survey traps • Abundance and activity of species present at the site • Trap placement (e.g., canopy vs understory, edge vs stand interior) • Type of lure or lure combination used • Type of trap (trap design, trap size) • Trap coating – Fluon, teflon • Trap color • Trap density (spacing, number of traps per site) • Tree species in which the trap is placed LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Aggregation/sex pheromones have been discovered in > 100 species of longhorn beetles (Hanks & Millar 2016) Cerambycinae ♂ Spondylidinae/Lamiinae ♂ • 6, 8, and 10 carbon hydroxyketones homoterpenoid alcohols/acetates K. Bolte • 6 & 8 carbon 2,3-alkanediols • Fuscumol • 2-methylbutanol J. Lucier • Fuscumol acetate • (E)-2,3 & 3,2-hydroxyoct-4-en-ones hydroxyethers • (Z)-3-decenyl-(E)-2-hexanoate • Monochamol • 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1,2-propanedione • 4-(heptyloxy)butan-1-ol • 10-methyldodecanal • 4-(heptyloxy)butanal J. Sweeney M. Hoskovec • (6E, 8Z)-6,8-pentadecadienal L. Bergen Lepturinae ♀ Prioninae ♀ • (R)-Desmolactone [(4R,9Z)-hexadec-9-en-4-olide • 3,5-dimethyldodecanoic (Prionic) acid • cis-vaccenyl acetate • 2,3-Hexane diols E. Dunbar A. McKorney LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Trap placement • Edge effects • Trap height LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Trapping surveys for early detection of exotic wood borers & bark beetles in North America have mainly used black Lindgren funnel traps suspended about 1.5 m above the ground LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Trap placement • Species composition differs between the tree canopy and understory (e.g., Graham et al. 2012; Dodds 2013; McGuire et al. 2014; Ulyshen and Sheehan 2017) • And between forest edges and the forest interior (e.g., Wermelinger et al. 2007, Dodds 2011) So placing traps in both the tree canopy and understory, and along the edge as well in the interior should increase the total number of species detected. LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Monochamus carolinensis catches are much greater in canopy traps than understory traps. Note: M. carolinensis was unrecorded in New Brunswick prior to baited traps with the pheromone “monochamol” LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Canopy vs understory traps – Southeastern USA, black funnels Family Canopy Understory No preference Cerambycidae Neoclytus jouteli Neoclytus acuminatus Anaphelus pumilus Canopy traps Neoclytus scutellaris Xylotrechus colonus Neoclytus mucronatus catch more Xylotrechus sagittatus Acanthocinus obsoletus longhorn Monochamus titillator beetles Curculionidae Cnestus mutilatus Dendroctonus terebrans Monarthrum mali Cyclorhipidion bodoanum Dryoxylon onoharaense Ips avulsus Ambrosiodmus obliquus Ips calligraphus Understory Xyleborinus saxesenii Ips grandicollis Xylosandrus compactus traps catch Xylosandrus crassiusculus Xylosandrus germanus more scolytines Miller, Crowe & Sweeney (2019) LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Where were the buprestids? Black funnel traps detect very few species of buprestids, even when placed in the upper canopy LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 > 3000 species of Agrilus worldwide Many feed on genera of trees native to North America’s forests like oaks and poplars. Some species (Agrilus planipennis) become invasive when established in new ranges with naïve host trees. Makarov photo Makarov photo Agrilus laticornis Agrilus angustulus LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 We know from emerald ash borer research, that Agrilus spp. are attracted to green and purple traps from EAB studies and others (Francese et al. 2005; Crook et al 2009; Domingue et al. 2013; Rhainds et al. 2017) Using green or purple traps instead of black traps should improve Agrilus detection in trapping surveys. LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Experiment 1. trap height x trap color x lure 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment, Italy 2016 Trap height Trap Color (12-funnel - Fluon) 1. High (canopy) 1. Green 2. Low (understorey) x 2. Purple Lure 1. multi-lure combo 2. UHR Ethanol racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one RR,SS -2,3-hexane diols racemic E/Z-fuscumol racemic E/Z-fuscumol acetate UHR ethanol LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Experimental scheme Area and connectivity Multi-lure racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one,RR,SS hexane diols, E/Z fuscumol, E/Z fuscumol acetate, ethanol LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Buprestidae (15 species, 1622 individuals) • Green traps > Purple traps (especially in the canopy) • Canopy traps > Understory traps Species richness Abundance Canopy Understory Canopy Understory EtOH Multi-lure EtOH Multi-lure EtOH Multi-lure EtOH Multi-lure LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Cerambycidae • Multi-lure detected more species than Ethanol • Canopy traps detected more species than Understory Species richness Abundance Canopy Understory Canopy Understory EtOH Multi-lure EtOH Multi-lure EtOH Multi-lure EtOH Multi-lure LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Scolytinae • Understory traps detected more species and specimens than Canopy traps • Purple traps detected more species and specimens than green traps • Ethanol detected more specimens than Multi-lure LIFE-ARTIMIS, Ljubljana, Slovenia 24-28 September 2019 Northern Italy 2016 – green and purple funnel traps (Rassati et al. 2018) Family Canopy Understory No preference Buprestidae Agrilus convexicollis Agrilus olivicolor Agrilus graminis Most jewel beetles, Agrilus hastulifer Agrilus roscidus Agrilus laticornis Chrysobothris affinis especially Agrilus spp., were Agrilus obscuricollis Lamprodila mirifica detected in the canopy Cerambycidae Chlorophorus glabromaculatus Clytus arietis Phymatodes testaceus Chlorophorus sartor Poecilium fasciatum Ropalopus clavipes Many species of longhorn Gracilia minuta Leiopus nebulosus Xylotrechus arvicola Neoclytus acuminatus Pogonocherus hispidus Xylotrechus stebbingi beetles caught in greater Plagionotus detritus Grammoptera ruficornis Xylotrechus antilope numbers in the canopy Aegomorphus clavipes Anaesthetis testacea Exocentrus punctipennis Mesosa nebulosa Some Scolytinae species Oberea linearis caught mainly in
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