DOCSLIB.ORG

Slalom Water Skiing; Sport-Specific Conditioning; Prehabilitation; Tandem Stance; Balance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Slalom Water Skiing; Sport-Specific Conditioning; Prehabilitation; Tandem Stance; Balance © National Strength and Conditioning Association Volume 29,Number 4,pages 42–54 Keywords: slalom water skiing; sport-specific conditioning; prehabilitation; tandem stance; balance Slalom Water Skiing: Physiological Considerations and Specific Conditioning Nicole M.Mullins,PhD,CSCS Youngstown State University,Youngstown,Ohio Slalom water ski courses comprise 6 fixed run in match-play format, in which one buoys, 3 positioned 11.5 m (37.7 ft) to the skier must simply outperform another in s u m m a r y right of a centerline and 3 to the left (see head-to-head fashion. This article discusses the unique Figure 1) (41). Two additional rows of biomechanical and metabolic buoys, 2.1 m (6.9 ft) apart, sandwich the Rope lengths range from 18.3 m (60 ft) for demands of slalom water skiing, as centerline and delineate the path through novices to almost half that for world-class well as important considerations which the boat must travel. Skiers enter skiers. The current world records for men for sport-specific training and the course through a pair of buoys and women have been set at rope lengths prehabilitation. constituting the entrance gate, maneuver of 9.75 m (32 ft) and 10.25 m (33.6 ft), their skis around the outsides of all 6 turn respectively (40). Note that merely to buoys, and exit the course through a final reach the turn buoys using these rope Introduction pair of exit buoys. In competition, athletes lengths, the body must be almost ski in rotation and, if they complete a completely extended and that shorter To the spectator, elite-level slalom water successful pass, advance to successive individuals may never be able to beat these skiing may look like an effortless aquatic rounds. With each new round, the records, regardless of skill. joyride. For the skier, however, a towrope is shortened, increasing the successful pass through a slalom course difficulty of rounding the buoys. As rope To add still more to the challenge, boat requires an intricate blend of technique, lengths shorten, both the skiers’ paths speeds increase with skier ability, ranging timing, strength, muscular coordination, behind the boat and their lean toward the from 26–28 mph (42–45 kph) for and dynamic balance. This article will water’s surface must become more novices, to 34–36 mph (55–58 kph) for review the unique biomechanical and angular, intensifying the challenges to experts, with skiers actually accelerating physiological demands of slalom water balance and stability (see Figure 2). The to even faster speeds. At 36 mph (58 skiing and will make several winner is the skier who successfully kph), a calibrated ski boat takes 16 recommendations for injury prevention negotiates the most buoys in the final seconds to travel straight through a and sport-specific training. round. Occasionally, competitions may be regulation slalom course from entrance 42 August 2007 • Strength and Conditioning Journal weather conditions, athletes living in boat maintenance. Although certain regions with cold seasons are at a distinct environmental conditions, such as disadvantage compared with those living extreme cold, high winds, heavy rain, and individual ski time to about 15 minutes in areas with warm weather yearround. electrical storms, impose obvious every 2 hours. Cold climates not only limit technique limitations on ski training (e.g., choppy development to a few months per year, water increases the difficulty of both For all of these reasons, it is virtually but also generate little overall support for skiing and boat driving), even mild winds impossible for many slalom water skiers to the sport via ski enthusiasts, courses, and light boat traffic can thwart ski themselves into peak condition, thus competitions, and boat dealerships and possibilities of peak performance. For this repair facilities. In addition, short ski reason, many elite skiers train on private making supplemental conditioning seasons may contribute to increased risks ski lakes, devoid of recreational boat programs imperative. Program goals of injury by pressuring athletes to sidestep traffic and landscaped to somewhat shield should center on developing and sound skill and conditioning progressions the wind. Others, however, must train on maintaining the neuromuscular in efforts to make up for lost time. public waters and either contend with characteristics consistent with sound rough conditions or limit skiing to times slalom technique, prehabilitating the Other barriers to accumulating quality ski when calm is more likely to prevail (usually muscles and joints most vulnerable to time involve the day-to-day variability of early morning or twilight). injury, and correcting any musculoskeletal weather and recreational boat traffic, the imbalances that stem from chronic ski number of skiers training on a given Most skiers, whether on public or private training. course, and the expense of ski waters, must share access to a slalom course, which can profoundly impact Biomechanical,Metabolic, and to exit gates. Within this time, skiers skiing is to slalom water ski. However, Injury Analyses must cover at least an additional 35 m for several reasons, it is difficult for many All sport-specific conditioning programs (~115 ft) on a zigzag path, which to accumulate enough on-the-water should be based on thorough requires alternately decelerating to 20–22 training to realize their skiing potential. biomechanical, metabolic, and injury mph (32–35 kph) to round the buoys and Most important, because quality ski analyses of the athletic event. Core accelerating to as fast as 70–80 mph individual ski time. In efforts to promote considerations for optimizing program (113–129 kph) (76) through the equitable ski time, courses generally have design include the primary muscle groups, straightaways. policies governing skier turn length and types of muscle actions, joint ranges of rotation motion, movement speeds, and energy (e.g., 1 system contributions required in the event, turn = as well as common injury sites and 6 mechanisms. These features, however, are passes, more difficult to characterize for some events than for others, particularly for those that have been the subject of little scientific research, such as slalom water skiing. Biomechanical Analysis Biomechanically, slalom water skiing can be broken into the deep-water start and several repeating movements for skiing to Figure 2. Increased angulation needed at shorter rope lengths.Blue:boat;orange: and around each of the 6 turn buoys. The skier buoys;____:rope;----- :skier. repeating movements of slalom skiing Figure 1. Major slalom course dimensions.Red:entrance and exit gates;yellow:boat 3 falls, guides;orange:skier buoys; ← and → : skier path. have been described previously by or 15 Eberhardt (20) and Leggett et al. (47) but training depends on amenable water and equipment, course memberships, and will be reviewed and expanded upon for Rationale for Supplemental minutes, whichever comes first). the purposes of this article. For the Training Equitable, however, may be far from It stands to reason that the best way to optimal. For example, sharing a course develop expert skills in slalom water with 8 others on a given day would limit two-footed, deepwater start, both feet are bindings, with the dominant foot forward. secured in tandem (heel to toe) in the ski The skier assumes a crouched position in August 2007 • Strength and Conditioning Journal 43 the water, with the front knee very near the position, with eyes focused on the target length, and boat speed. It results partly chest, the ski angled approximately 45° away from vertical, and the ski tip protruding approximately 10–12 in. above the surface. The arms are extended, the handle held with a closed, alternated grip, and the rope positioned to the side of the ski opposite the front foot. As the boat begins to pull, the skier applies firm pressure to the ski with both feet, keeping the knees bent and shoulders back. Intense static action and dynamic balance are needed to prevent being pulled outside the very narrow, unstable base of support (BOS) while emerging to stand. After emerging from the water, the skier travels to the far left of the boat wake to prepare for rightward acceleration through the entrance gate toward the first turn buoy. To initiate acceleration, the skier Figure 3. The lean. must forcefully pull the towrope handle buoy. The scapulae should be retracted, from conscious actions and partly from a toward the left hip, by retracting the arms fairly extended, and handle pressed natural pendulum effect of the rope scapulae, extending the shoulders, and first close to the body. The lumbar spine and pulling from the opposite direction (left). flexing, then extending the elbows to hips should be extended as much as Conscious actions include standing slightly position the arms close by the sides. This possible, with the knees and ankle flexed, more erect and shifting the COM leftward movement requires forceful actions by the so that the entire body leans away from the by applying pressure to the handle, still finger flexors to grip the handle; by the boat (Figure 3). Ankle position will vary held close to the hips. biceps and triceps brachii to flex and according to the type of ski bindings used, extend the elbows; by the trapezius, individual flexibility, and changes in the rhomboids, pectoralis minor, and rotator angles of the hip and knee joints. The skier cuff musculature to retract, depress, and should strive to maintain this leveraged stabilize the scapulae; and by the latissimus body position throughout much of the dorsi, posterior deltoid, pectoralis major course, requiring strong actions by the (sternal head), teres major, and triceps erector spinae to extend the back, by the (long head) to extend the shoulder joint. gluteus maximus and hamstrings to extend Directing the handle toward the left hip the hips, and by virtually all lower causes counterrotation, or turning of the extremity musculature to appropriately shoulders and hips toward the right.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Geometry and Running of the Alpine Skiing Fis World Cup
    GEOMETRY AND RUNNING OF THE ALPINE SKI FIS WORLD CUP GIANT SLALOM PART ONE - GEOMETRY Wlodzimierz S. Erdmann, Andrzej Suchanowski and Piotr Aschenbrenner Jedrzej Sniadecki University School of Physical Education, Gdansk, Poland The aim of this paper is the presentation of the geometry of the alpine ski giant slalom at the highest world level in order to calculate the obtained time by videorecording velocity and acceleration of running. KEY WORDS: alpine skiing, giant slalom, fis world cup, geometry INTRODUCTION: In alpine skiing the role of a coach is a difficult one. This is due in part, to the fact that during the competition he would be unable to observe the athlete for the entire track, regardless of the position he chose, because of the extensive terrain. Before the competition the organizing committee provides data only on general description of the course, i.e. the length of the slope (measured usually without snow) and few data on the incline of the slope. Unfortunately, no data on geometry of gates is supplied to the coaches. During the competition the time of running of the entire course and of one or two segments of the course are displayed. These data do not provide sufficient information with which to evaluate adequately an athlete’s performance on the course. Possession of detailed data on the geometry of the poles setting and on the time of the running between them would allow the coach to more accurately assess the performance of the skier on the course, i. e. what velocity and acceleration he had achieved between the gates.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Testing Characteristics and Technical Event Performance of Junior Alpine Ski Racers David Heikkinen
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 5-2003 Physical Testing Characteristics and Technical Event Performance of Junior Alpine Ski Racers David Heikkinen Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Kinesiology Commons Recommended Citation Heikkinen, David, "Physical Testing Characteristics and Technical Event Performance of Junior Alpine Ski Racers" (2003). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 473. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/473 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. PHYSICAL TESTING CHARACTERISTICS AND TECHNICAL EVENT PERFORMANCE OF JUNIOR ALPINE SKI RACERS By David Heikkinen B.S. University of Maine at Farmington, 1998 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Kinesiology and Physical Education) The Graduate School The University of Maine May, 2003 Advisory Committee: Robert Lehnhard, Associate Professor of Education, Advisor Phil Pratt, Cooperative Associate Education Stephen Butterfield, Professor of Education and Special Education PHYSICAL TESllNG CHARACTERlSllCS AND TECHNICAL EVENT PERFORNlANCE OF JUNIOR ALPlNE SKI RACERS By David Heikkinen Thesis Advisor: Dr. Robert Lehnhard An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Kinesiology and Physical Education) May, 2003 The purpose of this study was to determine if a battery of physical tests can be used to distinguish between the ability levels of junior alpine ski racers. Many sports, such as football, have established laboratory and field tests to assess their athlete's preparation for competition.
    [Show full text]
  • An On-Site Test Battery to Eval~Ate Giant Slalom .Skiinq Performance
    .. J"., _ ...... ;.~- , • ,~- ... ~.-{ .., .. -.. -. ,. ".I.; .. ,.,.! ., , ... :. j"':" ,.,...,,~.~ ':'t~ .. ·~fr .. ~~r\ 1 . \ 1 1 ~ 1 .­ An On-site Test Battery to Eval~ate . ! Giant Slalom .Skiinq Performance - 1 By , .- in partial fulfiliment of the requirements for the, degree of Master of- Arts . (Educatio~) .' .' f Department of Physical Education Division of Graduate Studies and Research Faculty of Education .. ) .. ~ MC~ill University • ,', , > _...,. ..... Montireal, Quebec . , \ January, 1988 t \ ~ r • ':"'J. 1 Q ,. {. \' .. / Permission has been granted rL' autorisation a étE! ac.cordl!e to the Nati-onal Library of à la Bibliothèque nationa1e Canada to Ilicrofilm this du Canada de microfi lmer thesi~ and to lend or sell cet te thèse et . de prêter ou copies of the ,film. ; de vendre des exemp1aires dU fi1m• • The author (~opyright owner) L'auteur (titulaire du droit j' has' reserved other d'auteur) se réserve 1es pub1ication rights, and autres droits de publicat~on: néither the thesis nor ni la thèse ni de longs extensive ex,tracts from it extraits 4e - celle-ci ne May be printed or otherwise doivent êt~e imprimés ou reproduced wi thout h~s/her autrement reproduits sans son written permis&ion. autorisation écrite. l SBN ~ 0-:315-459 86-7 o ...... .... .. c , • .' -, " - , ", "T"'- ".;;" "\ "1 • .. • • ..••• ....... :' .• -~. 'f ';. .. v ii ,'c" ABSTRACT ,/ • ,/ ,Thirty,-three subj ects were jf'Eudied using' tersts to meqsure pO\ier, agi-lity, anaerobic endurance and aerobic , IC! enduranc~ to determine if an on-site test battery would • ~distinguish among club (n = 11'), divisional (n = 14), and " provincial lever (n- = 9) giant s!alo.m skiers. Both /' construct validity and' criterion-related, validity of the test battery were examined.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Parameters in Competitive Alpine Skiing Disciplines of Slalom, Giant Slalom and Super-Giant Slalom
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Performance Parameters in Competitive Alpine Skiing Disciplines of Slalom, Giant Slalom and Super-Giant Slalom Lidia B. Alejo 1,2 , Jaime Gil-Cabrera 1,3, Almudena Montalvo-Pérez 1 , David Barranco-Gil 1 , Jaime Hortal-Fondón 1 and Archit Navandar 1,* 1 Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (L.B.A.); [email protected] (J.G.-C.); [email protected] (A.M.-P.); [email protected] (D.B.-G.); [email protected] (J.H.-F.) 2 Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain 3 Royal Spanish Winter Sports Federation, 28703 San Sebastian de los Reyes, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe the kinematic patterns and impacts in male and female skiers in the super-giant slalom, giant slalom and slalom disciplines of an international alpine skiing competition using a portable Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) technology device. Fifteen skiers (males, n = 9, females, n = 6) volunteered to participate in this study. Data acquisition was carried out using a wireless inertial measurement device (WIMUTM PRO: hybrid location system GNSS at 18 Hz with a precision locator UltraWideband UWD (<10 cm) and 3D accelerometers 1000 Hz) where distances covered in different speed and acceleration thresholds and Citation: B. Alejo, L.; Gil-Cabrera, J.; impacts above 5g were recorded in each of the disciplines. Male and female alpine skiers showed Montalvo-Pérez, A.; Barranco-Gil, D.; different physical parameters and impacts even though they competed in the same courses in the Hortal-Fondón, J.; Navandar, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Applied Physiology of Water-Skiing Scott H
    REVIEW ARTICLE Sports 0112-1642/96/00040262/$07.50/0Med. 1996 Apr; 21 262-276 O Adjs International Limited. All rights reserved. Applied Physiology of Water-Skiing Scott H. Leggett, l Kevin Kenneyl and Terry Eberhardt2 1 UCSD Orthomed, La Jolla, California, USA 2 Eberhardt Physical Therapy, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA Contents Summary 262 1 . Musculature Requirements 263 1 . 1 Slalom 263 1 .2 The Jump 265 2. Descriptive Characteristics of Water-Skiers 266 2. 1 Body Composition 266 2.2 Aerobic and Anaerobic Power 267 2.3 Strength 268 3. Strength and Conditioning for Water-Skiing 269 3. 1 Training Principles 269 3.2 Periodisatjon 270 4. Training Session Components 2n 4. 1 Warm-Up 271 4.2 Cardiovascular Training (Aerobic and Anaerobic) 272 4.3 Resistance Training 273 4.4 Cool-Down 274 4.5 Other Resistance Training Considerations 274 5, Conclusions 275 Summary Water-skiing is a physically demanding sport involving highly coordinated movements, extreme upper body torques, sustained isometric contractions and near maximal stresses on the anaerobic system. Due to the physical demands of the sport, elite skiers have developed physiological characteristics similar to other elite athletes. However, until recently little research has focused on the kinesiology, physiology and physical conditioning of water-skiing. Competitive water-skiing requires significant ski (fig. 3) involves factors of which many people physiological attributes specific to the sport. The are unaware of. process of turning a slalom ski (fig. 1), taking off In short, a slalom ski course consists of 6 buoys from a 1.83mjump (fig. 2), or manoeuvering a trick and 2 end-gates.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerodynamic Drag Is Not the Major Determinant of Performance During Giant Slalom Skiing at the Elite Level
    Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012: ••: ••–•• © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S doi: 10.1111/sms.12007 Aerodynamic drag is not the major determinant of performance during giant slalom skiing at the elite level M. Supej1,2,3, L. Sætran4, L. Oggiano4, G. Ettema5, N. Šarabon2, B. Nemec6, H.-C. Holmberg3,7 1Department of Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia, 3Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden, 4Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 5Department of Human Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 6Department of Biocybernetics, Automatics and Robotics, Josef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 7Swedish Olympic Committee, Stockholm, Sweden Corresponding author: Hans-Christer Holmberg, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, 83125 Östersund, Sweden. Tel: +46 70 4058960, Fax: +46 63 165740, E-mail: [email protected] Accepted for publication 12 September 2012 This investigation was designed to (a) develop an indi- tiplied by cross-sectional area as a function of shoulder vidualized mechanical model for measuring aerodynamic height was established for each skier (r > 0.94, all drag (Fd) while ski racing through multiple gates, (b) P < 0.001). Skiing velocity, Fd, Et, and Ed per GS turn estimate energy dissipation (Ed) caused by Fd and were 15–21 m/s, 20–60 N, -11 to -5 kJ, and -2.3 to compare this to the total energy loss (Et), and (c) investi- -0.5 kJ, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • B-135232 Plans for Staging the 1976 Winter Olympic Games in Colorado
    REPORT TO THE COMMITTEE ON INTERIOR AND INSU.AR AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Plans For taging The 1976 Winter Olympic Games h Colorado B735232 BY THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES WAsHIN+~oN, a c. 20548 B- 135232 Dear Mr Chairman In response to your request of April 28, 1972, this 1s our report on the plans for staging the 1976 winter Olympic games m Colorado Our prmclpal observations are summarized in the digest at the beginning of the report, We have not obtaaned comments on our report from the Department of the Interior, the Denver Organizing Commlt- tee for the 1976 Winter Olympics, Inc , or the other organlzatlons in- volved m plannmg the games. The mformatlon that we have been able to obtain within the time llmltatlons of our review generally cover a planning actlvltles through July 1972 Subsequent changes m the planning for the games may have occurred, or may subsequently occur, which could affect the complete- ness and currency of the mformatlon m our report. We shall make no further dlstrlbutlon of thns report until we have obtained your agreement or public announcement has been made by you concerning its content8 Sincerely yours, Comptroller General of the United States The Honorable Wayne N Aspmall Chairman, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs House of Representatives Contents Page DIGEST 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 5 Nature of the winter games 6 Sponsoring organxzations 6 2 FACILITIES PLANNING AND FUNDING 8 Minimum essential facilities 8 Highly desirable facilities
    [Show full text]
  • The Bulletin, March 2021 1 the Bulletin RUAPEHU SKI CLUB CONTENTS Volume 86, No
    The Bulletin, March 2021 1 The Bulletin RUAPEHU SKI CLUB CONTENTS Volume 86, No. 1 March 2021 2 President’s column 3 Ruapehu news 5 Bookings for 2021 8 Memories of Moira 13 Northern ski season 14 Barrymore movies 15 Junior champion 16 World ski awards 17 RSC calendar 17 New members 17 Obituaries 18 XC skiing boom 19 Skiing E-sports 20 White Island charges 25 X-Games medals 25 World ski champs 26 World snow racing Tukino skifield on the eastern (Desert Road) side of Ruapehu. Tukino has three club lodges and two rope 30 World snow news tows. Photo: Tukino skifield. 32 Club info page 2 The Bulletin, March 2021 PRESIDENT’S COLUMN so much time and effort into moving our office systems and website to the cloud, Kia ora koutou, hello everyone, enabling so much more flexibility around What a great summer it’s been for our work practices. most of us (unless you’re a farmer or a Looking forward I’ve already Wellingtonian, for opposite reasons!), mentioned that we are into our summer with people taking the opportunity to work season. I do encourage you to explore New Zealand. attend a work party this season, we really And then suddenly the realities need your help. Last year was difficult of Covid-19 came back to haunt us, financially for us and we will be relying with Level 3 and Level 2 being re- on work parties rather than contractors to imposed, hopefully only for a short time. get a lot of necessary maintenance done.
    [Show full text]
  • Barbara Johnson Chosen Queen of Carnival at Theta Chi
    Special Carnival Supplement • • • « Pages 5-8 Nancy Cole Wins Trophy . Page 4 UNH-UConn Basketball Prevue VOL. No. 42 Issue 17 Z413 Durham, N. H., February 12, 1953 PRICE — 7 CENTS Pages 11 Barbara Johnson Chosen Queen O f Carnival A t Theta Chi Tea By Claire Nickerson At a tea at Theta Chi last Thursday the queen of Winter Carni­ SPECIAL val and her four aides were chosen by Philip K. Brown, president of With this issue, The New the Hart Modeling Agency of Boston, and two of his top models, Hampshire presents its fourth an­ nual Winter Carnival Edition, a Miss Pollyanne Simonds and Miss Jayn Foss. The tea was formal round-up of the preparations, and the carnival court gave a preview of the glamour to be seen at names, and events that have gone the Ball in many beautiful gowns. into the making of the carnival The court was selected from 19 con­ weekend. testants including Betty Brown, Ash­ of the Carnival publicity then introduced Jon Riisnaes, our Champion ski jumper. You may attend the Carnival land ;Beverly Clark, Eliot, Me.; Marjorie Covell, Hampstead; Ann Crompton, During their chat the fact was brought Ball; you will probably witness out that a story had_ appeared that night or participate in one of the many Portsmouth; Judy Feldman, Pittsfield; Nancy Gorman, Portsmouth; Ruth Gran­ in the Boston Evening American about scheduled special programs. That ston, Wakefield, Mass.; Joyce Harsh, Jon. All facts considered the TV appear­ is the biggest part of Carnival. Northport, N. Y.; Barbara Johnson, La­ ance was a tremendous success and The other part—and the one conia; Elizabeth Johnson, Branford, afforded New Englanders a preview of that Outing Club is most aware Conn.; Ellen Robb, Caldwell, N.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of Respiratory and Metabolic Demands of Alpine Skiing
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness 14 (2016) 76e81 www.elsevier.com/locate/jesf Original article An examination of respiratory and metabolic demands of alpine skiing Metin Polat* Department of Coaching Education, Erciyes University, School of Physical Education and Sport, Kayseri, Turkey Received 9 May 2016; revised 9 June 2016; accepted 12 October 2016 Available online 19 November 2016 Abstract Background/Objective: To measure the cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables during the giant slalom (GS) skiing activity under actual race conditions using a mobile gas analyzer. Methods: This study included 20 voluntary male alpine ski racers (mean age, 22.00 ± 1.45 years) who participated in international races. First, incremental running test was conducted to obtain volunteers' maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) values. Second, respiratory data were measured during their performance on the GS course. Before both GS performance and incremental running test and at 1 minute, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes after the tests, blood lactate concentration was measured. Results:VO2max values of the volunteers were 51.36 ± 2.68 mL/kg/min and they used 74.96% of this during their performance on the GS course. Their blood lactate concentrations reached the maximum level of 13.69 ± 2.06 mmol/L at the 5th minute following the maximal exercise testing. After the GS performance, blood lactate values reached the maximum level of 10.13 ± 0.43 mmol/L at the 3rd minute. While the maximum heart rate was 196.5 ± 4.3 bpm during the maximal exercise testing, it reached 201.7 ± 20 bpm during the GS performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Sondre Norheimt Father of Modern Skiing
    Sons of Norway Mini Presentations #365: SONDRE NORHEIM- FATHER OF MODERN SKIING Image: Postcard of woman and man on a ski trip, 1894, by O. Jespersen. National Library of Norway, www.nb.no The father of modern skiing happens to come from Norway. Surprised? Skiing was not an expensive sport during Sondre’s lifetime. Pine skis Probably not, but you may be surprised at how much of an impact he could be cheaply made by local craftsmen and the ski hills were every- had on the early days of skiing. Sondre Norheim came from a little where. Skiing started as a means of transportation and entertainment. place known as the “cradle of skiing”, or Morgedal, Norway located It didn’t turn into a recreational sport until the mid-19th century when, in the heart of Telemark County. A fearless adventure seeker, Sondre in 1843, the world’s first non-military skiing competition was held took advantage of the Norwegian winters and excelled in ski jumping, in Tromsø, Norway. Skiing boomed primarily in Norway’s Telemark slalom skiing, Telemark skiing and alpine skiing. region. Its steep terrain was perfect for downhill skiing. Sondre Ouverson (son of Ouver) was born June 10, 1825 at Øverbø, Morgedal’s finest skier was undoubtedly young Sondre. He experiment- a small cotter’s farm, near Morgedal. He was a natural outdoors- ed on different hills, jumps, and with a variety of techniques and skis. man. His parents, Ouver Eivindsson and Ingerid Sundresdotter came He was also an excellent craftsman which made it easy to test his own from very poor families.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Muscle Activity in Giant Slalom Skiing
    A CASE STUDY OF MUSCLE ACTIVITY IN GIANT SLALOM SKIING R. A. Hintermeister, C. L. Suplizio, C.]. Dillman,]. R. Steadman Steadman-Hawkins Sports Medicine Foundation Vail, Colorado, USA INTRODUCfION Previous research has been helpful in providing a basic understanding of the response of the muscular system during skiing. Asang et al. (1975) and his colleagues (Grimm, 1978) were some of the first investigators to use telemetry with electromyogra­ phy (EMG) during skiing. They monitored surface EMG from four leg muscles in conjunction with force from a dynamometer between the binding and bottom of a boot to study six skiing styles ranging from a herringbone step to a parallel swing. Karlsson et al. (1978) looked at differences in EMG between a recreational skier and a competitive skier while skiing a slalom course. Muscle activity of the competitive skier was more dynamic, with discrete bursts of activity, than the recreational skier who displayed more continuous activity at a lower intensity. Other researchers have concentrated on the relationship between EMG and loads placed on the knee and leg for the purpose of inj ury prevention. Louie et al. (1984) examined the relationship between EMG of six leg muscles and torsion of the lower extremity measured with an instrumented ski binding. No significant relationships resulted from the on-snow experiments with three subjects. Maxwell and Hull (1989) compared loads measured from a dynamometer between the ski and boot with EMG activity from six muscles crossing the knee joint. Performance criteria for ski bindings were recommended based on knee loads. Although the cited literature has provided some fundamental data regarding patterns of muscle activity during skiing, only one of the subjects was a competitive racer.
    [Show full text]