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In dieser Liste sind nur mehrfach auftretende Abkürzungen aufgeführt. Es wird nur auf die Seite verwiesen, auf der sie (erstmals) erklärt werden. Namen von Experimenten oder Einrichtungen sind nicht als Abkürzungen, sondern im Index aufgeführt.

ADC analog-to-digital converter; Analog-zu-Digital-Konverter. 245 ANSI American National Standards Institute. 812 APD Avalanche Photo Diode; Photodioden mit Lawinenverstärkung. 423 ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit; Elektronikchip für eine spezielle Anwendung. 742 CAM Content Addressable Memory; Assoziativspeicher. 823 CC geladener Strom. 696 CCD Charge-Coupled Device. 342 CNGS CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso. 175 CSA Charge sensitive amplifier; ladungsempfindlicher Vorverstärker. 724 CT Computertomografie mit Röngenstrahlung. 23 DAQ data acquisition; Datenerfassung. 807 DEPFET Depleted Field Effect Transistor; spezieller Pixeldetektor. 349 DIRC Detection of Internally Reflected Cherenkov Light; Cherenkov-Detektor von BaBar. 469 DLC diamond-like carbon coating; diamantähnliche Widerstandsbeschichtung. 228 DM Dunkle Materie. 710 DME Dimethylether. 226 DOM Digital Optical Module. 709 DSP Digitaler Signalprozessor. 823 e/h electron-hole; Elektron-Loch. 154 EAS Extended Air Shower; ausgedehnter Luftschauer. 672 EC electron capture; Elektroneinfang. 831 ECC emulsion cloud chamber; Emulsionsnebelkammer. 172 EM elektromagnetisch. 602 ENC Equivalent Noise Charge; äquivalente Rauschladung. 802 ESONE European Standards On Nuclear Electronics. 812 FADC Flash-Analog-zu-Digital-Konverter. 246 FIFO First-In-First-Out; Schieberegister. 823 FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array; frei programmierbarer Logikschaltkreis. 823 GCD Gate Controlled Diode; Halbleiterstruktur zur Messung von Oxidladungen. 313 GEM Gas Electron Multiplier. 229 HAPD Hybride Avalanche-Photodiode. 426 HPD Hybride Photodiode. 426 HV Hochspannungsversorgung; high voltage. 148 906 Abkürzungen

IACT Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes. 690 IC Inverser Compton-Effekt. 84 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 812 ISA Internationale Standardatmosphäre. 673 JES Jet-Energieskala. 650 LAN local area network. 814 LAr Flüssig-Argon. 608 LDF Lateral Distribution Function; Funktion zur Beschreibung der lateralen Schauerverteilung. 681 LKr Flüssig-Krypton. 608 LPM Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal-Effekt. 585 LSB Least Significant Bit; niedrigstwertiges Bit. 755 LUT Look-Up Table. 823 MA main amplifier; Hauptverstärker. 223 MAPS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor; spezieller Pixeldetektor. 354 MICROMEGAS MICRO-MEsh GAseous Structure. 231 MIP minimal ionizing particle; minimal-ionisierendes Teilchen. 36 MPGD micro pattern gas detector. 225 MRPC Multigap Resistive Plate Chamber; Drahtkammer mit resistiver Anode und Vielfachebenen. 544 MVA Multivariate Analyse; statistisches Analyseverfahren. 575 MWPC Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber; Vieldrahtproportionalkammer. 214 NC neutraler Strom. 696 NIM Nuclear Instrumentation Module; Standard für modulare Elektronik zur Signal- und Triggeraufbereitung. 812 NKG Nishimura-Kamata-Greisen; NKG-Formel: beschreibt die laterale Vertei- lung der elektromagnetischen Komponente eines Luftschauers. 680 NTP Normalbedingungen für Druck und Temperatur. 116 PA pre-amplifier; Vorverstärker. 223 PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect; Bus-Standard. 814 PDG Particle Data Group; Herausgeber des 'Review of Particle Properties'. 16 PET Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie. 23 PFA particle flow analysis; Teilchenflussanalyse. 648 PLD Programmable Logic Device. 810 PMT Photo Multiplier Tube; Photovervielfacher. 414 RBW Relative Biologische Wirksamkeit. 829 RPC resistive plate chambers. 209 S/N Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis. 318 SDR space drift time relation; Orts-Driftzeit-Beziehung. 246 SEV Sekundärelektronenvervielfacher, Teil des Photovervielfachers. 415 SiPM Siliziumphotomultiplier. 426 SNR Signal-to-noise-ratio; Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis. 722 SNU Solar Neutrino Unit; 10−36 Einfänge pro Targetatom und Sekunde. 697 SPAD Single Photon Avalanche Diode; auf Einzelphotonen empfindliche APD. 425 Abkürzungen 907

SPT Superconducting Phase-transition Thermometer. 713 SUSY Supersymmetrie. 711 TDAQ Trigger- und Datennahme. 826 TDC time-to-digital converter; Zeit-Digitalisierer. 245 TEA Triethylamin; Photonen absorbierender Moleküldampf. 458 TES Transition Edge Sensor. 714 TMAE Tetrakisdimethylaminoethylen; Photonen absorbierender Moleküldampf. 458 TMS Tetramethylsilan. 617 TOF time of ﬂight; Flugzeitmessung. 540 ToT time-over-threshold. 731 TPC Time Projection Chamber. 254 TR Transition Radiation; Übergangsstrahlung. 475 VEM Vertical Equivalent Muon; Kalibrationseinheit für Luftschauersignale. 685 VHE Very High Energy. 690 VLSI Very Large Scale Integration; sehr hoch integrierte elektronische Schaltkrei- se. 743 VPT Vakuum-Phototriode. 611 WIMP Weakly Interacting Massive Particle; Kandidat für Dunkle Materie. 710 Index

Aberration, chromatische, 458, 459 Innendetektor, 556 Abklingzeitzeit eines Pulses, 731 Kalorimetersystem, 657 Abschirmung, 60 Magnete, 562 Absorption, 28–29 Pixeldetektor, 550 Photonen, 74 Toroidmagnete, 391 Absorptionskante, 76 TRT, 493–494, 556 Absorptionskoeffizient, 29, 75, 188 atmosphärische Tiefe, 673 Absorptionslänge, 564 Auflösung Elektronen in Gas, 188 dE/dx, 546 hadronische, 89, 562 Energie, siehe Energieauflösung nukleare, 595 Spurparameter, 400–412 Paarproduktion, 86 Impuls, 401–408 Absorptionstiefe, 413 Richtung, 408–410 AC-Kopplung, 320 Stoßparameter, 410–412 ADC Augendiagramm, 771 Auflösung, 756 Auger, Pierre, 661 Flash-ADC, 761 Auger-Elektronen, 79, 697 Linearität, 757 Auger-Experiment, 688 Pipeline-ADC, 762 Ausheilung Successive Approximation ADC, 760 beneficial annealing, 369 Wilkinson-ADC, 761 reverse annealing, 369 Zwei-Flanken-ADC, 761 Auslese Aerogel, 447, 448, 466 elektronische, 719–721 ALICE-Experiment Auslese-Chip, 324 dE/dx-Messung, 549 Ausleseschema, 721 HMPID, 552 Auslesesystem, 811–813 TOF, 544 ATCA, μTCA, 813 TPC, 549, 550 CAMAC, 811 TRD, 557 VMEbus, 812 Allzweckdetektoren, 16 Austrittsarbeit, 301, 303, 306, 307 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), 671 Avalanche-Photodiode, siehe APD AMANDA, 707 Analog-zu-Digital-Wandlung, 755–763 Anregungsenergie BaBar-Experiment mittlere, 33 CsI-Kalorimeter, 610 Anreicherung, 308 DIRC-Detektor, 469 Anstiegszeit eines Pulses, 731 Bändermodell, 306 ANTARES, 473, 708 BaF2, 513, 515, 526 APD, 423 Baikal-Neutrinoteleskop, 707 Äquivalentdosis, 829 ballistisches Defizit, 153, 737 äquivalente Rauschladung, 802 Ballonexperiment, 171, 664–669 Argon-Ethan, 117 Bandkrümmung, 281 Argon-Methan, 117 Bandlücke, 278, 285, 508 ARGUS-Experiment, 10 Bandverbiegung, 303 Driftkammer, 235, 237 Barn (Einheit, Zeichen: b), 29 ASIC-Chips, 742–754 barometrische Höhenformel, 673 Askariyan-Effekt, 686 Barriere, 303 Assoziativspeicher, 823 Becquerel (Aktivitätseinheit), 829 Astroteilchenphysik, 661 Becquerel, H., 5 Detektoren, 20–22 Beer-Lambert-Gesetz, 29 Observatorien, 21 Beschleuniger, 13–15 Untergrundlaboratorien, 21 Besetzungswahrscheinlichkeit, 282 ATLAS-Experiment Bethe-Bloch-Formel, 30–41 Akkordeon-Kalorimeter, 618 halbklassiche Berechnung, 31 dE/dx-Messung, 550 Mischungen, Verbindungen, 40 910 Index

Bethe-Heitler-Prozesse, siehe Heitler-Prozesse Cherenkov-Detektor, 437–474, 551 Beweglichkeit, 315 Aerogel, 448 Definition, 101 Auflösung (chromatische), 551 Elektronen und Löcher, 123 Cherenkov-Radiator, 443 Ionen in Gas, 109 chromatische Aberration, 458, 459 Bewegung differenzieller, 451 Drift-, 91 DIRC, 469–473, 551 Elektronen in Gas, 111–121 Fokussierungstechniken, 453 Ionen in Gas, 109–111 Freon, 448 Ladungsträger, 91–129 Photondetektor, 453–458 ungeordnete, 91 Proximity-Fokussierung, 452, 453, 456, 458 BGO, 513, 526, 527 Quanteneffizienz, 445, 462 biasing Quarz, 471 Arbeitspunkteinstellung, 322 Radiatormaterialien, 447 Pixeldetektor, 324 RICH, 551 Polysilizium, 322 RICH-Detektor, 446, 451–469 punch-through, 323 Schwelle, 447 Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC), 169 Schwellen-, 448–451, 551 Biolumineszenz, 708 Spiegelfokussierung, 452 Birks-Formel, 504 Spiegelreflektivität, 445, 462 b-Jet, 575 Transmissionseffizienz, 445 Blackett, P., 9, 165 Transmissionsfunktion, 462 Blanc-Regel, 110 Blasenkammer, 9, 74, 163, 167–170 Cherenkov-Effekt, 10 δ-Elektronen, 170 Cherenkov-Strahlung, 437–474, 538, 560 Bleiglas, 609 Cherenkov-Effekt, 437–439 Bleiwolframat, 516 Cherenkov-Ring, 441 Bode-Diagramm, 727 Cherenkov-Schwelle, 440–441 Bolometer, 713 Emissionsspektrum, 442–446 Boltzmann-Gleichung, 296 Emissionswinkel, 440 Boltzmann-Transportgleichung, 93–104, Frequenzband, 442 111–115, 122 Mach’scher Schallkegel, 439 Borosilikatglas, 415 maximaler Winkel, 440 Bothe, W., 6 Nachweis von, 444–446 Bragg-Peak, 54, 177 Photonenausbeute, 445–446 Brechungsindex, 447, 476 Polarisation, 438, 440 Bremsstrahlung, siehe Energieverlust Schwelle, 448 Bremsstrahlungsspektrum, 60–64 Schwellenenergie, 440 Bremsvermögen, 35 Schwellengeschwindigkeit, 439, 440 bump bonds, 324 Schwellenimpuls, 448 Bus, 813–815 Cherenkov-Teleskope, 690–694 Charakterisierung, 815 Cherenkov-Winkel, 439, 451 eXtensions for Instrumentation, 814 Chip-Elektronik, 320 PCI, 814 CHORUS, 175 CMS-Experiment, 516 CCE, 367 Detektor, 20 CDHS-Experiment, 648, 703 Magnete, 562 CDMS-Experiment, 22, 375, 712 PbWO4-Kalorimeter, 610 CdTe, 274, 377 RPC-Chambers, 209 CeF3, 513 Schnittbild, 19 CERES-Experiment, 455, 464 CNGS, 175 CESR, 16 Collider, 14 charakteristische Energie, 108, 116, 837 Compton-Effekt, 80–84, 525 charge collection efficiency, 367 inverser, 84, 704 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD), 342–346 Rückstoßenergie, 83 Charmonium-Spektrum, 530 Winkelverteilung, 82 Charpak, G., 9 Compton-Kante, 83 Cherenkov, P. A., 10 CORSIKA, 683 Cherenkov-Beziehung, 439, 551 Coulomb-Korrektur, 61, 62 Index 911

Coulomb-Vielfachstreuung, siehe chromatische, 462, 554 Vielfachstreuung DONUT-Experiment, 173 Cowan, C., 702 DORIS, 16 Crab, 694 Dosimetrie, 22, 181, 202, 829–830 CREAM, 669 Dotierung, 285–288 CRESST-Experiment, 712 Double Chooz, 703 cross talk, 726 Driftgeschwindigkeit, 99–104 Crystal Ball, 528, 609 Elektron in Gas, 115–119 CsI, 526, 527 Sättigung (Gas), 117 Photondetektor, 456 Sättigung (Halbl.), 125 CsI (Tl), 513 Driftkammer, 184, 232–262 CTA, 691 Betriebsparameter, 241–244 CVD-Diamant, 380–382 Diffusion, 250, 837–838 Czochralski-Methode, 276 drei-dim. Spurrekonstruktion, 239 CZT, 377 Driftzeitmessung, 244–246 Gasmischung, 241 Hochspannung, 244 DAC, 763 im Magnetfeld, 253 DAMA-Experiment, 712 Ionisationsstatistik, 251, 839–840 Dämpfung auf Leitungen, 769 Lorentz-Winkel, 254 Dämpfungskorrektur, 771 Monitor, 233 Datenerfassung, 811–815 Orts-Driftzeit-Beziehung, 246–249 Datenpuffer, 818 Ortsauflösung, 250–253 Datenverarbeitung, 12 planare, 235 Davis, R., 697 Prinzip, 233 Daya Bay, 703 Rechts-Links-Ambiguität, 238 DC-Kopplung, 320 Spurkoordinaten, 237–241 dE/dx-Auflösung, 546, 547 Zellgeometrie, 234 dE/dx-Messung, 544–550 zylindrische, 237 dE/dx-Methode, 561 Driftrohr, 234 Delta-Elektron, 41–45, 492, 629 Myon-, 243 Energie-Winkel-Relation, 42–45 TRD, 493 Depletionszone, 290 Driftstrom, 126, 290 Detektorkonfiguration, 17 Drude-Modell, 122 Collider-Experiment, 17 DUMAND-Projekt, 707 Fixed-Target-Experiment, 17 Dunkelpulse, 432 Detektorlänge (Teilchenident.), 560 Dunkelrate, 432, 433 Diamant, CVD-, 380 Dunkle Materie Dichteeffekt (Bethe-Bloch-Gl.), 38 Dichte, 711 Diethorn-Formel, 193 duale Messmethode, 713 differenzieller Cherenkov-Detektor, 451 Nachweis, 710–717 Diffusion, 104–108, 119–121, 317 Durchlassrichtung, 295, 296 Driftkammer, 837–838 Dynode, 414, 415 Halbleiter, 126 longitudinale, 120 transversale, 120 Eckfrequenz, 728 Diffusionskoeffizient, 105–108 EDELWEISS-Experiment, 712 Diffusionsnebelkammer, 166–167 effektive Masse, 122, 280 Diffusionsspannung, 292 Eigenleitung, 280 Diffusionsstrom, 127, 289, 290, 295 Eindringtiefe von Licht, 414 Digital-zu-Analog-Wandlung, 763 Einfangzentrum, 300, 366 Digitaler Signalprozessor (DSP), 823 Eingangskapazität, dynamische, 725 Diode, 288 Einheitensystem, 24 DIRC-Prinzip, 469–473 Einstein-Beziehung, siehe Diskriminator, 721, 740–742 Nernst-Townsend-Einstein-Beziehung constant fraction, 742 elektromagnetische Schauer, 564, 579–588 leading edge, 741 Größe, 582–588 zero crossing, 742 Heitler-Modell, 581 Dispersion, 439, 458, 460 laterales Profil, 584 anomale, 442, 444 longitudinales Profil, 583 912 Index

LPM-Effekt, 585–588 Fano-Faktor, 787–789 Modell, 579–582 Fehlerfortpflanzung, 853 Prozesse, 580 Fermi-Dirac-Verteilung, 282 Rossis Approximation B, 579 Fermi-Energie, 282, 285, 301, 306 Elektrometer, 5 Fermi-Plateau, 39 elektronegativ, 187 Fermi-Satellit, 671 Elektroneinfang, 695, 698, 831 Fick’sche Gesetze, 104 Elektronenaffinität, 301, 303 Filterzeit, 732, 802 Elektronenanlagerung in Gasen, 187–189 optimale, 802 elektronisches Rauschen, 790–805 Fingerzähler, 523 Elementhalbleiter, 274 Fixed-target-Experiment, 523 Elongationsrate, 678 Flachbandkabel, 765 Emulsion, siehe Fotoemulsion Flachbandspannung, 307 Emulsionsnebelkammer (ECC), 172 Flachbandzustand, 308 Emulsionstarget, 173–175 Flächendiode, 319 Energieauflösung Flächenwiderstand, 209 el.-magn. Kalorimeter, 621–633 Float-Zone-Technique, 276 Flugstrecke Hadronkalorimeter, 650–655 B-Meson, 571 Szintillationskristalle, 526 Myon, 469 Energiebänder, 276, 507 τ-Lepton, 534 Energieeintrag Teilchenidentifikation, 539 Photoeffekt, 79 τ-Lepton, 269 energiegewichtete Mittelung, 101 Flugzeitmessung, 538, 540–544 Energiespektrum FLUKA, 598 Compton-Photonen, 83 Fluktuationen kosmische Strahlung, 663 im Messprozess, 784–790 Neutronen, 642 in der Elektronik, 790–805 Photonen in Kristallen, 524 Fluoreszenz, 495, 500, 506 Schauerteilchen (el.-magn.), 626 -Teleskop, 690 Übergangsstrahlung, 479 Licht von Luftschauer, 685 Energieübertrag prompte, 500 Ionisation, 32–34 verzögerte, 495, 500 Neutronenstreuung, 567, 639 flüssige Edelgase, 607 Energieverlust Flüssigszintillator, 500 Bremsstrahlung, 59–69, 476 Fokussierung, 452 eingeschränkter, 39, 52 Follow-up-Programm, 710 Elektronen, Positronen, 39 Formationslänge, 61, 482, 585 Fluktuationsunterdrückung, 52 Formationszone, 482–483 hochenergetische Myonen, 67–69 Fotoemulsion, 6, 163, 170–177, 661 Ionisation, 30–59 Auswertung, 175 mittlerer, 31 Entwicklungsprozess, 171 Skalierungsgesetz (dE/dx), 39 Ilford G.5, 172 statistische Fluktuationen, 45–53 Myon-Radiografie, 176 Entdeckung Sensitiviät, 171 Ω--Baryon, 9 Tumorbestrahlung, 177 Pion, 6 Fotolithografie, 325 Positron, 8 FPGA, 823 τ-Lepton, 538 1/f-Rauschen, 863 epitaktisches Silizium, 342, 354 Funkelrauschen, 863 equivalent noise charge, 802 Funkenkammer, 184, 205–207 Escape-Peak, 80, 525 Ethernet, 814 G-APD, 424 Evaporation, 589–592 GaAs, 274, 375, 376 Expansionsnebelkammer, 164–166 Gain-Bandwidth-Product, 728 Extended Air Shower, 672 Gaisser-Hillas-Formel, 678 extrinsischer Halbleiter, 285 GALLEX-Experimente, 698 Exzessrauschfaktor, 424 Garfield, 218 Exziton, 509 Gargamelle, 169 Index 913

Gas Electron Multiplier, siehe GEM e/π und e/h, 634 gasgefüllte Detektoren, 179–268 intrinsische Auflösung, 645 Alterung, 262–268 Jet-Eenergieskala, 650 Malter-Effekt, 266 Kalibration, 650 Maße für, 263 Kompensation, 640–650 Polymerisate, 264 Leckverluste, 653 Detektortypen, 181–184 MIP-Referenzsignal, 637–640 Gasverstärkung, 6, 189–198 Neutrinoexperiment, 655 Betriebsbereiche, 193–198 Software-Korrektur, 648 Definition, 190 Tail Catcher, 653 Lawinenausbildung, 189 Teilchenfluss, 648 Zylindergeometrie, 191–193 verzögerte Signale, 646 Gate Controlled Diode, 313 Halbleiter, 274, 278 Gauß-Verteilung, 105 direkt, 279 Ge, 274, 375 Elementhalbleiter, 274 Geant4, 598 extrinsisch, 285 Geiger, H., 6 Germanium, 274 Geiger-APD, 424 Grenzflächen, 288–313 Geiger-Müller-Zählrohr, 6, 182, 203 Grundlagen, 273–288 GEM, 229–231 indirekt, 279 Triple-GEM, 230 intrinsisch, 280, 285 Generations-Rekombinations-Zentren, 365 Kapazität, 299 Geo-Synchrotron-Effekt, 685 Leckstrom, 300 Geometriefaktor, 666 Silizium, 274 Germanium, 274 Verbindungshalbleiter, 274 Geschichte der Detektoren, 5–12 Halbleiterdetektoren, 9, 269–382 Ginzburg-Frank-Formel, 477 Halbleitermaterialien, 274 Glaser, D.A., 9, 167 CdTe,CZT, 377 Glashow-Resonanz, 696 Diamant, 380–382 Gleichgewicht GaAs, 375 thermisches, 294 Germanium, 375 gleitendes Fenster, 826 Hall-Faktor, 104, 128 Gluckstern, 401, 406 HAPD, hybride Avalanche-Photodiode, 426 Gran-Sasso-Laboratorium, 175, 704 Helix, siehe Teilchenbahn Gray (Dosiseinheit), 829 HERA, 16 Grenzschichten HERA-B-Experiment Halbleiter-Halbleiter, 289 Driftkammer, 236 Halbleiter-Metall, 289 Kalorimeter, 617 Halbleiter-Oxid-Metall, 289 Hess, V., 5, 661–662 Metall-Halbleiter, 301 H.E.S.S.-Teleskop, 474, 690, 694 Metall-Oxid-Halbleiter (MOS), 305 Highland-Formel, 71 n+n und p+p, 300 Hillas-Parameter, 693 pn-Übergang, 289 Histogrammieren, 825 Groom’s Theorem, 522 Hochspannungskurve, 219 Grundlinie, 731 Hodoskop, 17 Gruppengeschwindigkeit, 280 Homestake Mine, 697 GSO, 513 Hough-Transformation, 400, 825 Gyrationsfrequenz, 385 HPD, hybride Photodiode, 428 GZK-Cutoff, 705 HPD, hybrider Photodetektor, 554 hybride Photodetektoren, 426–429 Hybridisierung, 498 Hadron-Elektron-Separation, 601 hadronischer Schauer, 565, 588–598 Fluktuationen, 593–595 IceCube, 473, 709–710 Größe, 595–597 IceTop, 688 Komponenten, 593–595 ILC, 16 Simulation, 598 Implantation, 324 Hadronkalorimeter, 633–655 Impulsmessung, 538 duale Auslese, 649 Inelastizität, 111 Elektron-, Hadronsignale, 634–640 Influenz 914 Index

Elektrometer, 132 Kalorimetertrigger, 825 Inhaltsübersicht, 25 Kamiokande, 698 Internat. Standardatmosphäre (ISA), 673 KamLand, 703 International Space Station (ISS), 671 Kammergas Ionenimplantation, 326 elektronegative Zusätze, 201 Ionisation Photoabsorption, 199 Anzahlfluktuationen, 45 Polymerisation, 201 Energiefluktuationen, 45 Wahl, 198 in Gasen, 184–185 Kapazität Ionisationsdetektor Halbleiterdiode, 299 Prinzip, 179 Kapazitätsanpassung Ionisationskammer, 181 Rauschen, 805 Ionisationsschäden, 368 kapazitive Ladungsteilung, 321 Ionisationsstatistik KASCADE(-Grande), 686 Driftgas, 839–840 Kaskade Ionisationsverlust, spezifischer, 538 hadronische, 590 Isochrone, 238 intra-nukleare, 590 Isolator, 278 neutrino-induzierte, 707 ISOMAX, 666 KEK, 704 ISR, 16 KEK-B, 16 Kennlinie, 305 Kernemulsion, siehe Fotoemulsion Jet, 270 Kernspaltung, 589, 591, 594, 639, 640, 645 Jet-Energieauflösung, 606 Klein-Nishina-Formel, 82 Jet-Energieskala, 651, 656 KM3NET, 708 Jet-Kammer, 234 Koaxialkabel, 765 Johnson Noise, 860–861 Kohärenzlänge, 61, 585 Kohlenstoffatom, 498 K2K, 704 Koinzidenzmethode, 6, 818 Kabeldämpfung, 769–772 konforme Abbildung, 833 Kalman-Filter, 400, 820, 821 konstanter Term Kalorimeter, 10, 577–659 el.-magn. Kalorimeter, 632 Akkordeon, 618 had. Kalorimeter, 652 Auflösungen, 602–605 Kontakt el.-magn., 608 ohmsch, 303, 305 elektro.mag., 621–633 Schottky, 302, 305 hadronisch, 650–655 Konversionslinie, 830 intrinsisch, 645 Konzentrationsgefälle, 289 Kal.-Systeme, 654 kosmische Strahlung, 661–712 Bleiglas, 611 Kovarianzmatrix, 852 CsI(Tl), 610 Kristallgitter elektromagnetisch, 606–633 Diamant, 276, 380 Flüssig-Krypton, 612 Zinkblende, 276 Granularität, 600 Kristallimpuls, 280 hadronisch, 633–655 kritische Energie, 66–67, 561 homogene, 607–614 Kryo-Detektoren, 713–717 Kalibration, 605 Kalibration (el.-magn.), 620 Ladungsteilung, 222 Konstruktion und Betrieb, 598–605 Ladungsträgerdichte, 284 NaI(Tl), 609 Ladungsträgerkonzentration PbWO4, 610 intrinsische, 285 projektive Geometrie, 599 Ladungsverstärkung, 725 Sampling-, 599, 614–619 Landau-Vavilov-Verteilung, 46–50 Sandwich-, 614–617 Landau-Verteilung, 47 Schaschlik-, 617 Laplace-Transformation, 855–857 Segmentierung, 600 Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 12 Spaghetti-, 618 latentes Bild, 171 Teilchenidentifikation, 564–565 Latenzzeit, 814, 822 Kalorimetersysteme, 655–659 lateral distribution function (LDF), 681 Index 915

Lawine magnetostriktive Auslese, 206 Gas, 182 Magnetspektrometer, 15, 394–395 Photodiode, 424 abbildendes, 15 Lawine-Streamer-Funken, 196 Majoritätsladungsträger, 296, 311 Lebensdauer, 573 Malter-Effekt, 266 b-Quark, 331 Maskenprozessor, 821 τ-Lepton, 269 Massenauflösung Leckstrom, 300, 366 Cherenkov, 551 Leiter, 278 TOF, 542 Leitfähigkeit, 285 Massenbremsvermögen, 35 Leitungsband, 277, 278, 507 Massenwirkungsgesetz, 284 LEP, 16 Matthiessen’sche Regel, 124 LHC, 16 Maxwell-Verteilung, 96, 113 LHCb-Experiment, 553 MCP, Mikrokanalplatte, 420 RICH-Detektor, 553 Metall-Halbleiter-Übergang, 301 Lichtausbeute, 504 metallurgical junction, 423 Lichtleiter, 497, 516, 519–521 Methode der kleinsten Quadrate, 851–852 light pool, 692 Methylal, 120 Linearbeschleuniger, 13 MICROMEGAS, 231 Linearität InGRID-Struktur, 231 ADC, 757 Microstrip Gas Chamber, siehe MSGC eines Auslesesystems, 721 Mikrostreifendetektor, 270, 317, 320, 328 differenzielle Nicht- (DNL), 758 mikrostrukturierter Gasdetektor, siehe MPGD integrale Nicht- (INL), 758 Mikrovertexdetektor, 270, 271 Liouville-Theorem, 519 Minoritätsladungsträger, 297, 300, 311 Longo-Formel, 583, 678 mittlere freie Weglänge, 100 Lorentz-Faktor, 270 Definition, 29 Lorentz-Kraft, 94, 97, 385 Mobilität, siehe Beweglichkeit Lorentz-Variable, 24, 538 Moderation von Neutronen, 567 Lorentz-Winkel, 103, 119, 128, 129 Molière-Streuung, 70 Löschgas, 199 MOS-Übergang, 305 LPM-Effekt, 62 Mott-Wirkungsquerschnitt, 32 LSO, 513 Luftschauer, 592 Moyal-Verteilung, 48 -detektoren, 683–690 MPGD, 225–231 -komponenten, 677 Gasmischung, 226 ausgedehnte, 672 MRPC, 544 Gammaschauer, 682 MSGC, 226–229 hadronische, 674 Entladung, 228 Massenabhängigkeit, 681 Ortsauflösung, 228 Luminosität, 14 Ratenverträglichkeit, 226 Luminositätsmonitor, 15 MT-Querschnitt, 112 LYSO, 513 Mustererkennung, 398–400, 820–826 MWPC, siehe Vieldrahtproportionalkammer Mylar, Übergangsstrahlung, 477 Mach’scher Schallkegel, 439 Myon-Bündel, 682 MAGBOLTZ, 188 Myonen MAGIC-Teleskop, 474, 690 Identifikation, 561–564 magisches Gas, 219 Spektrometer, 562 Magnet Solenoid, 563 Toroid, 563 n+-n-Grenzschicht, 300 Magnetfeld, 387–393 NA48-Experiment, 612 Dipol, 387 Nachpulse (after-pulses), 433 magnetisiertes Eisen, 392 Nachweiseffizienz, 574 Solenoid, 388 NaI(Tl), 513, 784 Toroid, 389 natürliche Einheiten, 24, 270 Vermessung, 392 Nebelkammer, 8, 163–167, 661 magnetische Steifigkeit, 666 -Trigger, 165 magnetisches Horn, 703 Stereoskopie, 166 916 Index

Nernst-Townsend-Einstein-Beziehung, 108, PEP II, 16 110, 127, 128, 294 Perfluorbutan, 463 Netzwerk, 813–815 Perfluorhexan, 446, 463 Charakterisierung, 815 Perfluorpentan, 446, 463 Neutralitätsbedingung, 291 Pestov-Glas, 228 Neutrino Pestov-Zähler, 208 -astronomie, 704 PET, 23 -detektoren, 695–710 PETRA, 16 -oszillationen, 695–704 Phasengeschwindigkeit, 439, 475 -reaktionen, 467 Phasenraum, 519 -rekonstruktion, 705–707 Phasenraumverteilung, 93 Neutrino-Nukleon-Reaktionen, 695 Phononen, 123 Neutrinonachweis akustische, 123, 129 Echtzeit-, 698 optische, 125 hohe Energien, 704 Phosphoreszenz, 495, 500 radiochemischer, 697 Photodetektoren, 413–436 Neutrinophysik, 664 CsI-Kathode, 456 Neutrinos Photodiode, 421 atmosphärische, 701 Photoeffekt, 76–80, 525 Beschleuniger-, 703 Photokathode, 414 Entdeckung, 702 Bialkali-, 414 Reaktor-, 702 Photomultiplier, siehe Photovervielfacher Neutrinoteleskope, 707 Photonenausbeute, 445, 446 Neutronen, 566 Photonnachweis, 414 Evaporationsspektrum, 591 Photovervielfacher, 11, 414–419, 445, 497, 786, Wirkungsquerschnitt, 567 787 Neutronendetektor, 568 Basis, 415 Neutronendiagnostik, 23 hybrider Photovervielfacher, 426 Neutronennachweis, 566–569 Quantenausbeute, 417–419 Neutronenzähler, 568 Quanteneffizienz, 417 Nicht-Lokalitäts-Problem, 531 Spannungsteiler, 415 Nichtlinearität Strahlungsempfindlichkeit, 417 differenzielle, 758 Pick-up, 792 integrale, 758 Pierre Auger Observatory NIM-Pegel, 819 see Auger-Experiment, 688 NKG-Funktion, 680 Pile-up, 731 Normalbedingungen, 906 PIN-Diode, 421 Nyquist-Rauschen, 860–861 Pipeline, 818 Pixelchips, 748–751 Pixeldetektor, 319, 324, 550 Oberflächenladung, 303 ATLAS, 334, 347 Oberflächenschädigung, 368 CMS, 347 Occhialini, G., 165 hybrid, 332–336 Ohm’scher Kontakt, 303 monolithisch, 346–359 OPAL-Detektor, 611 Pixelsensor Jetkammer, 548 ATLAS, 336 Vertexkammer, 572 Plasmafrequenz, 38, 477 OPERA-Experiment, 172–175 Plastikszintillator, 495, 500, 501, 522, 541 Operationsverstärker, 148, 722, 723, 725 PMT, siehe Photovervielfacher Oxidladungen, 307 pn-Diode, 319 pn-Übergang, 289 Paarbildung, 85–87, 525 Poisson-Statistik, 788 Pad-Detektor, 319 Poisson-Verteilung, 774 PAMELA, 670 Pole-Zero-Cancellation, 735–737 Parallelplattendetektor, 142–147, 154, 455 Polyethylen, Übergangsstrahlung, 477 parsec, 704 Polypropylen, Übergangsstrahlung, 477 PbWO4, 513, 516 Positron-Proton-Trennung, 670, 671 π-Elektronen, 498 Powell, C.F., 6, 170 PEP, 16 Poynting-Vektor, 440 Index 917

Pre-Emphasis-Korrektur, 771 Rauschleistungsdichte, 791 Presampler, 602 Rauschterm Primärvertex, 270, 572 el.-magn. Kalorimeter, 631 Proportionalkammer, 181 had. Kalorimeter, 652 Proportionalzählrohr, 202 reduzierte Feldstärke, 116, 189 Proximity-Fokussierung, 453, 456, 463, 466, Reflektivität, 445 552 Reflexionen Pseudorapidität, 25 von Signalen in Leitungen, 768–769 Pulsformer, 721, 732 Reichweite, 53–59 Pulsformung Myon, 69, 706 ballistisches Defizit, 737 Potenzfunktion, 55 bipolar, 734–735 Reines, F., 702 Pole-Zero-Cancellation, 735–737 Rekombination in Gasen, 187 tail cancellation, 737 relative biologische Wirksamkeit (RBW), 829 unipolar, 732–734 Relaxationsnäherung, 96, 97, 114, 123 Pulshöhe, 731 Relaxationszeit, 96, 122 punch through, hadronic, 562 RENO, 703 Resistive Plate Chambers, siehe RPC RHIC, 16 Quantenausbeute, 517 RICH-Detektor, 451–469 Quanteneffizienz, 417, 445, 456 Anforderungen, 461 Quarks Auflösung, 458–462 schwere, 571 RICH-Konstante, 460 Quarz, 471 RICH-Prinzip, 451 Quarzglas, 415 Röntgenbildgebung, 377 Quench-Widerstand, 431 Röntgennachweis Quencher-Gas, siehe Löschgas mit Pixeldetektoren, 750 Quenching, 504 RPC, resistive plate chamber, 208–214, 541 Ansprechwahrscheinlichkeit, 213 Radiator, 444 Erholzeit, 210 Radiatorfunktion, 63 Multi-Gap-, 213 Radiatorlänge, 558, 560 Single-Gap-, 209–213 Radiatormedium, 440 Zeitauflösung, 211 Radioabstrahlung, 685 Rückweisungsvermögen, 574 radioaktive Quellen, 621, 830 Rutherford-Streuung, 7, 11, 31, 69 Radio-Cherenkov-Effekt, 686 Radiodatierung, 23 SAGE, 698 Radiomarker, 23 Sample-and-Hold-Technik, 739–740 Raether-Limit, 191 Saphirglas, 415 Raether-Meek-Bedingung, 198 Satellitenexperiment, 664–672 Ramsauer-Effekt, 36 sättigende Gase, 117 Ramsauer-Minimum, 113, 117 Sättigungssperrstrom, 303 Ramsauer-Townsend-Effekt, 113 Schalenkorrektur, 37 Rapidität, 25 Schaueralter, 679 Raumladung, 376 Schauerentwicklung Raumladungsdichte, 290 laterale, 680 Raumladungszone, 290, 292, 303, 331 longitudinale, 677 Rauschen, 790–805 Schauermaximum 1/f-, 792, 794–796, 863 Gamma-Luftschauer, 682 Detektor-System, 798–805 Hadronluftschauer, 678 ENC, 802 Schauerrekonstruktion, 445, 681 Exzess-, 424 stereoskopisch, 693 in MOSFETs, 796–798 Schieberegister, 823 paralleles, 792 Schnittstelle, 811 physikalische Rauschquellen, 859–863 Schottky-Kontakt, 301–303, 376 Schrot-, 792–794, 861–862 Schwarz-Christoffel-Transformation, 835 serielles, 792 Schwellenscan, 752–754 thermisches, 792–793, 860–861 Schwellenverschiebung, 368 weißes, 732, 792, 793 Schwerionen, 455 918 Index

Seitwärtsverarmung, 336 Speicherring, 14 Sekundärelektronenvervielfacher, 415 Sperrrichtung, 295, 296 Sekundärstrahl, 13 Sperrspannung, 295 Sekundärvertex, 73, 269, 270, 571 Spurmodell, 395 τ-Lepton, 271 Spurmodelle, 851–854 σ-Elektronen, 498 Spurparameter self-quenching, 210 Fehler, 853 Shaper, 721, 732 Spurrekonstruktion, 385–412 shaping time, 732 Spurtrigger, 821–825 Shockley-Ramo-Theorem, 133–141 Extremely Fast Tracker (CDF), 823 Anwendungsregeln, 139 Fast Track Trigger (H1), 823 Beweis, 139 Standardfels, 68, 706 Formulierung, 137 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, siehe Stromrichtung, 139 SLAC shot noise, 861–862 Stanford Linear Collider, siehe SLC Sievert (Dosiseinheit), 830 STAR-Experiment Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis, 318, 722, 756 TOF, 544 Signalausbreitung Steifigkeit, 386 Augendiagramm, 771 stochastischer Term Dämpfung, 769 el.-magn. Kalorimeter, 622–631 Pre-Emphasis-Korrektur, 771 had. Kalorimeter, 651 Reflexionen, 768 Stokes-Verschiebung, 497 Signalgeschwindigkeit, 769 Störstellen, 123 Transportgleichung, 766 Stoßintegral, 94, 111 Wellenwiderstand, 768 Stoßparameter, 572 Signalentstehung, 131–162 -methode, 572 homogenes Feld, 142–147 -signifikanz, 410, 575 Raumladungsfeld, 153–162 Stoßzeit, 101, 111, 123 segmentierte Elektroden, 158–162 Strahlendosimeter, 181 Zwei-Elektroden-System, 141–153 Strahlenhärte zylindersymm. Feld, 147–153 Kalorimeter, 605 Signalfluktuationen, 788–790 Strahlenschäden, 366 Signaltransport durch Leitungen, 765–772 Strahlenschädigung, 331 Silizium Halbleiter, 359–373 Element, 274 p-spray-Techniken, 371 epitaktisch, 342 p-stop-Implantationen, 371 Siliziumdetektoren Sauerstoffanreicherung, 371 doppelseitig strukturiert, 328–332 Strahlentherapie, 181 einseitig strukturiert, 318–327 Strahlentoleranz, 370 Siliziumdriftkammer, 336–341 Strahlungsempfindlichkeit, 417 Siliziumphotomultiplier, 454 Strahlungslänge, 64–66, 564, 581 SiPM, Siliziumphotomultiplier, 429–434 Definition, 64 analoger SiPM, 429 Strahlungswichtungsfaktor, 829 digitaler SiPM, 433 Streamer, 198 SLAC, 13, 469 Löschen, 210 slant depth, 680 Streamer-Kammer, 207 SLC, 14, 16 Streamer-Rohr, 203 sliding window, 826 Streifenchips, 745–747 small pixel effect, 159 Streifendetektor, 320 Solarkonstante, 696 Streuerschicht, 72 Solenoid-Magnet, 563 Streuwinkelparameter, 71 Sonnenneutrinos, 695–701 Streuwinkelverteilung, 71 Gesamtfluss, 700 Stromrichtung, 139–141 Soudan Mine, 704 technische, invertierte, 140 SPACAL, 618, 645 Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), 700 Spallation, 590 Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), 14 Neutronen, 591 Super-Kamiokande, 467, 698, 704 SPEAR, 16, 543 supraleitende Spulen, 389 SPECT, 23 Synchrotron, 13 Index 919

Szintillation, 495 Time-of-Flight-Methode, 540–544 Szintillationsdetektoren, 495–536 Time-over-Threshold-Methode, 731 Aufbau, 496 Timing-RPC, 213 Szintillationskristalle, 607 τ-Lepton, 269 BaF2, 513, 515, 526 TMAE, 455, 456, 458, 463, 465 BGO, 513, 526, 527 TOF, time of flight, 540 CeF3, 513 TOF-Detektoren, 543 CsI, 526 Tomografie, 22, 175 CsI (Tl), 513 Toroid-Magnet, 563 Energieauflösung, 526 ToT-Methode, 731 GSO, 513 Totzeit, 196 LaBr3, 516 Bestimmung, 779–783 LSO, 513 eines Detektors, 772–783 LYSO, 513 feste, 775 NaI (Tl), 513 gepulste Ereignisquelle, 777 PbWO4, 513, 516 Korrektur, 779 Szintillator, 10, 495–536 variable, 775 anorganische Kristalle, 507–516 Totzeitintervall Anthrazen, 500 festes, 775 Naphthalen, 500 variables, 776 organische Szintillatoren, 498–507 Townsend, Einheit (Td), 116 Plastikszintillator, 500 Townsend, J., 6 Signalform, 505 Townsend-Koeffizient, 189 Stilben, 500 TPC, 254–262, 549 szintillierende Fasern, 530–536 dE/dx-Auflösung, 261 Diffusion, 121 TAC, 764 Flüssig-Xenon, 716 tail cancellation, 737 gating grid, 258 Tail Catcher, 601, 653 Ionenrückdrift, 258 TASSO-Experiment Ortsauflösung, 259 Cherenkov-Detektor, 449 Parameter, 256 Driftkammer, 180, 235 Prinzip, 255 TDC, 763 Signalauslese, 257 TEA, 458 transversale Diffusion, 257 Teilchenbahn Tracer, 23 Helix, 385–387 Trajektorie, siehe Teilchenbahn Parametrisierung, 393–394 transiente Ereignisse, 710 homogenes Magnetfeld, 385 Transimpedanz, 724 Parametrisierung, 393–394 Transition Radiation, 475–494 Vorwärtsspektrometer, 397 Transkonduktanz, 724 Zylindersymmetrie, 397 Transmissionseffizienz, 445 Teilchenidentifikation, 537–575 Transmissionsfaser, 530 char. Detektorlänge, 558 Transportgleichung, siehe durch Cherenkov-Strahlung, 551–554 Boltzmann-Transportgleichung durch dE/dx-Messung, 544–550 für elektrische Signale, 766 durch Flugzeitmessung, 540–544 Trennkraft, 558 durch Übergangsstrahlung, 554–558 Cherenkov, 552 durch Zerfallslängenmessung, 571–575 dE/dx, 548, 549 Methoden, 538–539 RICH, 553 Teilchenkinematik, 24–25 TOF, 543 Telegraphengleichung, 766 Übergangsstrahlung, 556 TeV-Gammastrahlung, 690–694 Trigger- und Datennahmesysteme, 807–828 Tevatron, 16 Trigger-RPC, 213 thermisches Limit, 108 Triggerstufe, 810, 816 thermisches Rauschen, 860–861 Triggersystem, 815–826 Thomson-Streuung, 82 Anforderungen, 816 Tiefendosisprofil, 59 Architektur, 816 Time Projection Chamber, siehe TPC Parallelisierung, 817 Time Walk, 741 Totzeit, 816 920 Index

Triggertürme, 820, 826 Potenzial, 217 Triggerzähler, 522 Stereolage, 222 TRISTAN, 16 Zeitauflösung, 223 Truncated Mean, 52, 546 Vielfachstreuung, 69–74, 272 Tumortherapie, 177 Vorverstärker, 721 mit Ionen, 58 TUNKA-Experiment, 687 wave length shifter, 501 Twisted-Pair-Kabel, 766 Wave-Form-Sampling, 740 Typinversion, 334, 364, 366 Wechselwirkungen, 27–89 Hadronen, 88–89 Übergangsstrahlung, 475–494, 539, 561 Photonen, 74–87 Abstrahlungscharakteristik, 478–479 Wechselwirkungslänge, 89 Energiespektrum, 479 Wellenlängenschieber, 501, 522 Folienstapel, 481, 486 Wellenleiter, 765 Formationslänge, 482 Wellenwiderstand, 767, 768 Formationszone, 482–486 White Rabbit, 814 Gesamtintensität, 481 Wichtungsfeld, 133–137 Ginzburg-Frank-Formel, 477 Polarisationsladung, 136 Photonenausbeute, 481 Raumladung, 136 Plasmaenergie, 477 Wichtungspotenzial, siehe Wichtungsfeld Polarisation, 477 konforme Abbildung, 833–835 Winkelverteilung, 478 segmentierte Elektroden, 833–835 Übersprechen (cross talk), 726 Widerstandsbeschichtung, 204, 228 Unterschwinger, 731, 735 Widerstandsthermometer, 713 Uran-Szintillator-Kalorimeter, 656 Wilson, C.T.R., 9, 164 WIMP, 710–717 Winkelverteilung Vakuumphototriode, 419 Bremsstrahlung, 64 Valenzband, 277–279, 282, 507 Compton-Effekt, 82 Valenzelektronen, 278 Delta-Elektronen, 44 Van-der-Meer-Scan, 15 kosmische Myonen, 677 Vavilov-Verteilung, 49 Photoeffekt, 79 VEPP-4M, 16 Streu-, 70 Verarmung, 309 Übergangsstrahlung, 491 Verarmungsspannung, 299, 331 Wirkungsquerschnitt Verarmungszone, 290, 293, 295, 298, 299 Atom, 29 Verbindungshalbleiter, 274, 276 Compton-Effekt, 82 VERITAS-Teleskop, 474, 690 Definition, 28–29 Verstärker Elektronen in Gas, 112 Frequenzverhalten, 727 Elektronenanlagerung, 188 ladungsempfindlich, 724–731 Ionisation, 191 spannungsempfindlich, 723 Kern, 29 stromempfindlich, 723 Neutrino-Nukleon, 696 Transimpedanzverstärker, 724 Neutronen, 566 Transkonduktanzverstärker, 724 Paarbildung, 85–87 Verstärkung Photoeffekt, 76 Signalverstärkung, 722–731 WIMP-Streuung, 711 Vertexdetektor, 571 vertical equivalent muon (VEM), 685 Vieldrahtproportionalkammer, 9, 214–225 XENON, 716 Aufbau, 215 XPS, 80 Cluster-Schwerpunkt, 221 Elektrostatik, 216 Zählrohr, 181 Kapazität, 218 elektrisches Feld, 182 Kathodenauslese, 222 Kapazität, 183 Nachweiswahrscheinlichkeit, 219 Zeit-zu-Amplitude-Konverter, 764 Niederdruck-, 225 Zeit-zu-Digital-Wandlung, 763 Ortsauflösung, 220–223 Zeitversatz (time walk), 741 Photonnachweis, 225 Zerfallslänge, 571, 575 Index 921

Zerfallslängensignifikanz, 575 Zinksulfidschirm, 5 ZEUS-Kalorimeter, 656 Zustandsdichte, 281, 282 Zinkblende, 276 Zinksulfid, 276 Zyklotronfrequenz, 94, 128, 385