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Flannery O'connor, Southern Literary Culture, and the Problem of Female Authorship

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Flannery O'connor, Southern Literary Culture, and the Problem of Female Authorship W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1993 Revisions and evasions: Flannery O'Connor, Southern literary culture, and the problem of female authorship Katherine Hemple Prown College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the American Literature Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Prown, Katherine Hemple, "Revisions and evasions: Flannery O'Connor, Southern literary culture, and the problem of female authorship" (1993). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623836. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-jdcn-3m71 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9407426 Revisions and evasions: Flannery O’Connor, Southern literary culture, and the problem of female authorship Prown, Katherine Hemple, Ph.D. The College of William and Maty, 1993 Copyright ©1993 by Prown, Katherine Hemple. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 REVISIONS AND EVASIONS: FLANNERY O'CONNOR, SOUTHERN LITERARY CULTURE, AND THE PROBLEM OF FEMALE AUTHORSHIP A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy b y Katherine Hemple Prown 1993 This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Katherine Hemple Prown Approved, May 1993 (/■ 'thv\cd)fQA Susan V. Donaldson Cbi^h Anne Goodwyn yones The University of Florida 'ibwuL — - Colleen Kennedy 7 r ~ "EstherEsther LaniganL a n ig a n < ' I 1 Bruce McConachie To Henry Hemple Prown, whose impending birth provided me with more motivation to finish this dissertation than any deadline possibly could have, and to Jonathan Prown, whose sense of humor helped me keep it all in perspective. TABLE OF CONTENTS P age ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................. v ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................... v ii CHAPTER I FLANNERY O'CONNOR AND THE POLITICS OF GENDER 2 CHAPTER II THE DIXIE LIMITED: FUGITIVE/AGRARIAN DISCOURSE ON RACE, GENDER, AND THE SOUTHERN LITERARY TRADITION.............................................................................................. 43 CHAPTER III TO CULTIVATE THE MASCULINE VIRTUES: CAROLINE GORDON AS WRITER. CRITIC, AND MENTOR............................ 99 CHAPTER IV FLANNERY O'CONNOR AND THE PROBLEM OF FEMALE AUTHORSHIP: THE MANUSCRIPTS AS EVIDENCE.................. 158 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................ 223 i v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been completed without the advice and support of a number of people. Foremost among these is my advisor, Susan V. Donaldson, who was always willing to take time from her own projects to see to it that this one received the attention it needed. Her pathbreaking work on southern literary history both inspired and enriched my own, while her insightful readings of each chapter and her thorough attention to the nuances and inconsistencies of my argument served as a guide that this dissertation would have been lost without. She kept me on track in other ways as well and in the process proved herself to be a true mentor. The other members of my committee also made invaluable contributions. The many conversations I had with Esther Lanigan about this project opened up new lines of inquiry for me, and her work on Mary Austin helped me to clarify many of my ideas about women writers and their relationships to gender, region, and religion. I am grateful to her for generously allowing me to bring some of this material into the classroom and for the spirit of collegiality with which she supported my efforts. Colleen Kennedy and Bruce McConachie also brought a fresh perspective to this project and in particular forced me to look critically at its essentialist tendencies. Together, all three professors have been a mainstay of support through the years and without their contributions this dissertation would have been sorely lacking. Finally, I would like to thank Anne Goodwyn Jones for graciously agreeing to serve as a reader and for taking the time from a book project to offer her insightful comments. The weaknesses from which this dissertation suffers are, of course, in no way attributable to the efforts of my readers. A number of institutions also supported my research. The Commonwealth Center for the Study of American Culture provided summer research grants v that made it possible for me to travel to Georgia College, while the American Studies Program at the College of William and Mary offered me an additional year of dissertation funding. The University of North Carolina generously granted me permission to quote from the Ward Dorrance papers, which are included in the Southern Historical Collection. I would like to thank the staff there for their assistance. Nancy Davis Bray at the Ina and Dillard Russell Library went out of her way to accommodate my schedule and my many requests for assistance. She and the Special Collections staff at Georgia College have my heartfelt thanks. This dissertation has also benefitted from the input of many interested colleagues who gladly shared their ideas, comments, and objections. Nancy Parrish and Beverly Peterson have been particularly astute readers, and I would like to thank them both for allowing me to take advantage of their considerable knowledge of southern women's history and literature. Anne Verplanck read early versions of this dissertation and provided me with a number of useful and unusually objective suggestions. I would also like to thank audiences at the 1991 Southern American Studies Association conference and the 1992 American Literature Association and Modem Language Association conferences for their helpful comments and questions. Numerous members of my family assisted with this project. Margaret and Frank E. French, Jr. put their home at my disposal and tolerated my last minute schedule changes. Their hospitality made my research trips truly enjoyable. Shirley and Jules D. Prown offered endless amounts of encouragement, advice, and support. So too did my parents, Jean and William Hemple, whose interest, concern, and example have been an ongoing source of inspiration to me. They deserve a special thanks, too, for making it possible for me to undertake an additional visit to Georgia College and, most importantly, for providing me with excellent and, not to mention cost efficient, childcare. During the times when childcare was unavailable, Henry Hemple Prown helped me take it in stride with his cheerful disposition and his advanced typing skills. Finally, I owe innumerable thanks to Jonathan Prown, who ingeniously and uncomplainingly rearranged his own busy schedule so that I could devote large periods of time to this project. His enthusiasm for my work has kept me going and his ability to ask the right questions has improved it considerably. Without his support I could not have finished. ABSTRACT A look at the early manuscripts of Flannery O'Connor's two novels,W ise B lo od and The Violent Bear It Away, reveals that she worked hard to remove any traces of feminine sensibility or perspective from her work, hoping to distinguish it as superior to the efforts of other southern "penwomcn." Both novels underwent a long and difficult transformation from stories centered upon the exploits of a diverse group of characters to novels whose sole focus was on a few male protagonists. Eager to
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