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Semantic Solutions for the Digital Libraries Based on Semantic Web Technologies

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Semantic Solutions for the Digital Libraries Based on Semantic Web Technologies Annals of Library and Information Studies Vol. 61, December 2014, pp. 286-293 Semantic solutions for the digital libraries based on semantic web technologies Shriram Pandeya and K. C. Pandab aAsst. Professor, Dept. of Library and Information Science, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India, Email:[email protected] bProf and Head (Retd.), PG Dept. of Library and Information Science, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odissa, India, Email: [email protected] Received: 2 May 2014; revised: 24 November 2014 Using semantic web technologies in digital library offers a new level of flexibility, interoperability and way to enhance peer communication and sharing knowledge. It expands the usefulness of the digital libraries that will contain majority of data in future. Paper outlines the emerging concepts of social semantics digital library and explores the potential of using semantic web technologies for the digital libraries. Paper also provides an overview of semantic tools and services available and categorization of different types of semantic tools and services. A checklist for further evaluation of these semantic tools, services and projects is proposed. Keywords: Semantic Web; Semantic Digital Library; Digital Library; Social Semantic Digital Library Introduction which can be divided under PC Era (1980-90), web 1.0 era (1990-2000), web 2.0 era (2000-2010), web The semantic web adds meaning to information so 3.0 era (2010-2020) and web 4.0 era (2020-2030) that humans and computers can work together better. respectively. The main difference between Web 2.0 Berners-Lee et al.1 describe the semantic web as: An and web 1.0 is that web 2.0 allows flexible web extension of the current Web in which information is design, creative reuse, updates, collaborative content given well-defined meaning, better enabling creation support collaboration and to help gather computers and people to work in cooperation. collective intelligence while main difference between Currently information representation on the web web 2.0 and web 3.0 is that web 2.0 targets on content has been designed for human understanding but not creativity of users and producers while web 3.0 by machines, which leads to increased recall and lack targets on linked data sets3. of precision in results. Due to the lack of machine- The major difference underlying among these readable structure and knowledge representation in transitions phase is technological development and web documents, programs are unable to comprehend changing nature of web from ‘Read only’ web to web page contents precisely and hence semantic ‘Read-Write-Share-Execute’ web busted by social information from web documents cannot be extracted. media which has become a buzzword in the last However, there are significant numbers of semantic couple of years. While analyzing this transition phase web applications either in terms of from web to semantic web and beyond i.e. Web tools/portal/application being developed and used in Operating System (WebOS) one thing is clear that diverse areas, including electronic commerce, digital there are two major manifestations. First, libraries and e-learning, among others. All of these communication media development i.e. from email to endeavors share the common belief that semantic web intelligent personal agent and second one is storage technology would significantly impact the use of the media i.e. from file system to semantic database. web, essentially in terms of increased task delegation These developments trend towards semantic based to intelligent software agents2. web OS where users are facilitated by not only The transition phase from web to semantic web semantic based applications but a WebOS where may be seen as passing through different landscapes everything will be in virtual world from applications PANDEY& PANDA: SEMANTIC SOLUTIONS FOR THE DIGITAL LIBRARIES 287 to operating systems. The implementation has already provides variety of semantic digital library services begun with introduction to cloud computing. The powered by semantics. future of semantic web applications will be incorporated and supported with intelligent personal Challenges in semantic web agents that will support powerful semantic based search and retrieval. There are many challenges associated with semantic web some of them are discussed here. The web is turned into a dominant source of information where users search information by Focused search engines employing the available search engine, or by going Evolution in the domain of search engines that directly to a site they tend to rely on. At conceptual have adopted facet based search process significantly level, there is significant difference between web and changed the approach of information seekers to access semantic web. The semantic web is an information their resources; however they often lack domain space in which the information is expressed in a specific search and the result is general rather than special machine-targeted language, whereas the web specific. Some of the search engine follows is an information space that contains information knowledge processing mechanism eg. Wolfram|Alpha targeted at human consumption expressed in a wide and proven their capability to meaningful and highly range of natural languages. The semantic web is a relevant results, but such search tools are very web of formally and semantically interlinked data, restricted to their contents. Not many search engines whereas the web is a set of informally interlinked are available in public domain which follows information. In nutshell, web was designed for much semantic based approach of searching and browsing more than accessing the documents and semantic web data. has significantly developed and emerges as a platform where one can read, write, collaborate, and share. The Organization of the web vision of semantic web underlines in this belief and The information representation on the web has presented a framework where objects can be been made much simpler by HTML. However, presented with well defined attributes with a network HTML cannot preserve the context of the term which of relationship among named objects by adding plays major role at the time of retrieval on internet. semantics4. Semantic web is able to describe things This is the reason computer cannot understand the (people, organization, documents etc.) in a way that meaning associated with the concept. Web is not computers can understand. currently organized contextually; there is still a Semantic web has today become a reality. There component mission i.e. ‘semantic’. Thus, it is a big are many applications developed in the semantic challenge to have standard semantics available for search domains which offer very innovative ways to general usage which can be applied directly to define search the web using semantic search engines. A ‘things’. semantic search engine ensures more closely Lack of global standards and proven frameworks suggested relevant results based on the ability to understand the definition and user-specific meaning There are only a few international of the word or term that is being searched for. standards/Schemas available for domain mapping and Semantic search engines are able to better understand knowledge representation in the web. RDF (Resource the context in which the words are being used, Description Framework) provides standard platform resulting in smart, relevant results with more user for knowledge representation of various resources satisfaction. Apart from the semantic search engines using ontology languages. Therefore, library specific there are varieties of enabling technologies developed data are ready to convert into RDF and enable library that serve different purposes like for RDF storage : resources to get access and retrieval using semantic Sesame, Jena, YARS; for Reasoners: KAON, Racer ; enabled technologies or tools because library Editors: Protege, SWOOP, MarcOnt Portal; Editors: resources have enriched metadata. As web resources Protege, SWOOP, MarcOnt Portal; Semantic wikis: lack metadata, it is difficult to convert them into RDF; Makna, SemperWiki etc. These solutions are however society-scale applications solve this purpose deployed in practice to build digital libraries that to some extent by applying semantic web agents 288 ANN. LIB. INF. STU., DECEMBER 2014 and/or services and by using consumers and management tools rather the digital library creates an processors for semantic data, and more advanced environment to bring together collections, services, collaborative applications. and people in support of the full life cycle of creation, dissemination, use, and preservation of data, Lack of availability of formal domain specific ontology information, and knowledge. This notion opens a door Domain ontology (or domain-specific ontology) to a new kind of digital libraries popularly known as models a specific domain, which represents part of the ‘Semantic Digital Library (SDL)’ which integrate world and developing the ontology for specific information based on different metadata, e.g.: domain is a challenge by itself. There are several tools resources, user profiles, bookmarks, taxonomies, already developed which are available for use to provides interoperability as well as delivering more developed domain specific ontologies robust, user friendly and adaptable search and including Dublin Core, SUMO, DOLCE and browsing interfaces empowered by semantics. By WordNet but formal domain specific ontologies are using social media
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