Enoch Powell and the Making of Postcolonial Britain Camilla Schofield Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00794-9 - Enoch Powell and the Making of Postcolonial Britain Camilla Schofield Index More information

Index

Adams, Grantley, 156 Argentinian War, see Falklands War Africa, 47–48 , 93 , 258 , 275 , see also Algeria ; Armitage, Sir Robert, 123 Egypt ; Ghana ; Kenya ; Nyasaland ; assimilation, see integration Rhodesia ; South Africa ; Tanzania ; Attlee, Clement, 79 , 113 Uganda ; Zambia ; Zimbabwe Auchinleck, General Claude, 55 , 62 , 63 , decolonization, 79 , 81 , 83 , 85 , 88 , 64 , 65 , 312 99 , 105–114 , 121–138 , 144 , Australia, 23, 29–40 , 73 , 74 , 91 , 131 , 147 , 149 , 241 , 296 156 , 162 , 184 , 277 , 285 race politics, 7 , 15 , 21 , 24 , 32 , 86 , 92 , immigration policy, 321–323 104–105 , 121–138 , 141–144 , race politics, 33 , 315 , 317 150 , 151–155 , 185, 186 , 191 , 193–205 , 212 , 215 , 227 , 273 , 287 , Baldwin, Stanley, 38 315 , 317 , 323 Banda, Hastings, 123 , 136 African- American cultural politics, 120 , Barber, Anthony, 238 121 , 193 , 249 , 264 , 272 , 317 , 325 Bell, Ronald, 212 , 232 and Enoch Powell, 199 , 219 , 278 Benn, Tony, 126 , 222 , 284–286 Algeria, 31 , 49 , 50 , 55 , 73 , 74 , 84 Bermuda Conference, 112 Algerian Revolution, 79 , 144 , Berton, Pierre, 154–155 202 , 278 Bevan, Aneurin, 135 Ali, Tariq, 270 , 277 , 283 Bevin, Ernest, 81 Alport, Cuthbert ‘Cub’, Baron Alport, 41 biography, 14 , 78 America, see United States and Enoch Powell, 9–13, 28–29 , 130 Amery, Julian, 105 , 169 Birch, Nigel, 115 , 126 Amery, Leo, 62 , 100 Birmingham, University of, 25 , anarchy, 12 , 25 , 36 , 72 , 220 , 269 , 270 , 272–282 272–293 , 325 Centre for Contemporary Cultural due to decolonization, 68–71 , 72 , 92 Studies, 25 , 270 and morality, 269 black British identity, 19 , 57 , 98 , 121 , Anglicanism, see religion 141 , 144 , 182–189 , 193 , 248–250 , Angry Young Men, 109 271 , 312–314 , 325 , 340 , 345 , Anti- Apartheid Movement, 258 , 273 , 306 see also Englishness ; Britishness anti-colonialism, 16 , 18 , 20 , 55 , 66–71 , and Enoch Powell, 2 , 5 , 142 , 248 , 287 , 121–138 , 144 –145 , 159 , 198 , 227 327 , 333 , 345 and the Cold War, 86 , 144 Black People’s Alliance, 19 , 141–142 , 271 anti-Semitism, 38 , 43 , 200 , 201 , 252 , black power, 193, 199 , 219 , 248–250 , 284 , see also Israel 264 , 272 , 276 , 317 , and Enoch Powell, 38 , 180 see also African- American cultural appeasement politics ; United States and Enoch Powell, 38–40 , 53 and Enoch Powell, 278 reframing the memory of, 178 , 195 , decline, 343–344 220–237 , 342 Bonham Carter, Mark, 211 , 246 Arab–Israeli War (1973), 295 , 302 Bonham Carter, Violet, 110 –111

364

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Index 365

British Empire, 15–19 , 89–105 , Chamberlain, Neville, 38 , 39 see also Suez Crisis Christianity, see religion and Enoch Powell, 3 , 10 , 12 , 23 , Church of England, see religion 27–80 , 89–94 Churchill, Winston, 15 , 44 , 45 , 47, 63 , civilising mission, 4 , 25 , 32 , 56 , 62 , 67 , 69 , 70 , 85 , 105 , 226 , 265 80–89 , 121 , 137 , 139 , 143 , 144 , Churchillian rhetoric, 235 , 342 164 , 325 , 327 civil rights, 19 , 22 , 24 , 150 , 193 , 215 , decline of, see anti-colonialism ; 219–220 , 246 , 263 , 302 decolonization and welfare state, 275 economic power, 81 , 106 , 108 , 326 class identity, 4 , 6 , 11–21 , 25 , 34 , 60 , 66 , empire- nation, 28 , 93–94 , 121 81 , 94 , 97 , 113 , 117 , 119 , 120 , 121 , historical consciousness of, 2 , 56 , 188–192 , 220–237 , 250 , 266 , 290 , 80–81 , 137 , 160–205 , 227 , 229 , 314–315 , 340 , 344 , 345 see also myth and Enoch Powell, 7 , 41–42 , 57 slavery, 183 , 188 , 191 and Harold Macmillan, 116 liberal imperialism, 32 , 43 , 72–75 , 78 , classics, 29–40 , 65 , 176 138 , 203 , 321 , 326 Clausewitz, Carl von, 42 memory of, 76 , 272–282 , 316 Cold War, 15 , 24 , 25 , 64 , 75 , 80–89 , military power, 28 , 33 , 82 , 92 , 92 , 117 , 119 , 138 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 105–114 , 143 145 , 149 , 169 , 174 , 205 , 210 , 273 , modernization, 15 , 80–81 301 , 325 , 326 , 331 , 332 , 343 , public apathy for, 30 , 40 , 43 , 66 , 80 , see also defence policy 100 , 114 –121 , 309 race politics, 86 , 150 racial order, 6 , 33 , 103–105, 126 , 137 Common Market, see European British Nationality Act (1948), 76 , Economic Community 90–92 , 118 , 181 , 207 , 313 Commonwealth, 13 , 21 , 24 , 82 , 83 , 86 , British Nationality Act (1981), 5 , 89–105 , 140–207 60 , 313 , 344 development aid, 101 , 180 , 193 , 338 British Raj, 3 , 10 , 11 , 15 , 27 , 28 , 32 , modernization, 81 , 82 43 , 47 , 53 , 55–66 , 100 , 103 , New Commonwealth, 24 , 91 , 104 see also Indian Army Old Commonwealth, 91 , 147 , 155 , Indian Civil Service, 103 316 Britishness, 4 , 31 , 32 , 38 , 70 , 72 , 91 , race politics, 104 , 146 , 153 155 , 180 , 182 , 189 , 214 , 270, 271 , Commonwealth Immigrants Act 299 , 300 , 303–309 , 322 , 327 , 329 , (1962), 144 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 161 , 331 , 332 , 345 172 , 193 , 199 Brixton riots (1981), 313–314 , 318 , 320 , Commonwealth Immigrants Act 333 , 343–344 (1968), 193–205 Brockway, Fenner, 196 , 240 communalism, 68 , 71 , 77 , 179 , 199 , 218 , Brooke, Peter, 68 , 71–75 , 77–78 , 320–321 231 , 264 , 281 , 288 Burke, Edmund, 67 , 101 , 235 , 331 communism, 82 , 88 , 97 , 117 , 143 , Butler, R. A., 67 , 69 , 94 , 112 , 170 144 , 206 , 277 , 326 , 332 , 343 , see also socialism Callaghan, James, 136 , 141 , 200 , 215 , British Communist party, 240 , 246 242 , 252 , 304 , 309 non- alignment, 86 Cambridge University, 29 , 42 , 51 , conscription, 15 , 37 , 41 , 92 , 110 , 112 , 67 , 166 , 272 129 Churchill Archives Centre, 252 Conservative Party, 23 , 41 , 66–68 , 78 , Campaign for Nuclear 79 , 81 , 90 , 114 –121 , Disarmament, 175 , 270 148 , 149 , 156 , 163 , 167–180 , Cannadine, David, 6 , 12–13 181 , 186 , 192 , 194 , 195 , 198 , Casey, John, 335 , 345–346 200 , 204 , 208 , 211–213 , 221 , Castle, Barbara, 126 , 130 238 , 239 , 240 , 246 , 264 , 267 , Central African Federation, 86 , 104 , 123 , 277 , 282 , 285 , 288 , 289 , 295 , 135–136 , 150 , 161 310 , 312 , 313 , 317 , 322 , 323 , 325 , Chamberlain, Joseph, 16 , 81 329–346 , see also Macmillan,

366 Index

Conservative Party (cont.) in the British Empire, 34 , 36 , 55–66 Harold ; One Nation group ; Young Ennals, David, 252 , 254 Conservatives ethnic communities, 6 , 180–193 , Conservative Political Centre, 216–218 , 247–250 , 291 , 313 , 318 101 , 115 , 118 and Enoch Powell, 287 support for, 190 , 233 eugenics, 121 , 335 Constantine, Learie, 191 European Economic Community, Cousins, Frank, 245 , 247 84 , 91 , 92 , 113 , 147 , 157 , 264 , Cowling, Maurice, 97 , 166 , 236 , 237 , 293–303 , 310 344 Creech-Jones, Arthur, 84 Falklands War, 12 , 341–342 , 346 Crossman, Richard, 108 , 109 , 138 fascism, 3 , 8 , 21 , 43 , 146 , 176 , 178 , 200 , Crown, see royalty 223 , 235 , 237 , 240 , 251 , 252 , Cyprus, 111–112 , 291 , 292 282–293 , 310, see also Mosley, Oswald de Gaulle, Charles, 157 British Union Movement, 239 , 244 decolonization, 17 , 67 , 71 , 159 , 161 , 163 , National Front, 250 , 285 , 311 , 334 , 184 , 206 , 241 , 296 , 318 , 325 341 destruction of colonial documents, feminism, 60 , 249 , 269 , 275 86–88 , 145 First World War, 2 , 9 , 15 as inevitable, 101–102 Foot, Dingle, 127 ‘internal decolonization’ of Britain, Foot, Michael, 130 12–13 , 17 , 79 , 183 Forster, E. M., 60 Deedes, Lord William, 130 , 169 France, 44 , 79 , 85 , 90 , 105 , 108 , defence policy, 61 , 64 , 90 , 92–93 , 173 157 , 253 , 298 colonial Africa, 93 , 129 free market, 16 , 75 , 95–96 , 115–118 , Defence White Paper (1957), 112 , 129 165–167 , 176 –180 , 185 , 207 , Indian Army, 55–66 , 93 213 , 302 , 331 , 337–339 , nuclear deterrent, 15 , 112 , 129 , 143 , see also monetarism and 157 , 161 , 175 , 332 , 342 , 346 Enoch Powell development aid, see Commonwealth free speech, 7 , 8 , 17 , 237 , 244 , 245 , devolution, 303–309 272 , 278–279 Diefenbaker, John, 154 Frost, David, 261 Disraeli, Benjamin, 140 , 240 , 331 dominions, see Commonwealth Gaitskell, Hugh, 157 Donnellan, Philip, 187–188 Gandhi, Mahatma, 205 Douglas-Home, Alec, 167 , 170 –171 , gender, 11 , 51 , 52–53 , 61 , 269 , 324 205–206 , 238 , 239 , 298 and anti-racism, 249 and citizenship, 5 , 60 , 189–192 , 345 economic planning, 79 , 116 , 178 , 179 , and racism, 61 , 121 , 234 221 , 222 , 224 , 231 , 262 , 263 , general election (1945), 14 , 229 330 , 332 , 333 general election (1951), 79 National Economic Development general election (1959), 80 , 114 , 136 , Council, 116 , 177 , 179 , 337 137 , 147 Thatcher government, 337–339 general election (1964), 147 , 161 , 239 Eden, Anthony, 44 , 108 , 109 , 111 , general election (1966), 147 , 244 112 , 115 general election (1970), 220 , 222 , 256 , Egypt, 47–48 , 86 , 90 , 105–114 , 125 , 259 , 272 , 284 , 288 see also Suez Crisis general election (1979), 289 Elton, Godfrey, 1st Baron Elton, general elections (1974), 264 , 285 , 334 203–204 , 209 , 226 generation, 9–13 , 95 , 280 , 282–284 , empire, see British Empire 314 , 326 , 342 Englishness, 31 , 70 , 81 , 86 , 122 , Ghana, 123 , 126 , 148 , 151–153 , 183–184 , 189 , 217 , 229 , 234 , see also Africa 244 , 257 , 299 , 323 , 324 , Gilroy, Paul, 8 , 14 , 23 , 229 , 345 see also Little England Gladstone, William, 137

Index 367

Gordon Walker, Patrick, 99 , 158 , 175 Indian independence, 78–79 , 81 , Griffi ths, Peter, 175–176 , 190 , 239 90 , 109 , 158 Indian National Congress, 61 , 64 , 105 Hall, Stuart, 12 , 25 , 119 , 264 , 270 , Indian Army, 28 , 31 , 32 , 55–66 , 70 , 74 , see also Birmingham, University of 92 , 93 , 100 , 102 , 175 , 318 Hattersley, Roy, 313 , 319 Indian Workers’ Association (IWA), 141 , Hayek, Friedrich, 302–303 142 , 193 , 195 , 218 , 246 , 248 , 251 , Healey, Denis, 174 271 , 283 , 340 Heath, Edward, 19 , 95 , 170 , 174 , 209 , infl ation, 114 , 116 , 177 , 221 , 223 , 213 , 222 , 237–238 , 239 , 240 , 295 , 322 , 335 254–255 , 256 , 267 , 285 , 288 , 291 , integration, 6 , 120–121 , 180–193 , 293–294 , 295 , 298 , 301 , 304, 210–220 , 287 322 , 334 , 340 Irish Republican Army, 284 , 286 , 304 , Heffer, Simon, 9 , 10 , 51 , 57 , 66 , 76 , 130 , 307 , 317 , 333 , 334 251 , 278 , 317 , 320 , 342 Israel, 107 , 108 , 131 , 180–182 , 302 Herodotus, 30 Hogg, Quintin, 168 , 212 , 237 , 238–239 , Jamaica, 103 , 156 , 161 , 183 , 185 , 192 , 242 , 255 , 268 , 282 248 , 344 , see also West Indies Hola Camp massacre, 121–138 Jenkins, Roy, 217 , 233 , 247 homeownership, see housing Jones, Claudia, 193 Hoskyns, John, 336 Joseph, Keith, 335 House of Lords reform, 96 , 116 Joshi, Jagmohan, 141 , 142 , 246 , 251 housing, 21 , 95 , 117 , 146 , 188–189 , 190 , Joshi, Shirley, 246 211 , 217 , 219 , 230 , 231 , 243 , 247 , 250 , 251 , 255 , 256 , 260 , 313 , 344 Kenya, 85 Housman, A. E., 2 , 51 , 63 Africanization policy, 24 , 141 Howe, Geoffrey, 331 , 337 colonial war, 15 , 17 , 79 , 85 , 87 , 88 , Huddleston, Trevor, 256–261 , 306 121–138 , 292 human rights, 5 , 74 , 83–85 , 91 , 138 , 146 , Hola Camp massacre, 121–138 204 , 205 , 255 , 259 , 282 , 304 , 305 , Kenyan Asian refugee crisis, 141 , 316 , 317 , 325 , 332 193–205 , 212, 218 , 246 , 253 , Amnesty International, 304 305 European Convention, 84 , 204 , Mau Mau, 79 , 121–138 , 144 , 145 , 282 , 304 , 305 203 , 292 United Nations Universal Declaration, destruction of colonial 84 , 204 , 255 , 271 documents, 86–88 Hungarian Revolution, 110 –111 , 118 Kenyan Asian refugee crisis, see Kenya Huxley, Elspeth, 188 , 192 Kenyatta, Jomo, 201 Keynes, John Maynard, 179 , 221 , 224 , immigration, 71 , 98 , 118 , 120 , 338 , see also economic planning 180–193 , 210–220 , see also British Kitson, Frank, 292 Nationality Act ; Commonwealth Immigrants Act labour movement, 19 , 209 , 222–224 Immigrants Act (1971), 288 and Enoch Powell, 177 Immigration Control Association, 334 immigrant workers’ groups, 245–246 , Kenyan Asian refugee crisis, see Kenya 249 , see also Indian Workers’ Malawi Asian refugee crisis, 339 Association South African policy, 105 racial equality, 98 , 210 , 244 , Ugandan Asian refugee crisis, 141, 199, 246–247 , 289 204, 205 , 262 , 305 Labour Party, 109 , 130 , 137 , 151 , 157 , imperialism, see British Empire 178 , 181 , 190 , 192 , 194 , 195 , 200 , incomes policy, see economic planning 203 , 204 , 211–213 , 217–224 , India, 27 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 55–71 , 78 , 99 , 238–240 , 242 , 243 , 246 , 248 , 104 , 105 , 109 , 148 , 180 , 184 , 198 , 280 , 284–286 , 295 , 304 , 333 , 218 , 258 , 282 , 321 , see British Raj see also Wilson, Harold emigration policy, 156 support for, 200 , 209

368 Index

law and order, 12 , 68–71 , 264–265 , miners’ strike (1984), 277 , 344 272–293 , 312 , 313 , see also police National Union of Mineworkers, 177 Public Order Act (1936), 211 , 252 Minogue, Kenneth, 277 ‘sus’ law, 313 Molyneaux, Jim, 308 Lawson, Nigel, 331 Monday Club, 185–187 , 227 , 232 , 241 , Lennox- Boyd, Alan, 127 , 136 250 , 287–288 , 290 , 293 , 303 , 311 letters to Enoch Powell, 14 , 25 , 191–192 , monetarism, 114 , 115 , 116 , 126 , 164 , 177 , 227 , 237 , 241 , 253 , 314–316 221 , 322 , 330 , 331 , 335 controversial letter used in ‘Rivers of Montgomery, Bernard, 43 , 312 Blood’ speech, 232–234 , 241 Montgomery, David, 280 Liberal Party, 110 , 114 , 204 , 242 , 251 , Mont Perelin Society, 302 see also Steel, David moral order, 268 , 269 liberalism, 253 , see also British Empire: Mosley, Oswald, 3 , 16 , 239 , 244 , 284 , liberal imperialism 285 , see also fascism and the Church of England, 259 Movement for Colonial critique of, 179 , 235–237 Freedom, 196 , 240 and Enoch Powell, 97 , myth, 14 –16 , 33 , 36 , 58 , 154 , 165–166 , 263 , 321 160–161 , 179 , 205 , 206 , 297 , failure to counter racism, 24 , 299 , 323 , 324 , 337 137 , 211 , 249 British Empire, 16 , 197 , 198 , Little England, 12 , 109 , 146 , 173 , 189 , see also British Empire 296 , see also Englishness and revolution, 70 , 160–161 Locke, John, 165 Second World War, see Second World War Macleod, Iain, 88 , 95 , 100 , 113 , 125 , 126 , 149 , 170 , 201 Nasser, Gamal Abdul, 106 , 108 , 109 , Macmillan, Harold, 79 , 87 , 111 , 112–113 , 110 , 111 126 , 136 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 162 , 170 , nation, 93 174 , 177 , 221 National Council for Civil economic views, 115 , 116 , 126 , 241 Liberties, 86 , 251 on empire, 137 , 162 , 184 National Economic Development Enoch Powell’s criticisms, 115–117 , Council, see economic planning 169 National Front, 3 , 186 , 250 , 285 , 310 , ‘Macmillan era’, 114 –121 , 162 311 , 334 , 341 , see also fascism as modernizer, 80 , 94 , 116 National Health Service, 95 , 166 , 231 , as ‘symbol of forgetting’, 80 , 247 , see also welfare state 114 –121 , 134 , 138 and immigration, 8 , 225 , 230 , ‘Wind of Change’ speech, 81 , 126 , 135 , 231 , 244 , 256 138 , 149 , 185 , 241 national identity, see black British Malawi, see Nyasaland identity ; Britishness ; ethnic Malaya, 15 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 79, 85 , communities ; Englishness ; 87 , 186 , 292 nationalism ; white British identity Malaysia, see Malaya National Service, see conscription Marquand, David, 330 nationalism, 3–9 , 180–184 , 266–272 Mau Mau, see Kenya African, 123 , 131 , 135 , 158 Maude, Angus, 90 , 186 , 195 , 196 , anti-colonial, 20 , 81 , 86 , 107 , 111 , 227 241 , 279 , 282 British, 3–9 , 118 , 143 , 224 , 267 , 291 Maudling, Reginald, 174 , 195 , 238 , 288 empire- nation, 94 Maxwell Fyfe, David, 91 English, 3–9 Menzies, Robert, 162 and Enoch Powell, 3–9 , 11 , 25 , 76 Middle Way, see economic planning Indian, 55 militarism, 1–9 , 32 , 41 , 43 , 55–66 , 75 , postcolonial, 3 , 143 98 , 165 , 292 Scottish, 19 , 102 , 291 , 309 miners and Thatcherism, 330 , 331 , 345 miners’ strike (1972), 291 weakness, 267 miners’ strike (1974), 267 , 318 , 334 Welsh, 19 , 280 , 283 , 291 , 309

Index 369

white Africa, 92 , 104 and racism, 21 , 32 , 308 nationality, see British Nationality Act postcolonial Britain, 3 , 12 , 13–23 , 24 , Nazism, 43 , 215 , 251 , 285 , 286 , 26 , 81 , 88 , 89 , 111 , 125 , 143 , 144 , see also fascism ; Second World War 145–146 , 147 , 183 , 184 , 210 , 266 , Neave, Airey, 282 , 339 271 , 277 , 282 , 304 , 318 , 319–328 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 61 , 103 , 104 , postcolonialism, 33 , 145, 184 105 , 113 , 172 postwar consensus, see economic New Right, 22 , 221 , 267 , 277 , 329–346 , planning ; postwar settlement ; see also Thatcher, Margaret welfare state emerging forms, 291 postwar settlement, 9 , 14 , 16 , 20 , 23 , 96 , Nietzsche, Friedrich, 35–36 , 280 , 227 , 264 , 295 , see also economic see also myth planning ; welfare state Northern Ireland, 303–309 Powell, Enoch, 40–47 , 167–180 internment, 304 anti-Americanism, 31 , 50 , 73 , 75 , Irish Republican Army, see Irish 84 , 106 , 132 , 143 , 157 , 164 , 167 , Republican Army 213–215 , 342 , see also United States Stormont Parliament, 132 , class identity, 41–42 , 57 , 170 304 , 306 , 308 free marketeer, 95 , 164 , 165 , 167 , ‘Troubles’, 303–309 213 , 302 , 328 Unionism, 4 , 26 , 184 , 264 , 303–309 , homosexuality, 10 , 51–52 312 , 317 , 333 , 334 as liberal imperialist, 72–75 , 77 , 321 Northern Rhodesia, see Zambia as Minister of Defence, 215 Notting Hill riots (1958), 6 , 86 , as Minister of Health, 166 , 120–121 , 144 , 217 167 , 169 , 231 nuclear deterrent, see defence policy Nietzschean, see myth ; Nietzsche, Nyasaland, 85 , 129 , 136 , 137 , 161 , 339 Friedrich Devlin Report, 123–124 , 129 parliamentarian, 26 , 89 , 90 , 250 , 252 , 311 Oakeshott, Michael, 164 , 166 , 179 personality of, 9 , 30 , 41 , 57 , 74 One Nation group, 94 , 95 , 113 , racism, 130 , 142 , 208 , 209 , 213 , 119 , 171 , 241 220 , 227 , 327 Osborne, Cyril, 118 religion, 2 , 9 , 52 , 98 , 256–261 soldier, 1–9 , 40–47 , 67 , 90 , Pakistan, 58 , 65 , 104 , 108 , 148 , 167–180 , 235 153 , 206 , 235 as symbol, 2 , 23 , 142 , 249 , 279 emigration policy, 156 war memory, 27–28 , 284 , 285 , 316 Pakistani independence, 90 Powell, Pamela, 269 , 290 Pakistani Workers’ Association, 245 Powellight , 250 , 290 , 310 , 311 Parker, Charles, 187 Powellism, 20 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 77 , 131 , 164 , Parliament, 5 , 8 , 26 , 69 , 77 , 89 , 90 , 95 , 101 , 176 , 202 , 221 , 237–256 , 266 , 102 , 104 , 128 , 132 , 134 , 135 , 151 , 268 , 269 , 324 , see also letters to 165 , 183 , 221, 222 , 250 , 295 , 296 , Enoch Powell 300 , 302 , 308 , 311 , 317 , 327 , 333 Profumo affair, 167 , 169–171 Perham, Margery, 144 –146 , 150 , 184 , 185 , 190 race Phillips, Mike, 2 , 23 gender and sexuality, 60 planning, 11 , 19 , 80 , 94 , 119 , 126 , race relations, 2 , 17 , 25 , 118 , 142 , 164 , 169 , 173 , see also economic 343–345 , see also black British planning identity ; white British identity police, 69 , 87 , 124 , 131 , 141 , 214 , 248 , after the ‘Rivers of Blood’ 265 , 274 , 278 , 279 , 283 , 287, speech, 237–256 291–293 , 307 , 312 , 324 , 334 , Campaign Against Racial see also law and order Discrimination, 195 Metropolitan Police Force, Institute of Race Relations, 188 , 239 312–313 , 344 international pressures, 24 , 146 , populism, 20 , 220–237 , 341 150 , 156 , 240

370 Index

race relations (cont.) Rhodesia, 15 , 22 , 24 , 32 , 104 , 123 , 136 , Joint Committee Against Racialism, 340 141 , 142 , 143 , 149 , 154 , 161 , 176 , labour movement, see labour movement 182 , 193–205 , 250 , 263 , 271 , 317 laissez faire approach, 211 Unilateral Declaration of ‘liberal race relations settlement’, 24 Independence, 154 , 194 and market forces, 213 , 324 Ritchie, Richard, 77 Race Relations Act (1965), 211 , 217, ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech, 1 , 25 , 100 , 123 , 237 , 251 130 , 142 , 208–264 , 272 , 300 , 316 , prosecution of Enoch 319 , 320 , 334 Powell, 237 , 251 controversial letter, 232–234 Race Relations Act (1968), 192 , 209 , impact, 237 , 318 210–220 , 238 , 240 , 242–243 , 244 , public responses, 8 , 191–192 , 245 , 247 , 255 , 256 237–256 , 282 Race Relations Act (1976), 339 Roman Empire, 49 Race Relations Board, 191 , Rose, E. J. B., 211 211 , 246 , 315 Royal Warwickshire Regiment, 2 , 40 , Scarman Report, 343 see also Powell, Enoch race riots, see Brixton ; Notting royalty, 160 , 184 Hill ; Toxtet h and allegiance, 54 , 70 , 76 , 90 , racism, 7 , 98 , 120–121 , 139 , 141–142 , 99–101 , 102–104 150 , 180–193 , 237–256 , 257 , 287 , Coronation (1953), 104 , 160 310–316 , 333 , 343 , see also National and Enoch Powell, 3 , 5 , 50 , 89 Front ; race relations Royal Titles Act (1953), 99–101 , class identity, 175 , 240 102–104 , 158 , 161 colonial order, 6 , 144 –160 , 185 , 315 , rule of law, 83 , 129 , 151 , 177 , 237 , 254 , see also Africa and British Empire see also law and order forgetting, 22 , 80 Russia, see Soviet Union gender and sexuality, 7 , 61 , 121 , 234 Rustin, Bayard, 246 , 247 international pressures, 86 market order, 213 , 324 , 344 Sandys, Duncan, 129 , 196 , 199 , 200 , 212 and Toryism, 6 Schwarz, Bill, 8 , 24 , 32 , 120 , 130 , religion, 112 , 237 , 259 , 185 , 196 , 278 see also moral order Scruton, Roger, 320 British Council of Churches, 340 Second World War, 40–66 , 316 , 330 , 331 , Catholicism, 217 , 219 , 306–307 332 , see also appeasement Church of England, 1 , 2 , 96 , 98 , 119 , Churchillian rhetoric, 235 , 342 260 , 331 , 339 collective memory, 6 , 13–23 , 45–47 , and the Conservative Party, 339 74 , 96 , 160–167 , 178 , 180 , 194 , discrimination, 181 , 216–218 , 219 , 210, 273 , 282–286 , 299–301 , 315 , 255 327 , see also Remembrance Day end of the British Empire, 260 genocide, 84 , 146 , 316 and Enoch Powell, see Powell, Enoch home front, 23 , 74 Hinduism, 57 , 59 , 260 Sex Discrimination Act (1975), 275 Islam, 59 Sharpeville Massacre, see South Africa Judaism, 38 , 180 , 340 , see also anti- Sikh turban issue, 216–218 , Semitism see also religion ritual, 5 , 57 , 98 , 165 , 325 , 332 , 339 slavery, 122 , 183 , 188 , 191 , 231 , 232 secularization, 119 , 259 Smith, Ian, 194 , 195 , 196 , 205 , 206 Sikhism, 103 , 210 , 216–218 socialism, 16 , 96 , 97 , 167 , 178 , 187 , 223 , social gospel, 99 , 256–261 236 , 249, 259 , 291 , 295 , 331 , 341 and the state, 96 , 119 , 230 as fascism, 16 , 223 , 224 Thatcherism, 339 South Africa, 7 , 15 , 21 , 24 , 32 , 86 , 91 , Remembrance Day, 180 , 194 104 , 153–155 , 201 , see also Anti- repatriation, 208 , 224 , 231 , 233 , 245 , Apartheid Movement 252 , 256 , 270 , 282 , 288 , 291 , 297 , apartheid, 104 , 126 , 131 , 132 , 153 , 314 , 316 , 324 , 340 , 344 156 , 205 , 258 , 273 , 306 , 315

Index 371

British defence policy, 205 and the British Commonwealth, immigration policy, 105 193 Pan-African Congress, 131 foreign policy, 173 , 342 Sharpeville Massacre, 131–132 , independence, 183 , 194 135 , 153–154 race politics, 150 , 185 , 191 , 193 , Southern Rhodesia, see Rhodesia 199 , 211 , 213–215 , 231–232 , sovereignty, 92 , 93 , 101 , 108 , 111 , 131 , 246 , 287 , 314 , 318 , 326 132 , 153 , 259 White Citizens’ Council, 318 crisis, 266–272 special relationship, 117 , 157 , memories of empire, 111 , 278 174 , 342 , 343 postwar, 74 , 83 , 84 , 146 , 164 , 207 Utley, T. E., 150 , 316 Soviet Union, 82 , 92 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 121 , 132 , 135 , 144 , 169 , Vietnam War, 143 , 159 , 173 , 174 , 173 , 191 , 205 , 215 , 298 , 326 193 , 201 , 215 , 277 , 279 , 283 , Soyinka, Wole, 134 317 , 342 special relationship, see United States violence, see terrorism Starkey, David, 319 , 324 Steel, David, 204 , 205 war, see First World War ; militarism ; Stonehouse, John, 218 , 220 , 281 Second World War student movement, 67 , 272–282 Warwick, University of, 280 National Union of Students, welfare state, 15 , 16 , 81 , 95 , 96 , 119 , 273 , 279 , 340 166–167 , 189 , 191 , 192 , 211 , Suez Crisis, 105–114 , 118 , 121 , 172 , 287 221 , 227 , 228 , 230 , 255 , 266 , 275 , 307 , 338 Tanzania West Indies, 184 , 198 , 211 , 235 Africanization policy, 141 West Indian Federation, 156 Tebbit, Norman, 341 Western civilization, 34 , 49 , 66 , 82 , 88 , terrorism, 266 , 273 , 274 , 276 , 277–278 , 121 , 320 , 324 , 329 , 343 281 , 282 , 293 , 302 , 304 , 318 decline, 268 Thatcher, Margaret, 328 white authority, 112 , 121 , 126 , 128 , Thatcherism, 26 , 164 , 223 , 162 , 194 , 227 267 , 329–346 Whiggism, 101 , 116 , 203 Thorneycroft, Peter, 115 , 126 white British identity, 32 , 189 , 229 , Thorpe, Jeremy, 242 , 251 234 , 237–256 , 316 , 323 , Thucydides, 30 327 , see also Britishness ; Toxteth riots (1981), 313 , 333 , 343 , 344 Englishness ; populism Trades Union Council, 178 , 246 , 247 , Whitehouse, Mary, 269 see also labour movement Whitelaw, Willie, 340 , 341 , 344 Wigg, George, 129 Uganda Wilson, Harold, 19 , 141 , 142 , 176 , Africanization policy, 262 , 305 177 , 195 , 200 , 218 , 246 , 259 , Ulster, see Northern Ireland 261–262, 284 unemployment, 116 , 230 , 244 , 251 , 264 , ‘Wind of Change’ speech, see Macmillan, 287 , 313 , 315 , 343 , 344 Harold Unionism, see Northern Ireland Worsthorne, Peregrine, 150–153 , 326 United Nations, 92 , 113 , 149 , 173 , 197 , 264 , 301 , 316 , 332 , Young Conservatives, 101 , 115 , 118 , 178 , see also human rights 250 , 281 , 290 , 313 United States, 210 , see also African- Young, George Kennedy, 185–186 , American cultural politics ; Enoch 287 , 293 , 303 Powell ; Vietnam War American imperialism, 106 , Zambia, 123 , 161 , 240 107 , 143 , 326 Zimbabwe, 141 , 250 , see also Rhodesia