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ODIFE, Ikenna University of Nigeria Research Publications ODIFE, Ikenna Author PG/M.A/91/12185 Christian Missionary Enterprise in Ihiala Title 1908-1970 Arts Faculty History Department September,1996 Date Signature CHRISTIAN M-!-SSIONAZY ENTERPRISE IN IHIP,LA : 1908-1970 I:. I:. ODIFE, IKENNA ...I x PROJECT REPORT -FRZXNTED TO THE 'DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA,' NSUKKA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTEi< OF ARTS. APPROVAL PAGE This project teport has been approved for the Department of History, University of l!igeria, Nsukka, iii . CERTIFICATION ODIFE, IKENNA' a postgraduate student with the Department of Histwy and with the registration number PGhA/91/12805 has satisfactorily completed the requirements f.or the degree of MASTER. OF ARTS IN HISTORY. The work embodied in this,project report is original and has not been submitted in part or full for any other Diploma or Degree of this or any other University. DR. J.D..;ITQMA'"' REV.FR..(DR.)"'I..R.A. OZIGBOH HEAD OF DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR. DEDICATION This project is dedicated to my parents, '. Mr. B. C. Odife (C.B. Bright) and Mrs. C.O. Odife) my brother, Amara, and sisters: Uche, Chioma and N jideka. Five christian mi:.sions proselytized Ihiala in the period 1908-1970. They were; the Anglican Church (C.M. L. ) 1908, tile homan Catholic Church (Fi.c.Fi.) 1911; the Faith Tauervlacle congrey&tion Church, 1933; the Jehova' s witnesses Church 1948; and christ Holy Church (Odozi Obodo) 1968. I Trleir ail11 was to convert the people to christianity. besides this, they desired to attract converts to their missions and to have a preponderant rrl~rnfsership, The successes recorded by the various missions introduced a neb soci&l phenomenon; the society became divided along the lines of Nui Uka, the Converts and i\di ogo mmuo the hon-Converts. Although, both - -9 groups haa conf lictiny beliefs, there was no anxious moment in their relations. Disa,$ointingiy enough, it ~ouldappear thdt the bid oi the main-line mi:,sions - che C,k.S, arid i-c,C,i.~. , to hdve preponaeran t membership, their meddleso~nenessin tne politics oi the tohn hnd un~hol~surwerfect of some aspects of the hornan Ca timiic ieachinqs, caesea r elations between the menmers gi the tho ~r~issionsto kcom L~~COL-OUS, HOheVeK, lhiala has sble to counter this divisi~nthrough the activities of the iniala Youths ~ssociation(i<Y,/\) which started at about 194b, ,iheir irw~ibershipcut across the denominc, tions . The people initially spurrkd and disparayed Christianity. It would appear tne massive response later srose from the exactions of colonial rule and some social benefits they expected to derive from the missions. The social mobility noticeable among Ihiala indigenes and the physical and social irriprovemcnts zvident in the tohn are socre of the benefits thnt have accrued to Ihiala as a result of the christisn missionary enterprise. The belief] practices find culture of Lht. people exhibited remarkable resilience in tzce of christianity. Although there were remarkable changes, the peoples acceptance of ctlris tianity bas not total. vii PREFACE This study is a historical and sociological analysis of the christian missionary enterprise in I hiala.. Historically it examines the growth and development of the various christian missions that proselytized Ihiala. Sociologically it highlights the dynamics of the contact of the christian missions with I hiala, the I hiala response to christianity arid the role of the christiac missions in providing new structures for the reorganisation and reintegration of Ihiala,. Thj-,s study is 'undertaken with three purposes in view.. First, it seeks to critically examine the advent growth and development of the various missions with special emphasis on the evangelical strategies and the. peoples reactions to Christianity. It examines the contact of the christian missions with Ihiala, Finally, it tries to evaluate the continuities and changes in Igbo cultural institutions, beliefs and practices as 5 result of the imposition of Christianity and western culture. A lot of people contL.ibuted to the successful completion of this project. First and foremost, I am excteedingly grateful to my supervisor, Rev.Fr,(Dr.) I ,R .A. Ozigboh for ( patierltly and painstakingly supervising this project'. His fatherly azvice and compltkisance to read this work will ever remain everg-peen in my mind, I am also grateful tc Dr. Uchenna &nyanwu for all his encouragement, He read through the final draf t-of this- -work,_ University of Nigeria,. Nsukka. They contributed immensely in sharpening my focus on the study of history. They are: Professor S.C. TJkpabi, Dr. P.O. Esedebe, Dr. Okoro I joma,' The work of this nature cannot be successfully executed without the informed opinions of my colleagues and friends,, Prominent among them are; Promise Osuafor, Paul Oguike (PC), Mike Izukanne and Cznute Ngwa. My ar;coc,i.ation with Gome friond~during my postgraduate ctudios at University of Nigeria Nmkkn was very rewarding. They inspired me out of . , despondence and were ''the elixir that stimulated me towards working harder. .kmong them are; Dr.. Law Ezeanyika, Dr. Iyke Ifelunni, JB, Ugochukwq A'nacletbs, Emma, Nwokoye, Ben Ekwensi, I feanyi Eze, Chris Nwedo, Amoniit Biambo, Keneth A'madi (Ripples) and Eddy Osuagwu. Others include; Chizoba, Ebele, Gloria Igwilo, Chioma Alua and Mrs. Ada Eruchalp:, Also, I am indebted to Mrs. Keziah Odife who showed bmese, rved enthusiasm in this work through her hospita.lity during my field work. Most importan.tly, I salute my paren.ts, Mr and Mrs. E,.C. Odife, my brother and sisters for their sacrifice durir~gthe period of my study. I cannot thank them sufficiently because they mean everything to me in the completion of my studies. Mr. Eddy Meg:va and Hor). (Prince) K,C. Nkemka and family should also be remembered for their moral and financial assistance. My thanks also go to Mrs. Amaucheazi for her niotherly care. I thank Mr. B,.C. Duru for his assistance in typing this project, Above all, I give praises to the Almighty Gad for his loving kindness and blessings to me and my family. Ikenna Odife. LIST OF KRRREVIATTONS A.1 .C .E. &lvan I ko~uC ollege of Education, Owerri C.M .S.. Church Missionary Society C .U .P . Cambridge University Press COW.Do. Catholic Women' s Organisation D.O. District Officer Fr. Father (Rev.) H.R.S. Holy Rosary Society I .H .M . Immaculate Heart of Mary I .Y .A, I hiala Youths k.ssociition Journal of African History Journal of African Studies J ournal of the Historical Society of Nigeria J .M .P:oSe. Journal of Modern African Studies J .R.K. Journal of Religion in A'frica L .G .A. Local Government Area M .C .A', Men' s-Christian Association N .A'.E. National Archives of Nigeria, Enugu Branch ONDI ST. Onitsha District Papers ONPROF. Ondtsha Provincial Papers N..P .C . Katf onal Population Commission O.U.P. Oxford University Press R.C .M. -' Roman Catholic Mission U.N.N. University of Nigeria N cukka Venn. Venerable (A'rchdeacod Viz. Namely Vol. Volume W.A.R. (Journal of) West A'frican Religion w.c;^c. World Council cf Churches. C 0 td TEN TS -PAGE . TImE PAGE i APPRCVAL PAGE i i CERJXFICATIOW iii iv ABSTRACT . PREFACE .. .. LIST OF ABBXXIATIONS .. .. CONTENTS e 0 CHAI"TER I : Ir!TIIODUC TION .. A) Statement of Problem .. .. B) Purpose and Scopc of the Study . C) Methodology and Periodization ' .. D) Literature Peview .. .. E) Sources .. .. Notes .. .. CHAPTER 11: THE PRE-MISSIONARY IBIALA SOCIETY A) Location and Physical Features .. B Aspects of Socio-Politicd Organization C) Economy .. .. D) Philosophy 2nd Religion .. E) Ekternal Relations .. Notes .. .. A) , The Anglican Church (CMS): 1908-1920 B The Roman Cat11o:Lic Mission (RCM)1911-1920 C) The Initial Reactions of the People Towards Christianity .. .. Notes .. .. xri -PAGE CHAPTER IV: THE PERIOD OF GROWTH AND EXPANSION OF THE MISSIONS: 1920 - 19'10 A) The Anglican Church (CMS) 1920-1970 B) The Growth of the RClll station in rhiala: 1920-1970 .. C) The ~aithTabernacle Congregati.on Church : 1933 - 1970 D) The Jehovah's Witnesses Mission: 1948 El The Christ Holy Church (Odozi Obodo) 1968 F) The Civil War Years: 1967 - 1970 .. G) Evangelistic Strategies of the Missions Notes .. .a CljAPTER V: THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONS AND IHIALA- SOCIETY , .. A) Conflict Retween Christianity and the Traditional 6cdiety .. R) The Problem of Integration , . C) ~ntra-Missions Rivalry - . D) Inter-Missions. Relations ., E) he' Peoplets Re.sponses .. Notes .. .. CHAPTER VI: CONTINUITIES AND CHANGES A) Christianity and the Emergent Society B) Continuities and Changes .. Notes , . .. CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSION ItPPhi6 /'K BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER I: INTRODIJCTTON a) Statement of Problem The christian missions affected and influenced the life of most Igbo communities. Then again, colonialism, which collaborated with and reinforced the christian religion, weakened the Igbo traditional political authority. It also undermined and transformed the basis of the traditional society. ~oeheless,Igboland was relatively a quiet and peaceful society before the advent of the christian missionary 1 enterprise. The traditional religion was satisfactorily functional and provided the basis of behaviour and conduct among the people. It determined and controlled all facets ~f human behaviour, be they socio-econom5-c, political, group arid inter group relations. It provided the spiritual cement that bound the individuals in the society. The new religion, @whoseaimJ according to Richmond Palmer, "was to pull down 2 the fabric of the society in order to build on its ruinsN, indeed, endeavoured to break down the traditional solidarity of most Igbo communities. It is on account of the profound influence,the introduction of Christianity had on the Igbo that the need has arisen to appraise and evaluate the christian n:Lssionary enterprise ir, I gboland.
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