Appendix: Interviews
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APPENDIX: INTERVIEWS I conducted interviews with 40 industry professionals between 2012 and 2017. Table A.1 provides an overview of the interviews. The interviewees were based in the UK, the US, the Netherlands, Denmark, France, Spain and Germany. Most of the interviews were private, face-to-face conversa- tions or private conversations over Skype. I also participated in various panel discussions at film industry events as a moderator, which provided an opportunity to ask questions in front of an audience. I call these ‘public interviews’. The job titles of industry professionals in Table A.1 corre- spond with their function at the time when the interview took place. Table A.1 List of interviewees Name of Type of Year Job title interviewee interview 1. Esther Private 2012 Acquisition Manager of the distributor Bannenberg (Rotterdam) Lumiere in the Netherlands 2. Michael Berg Private 2014 Managing Director of the distributor (Copenhagen) United Pictures in Denmark 3. Hajo Binsbergen Private 2012 Managing Director of the distributor (Amsterdam) Warner Bros in the Netherlands 4. Natalie Brenner Public 2017 Sales Executive of the sales company (Southampton) Metro Films in the UK (continued) © The Author(s) 2019 239 R. Smits, Gatekeeping in the Evolving Business of Independent Film Distribution, Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16896-4 240 APPENDIX: INTERVIEWS Table A.1 (continued) Name of Type of Year Job title interviewee interview 5. Kevin Chan Public 2017 Acquisition Manager of the distributor (London) Thunderbird Releasing in the UK 6. Clement van Private 2012 Managing Director of the distributor Droffelaar (Noord- Moonlight Films in the Netherlands Brabant) 7. Jon Furay Private (over 2014 Managing Director of the production Skype) company Vigorous Pictures in the US 8. Mike Goodridge Private (over 2014 Managing Director of the sales Skype) company Protagonist Films in the UK 9. Elliot Grove Public 2017 Director of the Raindance Film (London) Festival in the UK 10. Samm Hailley Private (Leeds) 2017 Managing Director of the production company Third Films in the UK 11. Pim Hermeling Private 2012 Managing Director of the distributor (Amsterdam) Wild Bunch in the Netherlands 12. Edward Public 2016 Director Digital at the British Film Humphrey (London) Institute in the UK 13. Christian Husum Private (over 2015 Managing Director of the sales Skype) company Portobello Film Sales in Denmark 14. Muriel Joly Private (over 2016 Acquisition Manager of the content Skype) aggregator Under The Milky Way in France 15. Marieke Jonker Private 2012 Acquisition Manager of the distributor (Amsterdam) Amstel Film in the Netherlands 16. Matthijs Knol Private (over 2015 Managing Director of the European Skype) Film Market (EFM) in Germany 17. Dirk de Lille Private 2012 Acquisition Manager of the distributor (Amsterdam) Paradiso Films in the Netherlands 18. Geoffrey Macnab Private (over 2015 Trade Journalist with Screen Skype) International and The Independent in the UK 19. Ivan MacTaggert Private (over 2014 Producer with the production Skype) company Trademark Films in the UK 20. Heather Public 2017 Head of Programming of the online McIntosh (London) platform provider Curzon Home Cinema in the UK 21. Bobby Meyers Private (over 2014 Consultant with the sales company Skype) Meyers Media Group in the US 22. Beatrice Private (over 2017 Distribution consultants with Bea Neumann Skype) Films in the UK (continued) APPENDIX: INTERVIEWS 241 Table A.1 (continued) Name of Type of Year Job title interviewee interview 23. Cynthia Ophorst Private 2012 Acquisition Manager of the distributor (Utrecht) Benelux Films in the Netherlands 24. Daniel Perry Public 2017 Digital Strategy Manager of the (London) distributor Arrow Films in the UK 25. Wallie Pollé Private 2012 Acquisition Manager of the distributor (Amsterdam) Cinéart in the Netherlands 26. Max van Praag Private 2012 Freelance film consultant in the (Amsterdam) Netherlands 27. Steve Rogers Public 2016 Managing Director of the distributor (Southampton) Bulldog Films in the UK 28. Michael Ryan Public 2016 Managing Director of the sales (Southampton) company GFM Films in the UK 29. Jon Sadler Public 2015 Acquisition Manager of the distributor (Copenhagen) Arrow Films in the UK 30. Dirk Schürhoff Private (over 2015 Managing Director of the sales Skype) company Beta Cinema in Germany 31. David Shear Private 2014 Managing Director of the consultancy (London) company Shear Entertainment 32. Martina Private (over 2014 Acquisition Manager of distribution Ternstrom Skype) company Koch Media in the UK 33. Gareth Unwin Public (Leeds) 2013 Managing Director of the production company Bedlam Productions in the UK 34. Mark Vennis Public 2016 Managing Director of the sales (Southampton) company MovieHouse Entertainment in the UK 35. Tilmann Vierzig Private (over 2015 Head of Administration of the Skype) European Film Market (EFM) in Germany 36. Karel de Vries Private 2012 Managing Director of the distributor (Amsterdam) Universal Pictures in the Netherlands 37. Hans de Weers Private 2012 Managing Director of the production (Amsterdam) company Eyeworks in the Netherlands 38. Susan Went Private (Berlin) 2012 Sales Manager of the production and sales company Trust Nordisk in Denmark 39. Babette Wijntjes Private 2012 Acquisition Manager of the distributor (Amsterdam) Cinemien in the Netherlands 40. René Wolf Private 2012 Acquisition Manager of the distributor (Amsterdam) Eye Film in the Netherlands GLOSSaRY Content aggregators Aggregate large collections of films from rights holders such as producers, sales agents or distributors to secure online distribution through VOD platforms. Day-and-date releasing Films released on more than one distribution window/platform at the same time, rather than exclusively in the the- atrical cinema window. Direct distribution A way of organising distribution in local or national markets through distribution consultants rather than traditional dis- tributors to retain control over distribution rights. Film distribution The process of mediating and consulting between film producers on the one hand and exhibitors or retailers on the other hand. Film distributors Gatekeepers that acquire distribution rights from sales agents and release films in local or national markets. Film sales markets Industry conventions where films are introduced and promoted to distributors in international markets. Gatekeeping The process of enabling or disabling access for films to markets. High-budget film Films produced on a budget higher than $22.5 million. Low-budget films Films produced on a budget between $0.5 and $7.5 million. © The Author(s) 2019 243 R. Smits, Gatekeeping in the Evolving Business of Independent Film Distribution, Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16896-4 244 GLOSSARY Medium-budget film Films produced on a budget between $7.5 and $22.5 million. Micro-budget film Films produced on a budget below $0.5 million. Sales agents Gatekeepers that represent films from particular producers and sell the distribution rights to distributors in international markets. Self-distribution A way of organising distribution to consumer plat- forms without the involvement of distributors or other types of gatekeepers. Subscription VOD (SVOD) platforms VOD services for which audi- ences pay a set monthly or yearly subscription fee in exchange for unlimited access to specific content. Transactional VOD (TVOD) platforms VOD services for which audi- ences pay a fee for each film they watch. Video-on-demand (VOD) platforms Online consumer platforms that allow audiences to browse through collections and decide which films they want to watch and when they access those films. REFERENCES ADEF. (2016). The French Association of Film Exporters. [Online]. Available at: http://www.adef.fr/ [Accessed 10 March 2016]. Alexander, M. (1991). AFMA Says 97 Companies Will Attend New Fall Mart. Variety, 15 April 1991, p. 5. Amazon. (2011). Amazon Prime Members Now Get Unlimited, Commercial-free, Instant Streaming of More Than 5,000 Movies and TV Shows at No Additional Cost. 22 February 2011. Amazon Press Center. [Online]. Available at: http:// phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol- newsArticle&ID=1531234 [Accessed 17 January 2016]. Amazon Video. (2017). Amazon Instant Video Catalogue UK. [Online]. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/PrimeVideo [Accessed 15 June 2017]. Anderson, C. (2006). The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less or More. New York: Hyperion Books. Appadurai, A. (1986). Commodities and the Politics of Value. In: A. Appadurai (Ed.), The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–63. Arango, T. and Carr, D. (2010). Netflix’s Move Onto the Web Stirs Rivalries.The New York Times. [Online]. 24 November 2010. Available at: http://www. nytimes.com/2010/11/25/business/25netflix.html?pagewanted=all [Accessed 6 February 2017]. Atkinson, S. (2014). Beyond the Screen: Emerging Cinema and Engaging Audiences. New York: Bloomsbury. © The Author(s) 2019 245 R. Smits, Gatekeeping in the Evolving Business of Independent Film Distribution, Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16896-4 246 References Bambrough, B. (2016). Curzon Cinemas Targets Expansion Around the World. City A.M. [Online]. 26 June 2016. Available at: http://www.cityam.com/ 244198/curzon-cinemas-targets-expansion-around [Accessed 20 April 2017]. Barraclough,