Gravity Probe B: Examining Einstein's Spacetime with Gyroscopes. an Educator's Guide with Activities in Space Science
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Kaluza-Klein Gravity, Concentrating on the General Rel- Ativity, Rather Than Particle Physics Side of the Subject
Kaluza-Klein Gravity J. M. Overduin Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 3P6 and P. S. Wesson Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 and Gravity Probe-B, Hansen Physics Laboratories, Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A. 94305 Abstract We review higher-dimensional unified theories from the general relativity, rather than the particle physics side. Three distinct approaches to the subject are identi- fied and contrasted: compactified, projective and noncompactified. We discuss the cosmological and astrophysical implications of extra dimensions, and conclude that none of the three approaches can be ruled out on observational grounds at the present time. arXiv:gr-qc/9805018v1 7 May 1998 Preprint submitted to Elsevier Preprint 3 February 2008 1 Introduction Kaluza’s [1] achievement was to show that five-dimensional general relativity contains both Einstein’s four-dimensional theory of gravity and Maxwell’s the- ory of electromagnetism. He however imposed a somewhat artificial restriction (the cylinder condition) on the coordinates, essentially barring the fifth one a priori from making a direct appearance in the laws of physics. Klein’s [2] con- tribution was to make this restriction less artificial by suggesting a plausible physical basis for it in compactification of the fifth dimension. This idea was enthusiastically received by unified-field theorists, and when the time came to include the strong and weak forces by extending Kaluza’s mechanism to higher dimensions, it was assumed that these too would be compact. This line of thinking has led through eleven-dimensional supergravity theories in the 1980s to the current favorite contenders for a possible “theory of everything,” ten-dimensional superstrings. -
Selected Papers on Teleparallelism Ii
SELECTED PAPERS ON TELEPARALLELISM Edited and translated by D. H. Delphenich Table of contents Page Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 1 1. The unification of gravitation and electromagnetism 1 2. The geometry of parallelizable manifold 7 3. The field equations 20 4. The topology of parallelizability 24 5. Teleparallelism and the Dirac equation 28 6. Singular teleparallelism 29 References ……………………………………………………………………….. 33 Translations and time line 1928: A. Einstein, “Riemannian geometry, while maintaining the notion of teleparallelism ,” Sitzber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 17 (1928), 217- 221………………………………………………………………………………. 35 (Received on June 7) A. Einstein, “A new possibility for a unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism” Sitzber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 17 (1928), 224-227………… 42 (Received on June 14) R. Weitzenböck, “Differential invariants in EINSTEIN’s theory of teleparallelism,” Sitzber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 17 (1928), 466-474……………… 46 (Received on Oct 18) 1929: E. Bortolotti , “ Stars of congruences and absolute parallelism: Geometric basis for a recent theory of Einstein ,” Rend. Reale Acc. dei Lincei 9 (1929), 530- 538...…………………………………………………………………………….. 56 R. Zaycoff, “On the foundations of a new field theory of A. Einstein,” Zeit. Phys. 53 (1929), 719-728…………………………………………………............ 64 (Received on January 13) Hans Reichenbach, “On the classification of the new Einstein Ansatz on gravitation and electricity,” Zeit. Phys. 53 (1929), 683-689…………………….. 76 (Received on January 22) Selected papers on teleparallelism ii A. Einstein, “On unified field theory,” Sitzber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 18 (1929), 2-7……………………………………………………………………………….. 82 (Received on Jan 30) R. Zaycoff, “On the foundations of a new field theory of A. Einstein; (Second part),” Zeit. Phys. 54 (1929), 590-593…………………………………………… 89 (Received on March 4) R. -
What Is Gravity Probe B? a Quest for Experimental Truth the GP-B Flight
What is Gravity Probe B? than Gravity Probe B. It’s just a star, a telescope, and a spinning sphere.” However, it took the exceptional collaboration of Stanford, Gravity Probe B (GP-B) is a NASA physics mission to experimentally MSFC, Lockheed Martin and a host of others more than four decades investigate Einstein’s 1916 general theory of relativity—his theory of gravity. to develop the ultra-precise gyroscopes and the other cutting- GP-B uses four spherical gyroscopes and a telescope, housed in a satellite edge technologies necessary to carry out this “simple” experiment. orbiting 642 km (400 mi) above the Earth, to measure, with unprecedented accuracy, two extraordinary effects predicted by the general theory of rela- The GP-B Flight Mission & Data Analysis tivity: 1) the geodetic effect—the amount by which the Earth warps the local spacetime in which it resides; and 2) the frame-dragging effect—the amount On April 20, 2004 at 9:57:24 AM PDT, a crowd of over 2,000 current and by which the rotating Earth drags its local spacetime around with it. GP-B former GP-B team members and supporters watched and cheered as the tests these two effects by precisely measuring the precession (displacement) GP-B spacecraft lifted off from Vandenberg Air Force Base. That emotionally angles of the spin axes of the four gyros over the course of a year and com- overwhelming day, culminating with the extraordinary live video of paring these experimental results with predictions from Einstein’s theory. the spacecraft separating from the second stage booster meant, as GP-B Program Manager Gaylord Green put it, “that 10,000 things went right.” A Quest for Experimental Truth Once in orbit, the spacecraft first underwent a four-month Initialization The idea of testing general relativity with orbiting gyroscopes was sug- and Orbit Checkout (IOC), in which all systems and instruments were gested independently by two physicists, George Pugh and Leonard Schiff, initialized, tested, and optimized for the data collection to follow. -
SEER for Hardware's Cost Model for Future Orbital Concepts (“FAR OUT”)
Presented at the 2008 SCEA-ISPA Joint Annual Conference and Training Workshop - www.iceaaonline.com SEER for Hardware’s Cost Model for Future Orbital Concepts (“FAR OUT”) Lee Fischman ISPA/SCEA Industry Hills 2008 Presented at the 2008 SCEA-ISPA Joint Annual Conference and Training Workshop - www.iceaaonline.com Introduction A model for predicting the cost of long term unmanned orbital spacecraft (Far Out) has been developed at the request of AFRL. Far Out has been integrated into SEER for Hardware. This presentation discusses the Far Out project and resulting model. © 2008 Galorath Incorporated Presented at the 2008 SCEA-ISPA Joint Annual Conference and Training Workshop - www.iceaaonline.com Goals • Estimate space satellites in any earth orbit. Deep space exploration missions may be considered as data is available, or may be an area for further research in Phase 3. • Estimate concepts to be launched 10-20 years into the future. • Cost missions ranging from exploratory to strategic, with a specific range decided based on estimating reliability. The most reliable estimates are likely to be in the middle of this range. • Estimates will include hardware, software, systems engineering, and production. • Handle either government or commercial missions, either “one-of-a-kind” or constellations. • Be used in a “top-down” manner using relatively less specific mission resumes, similar to those available from sources such as the Earth Observation Portal or Janes Space Directory. © 2008 Galorath Incorporated Presented at the 2008 SCEA-ISPA Joint Annual Conference and Training Workshop - www.iceaaonline.com Challenge: Technology Change Over Time Evolution in bus technologies Evolution in payload technologies and performance 1. -
Moment of Inertia of Superconductors
Moment of inertia of superconductors J. E. Hirsch Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0319 We find that the bulk moment of inertia per unit volume of a metal becoming superconducting 2 2 increases by the amount me/(πrc), with me the bare electron mass and rc = e /mec the classical 2 electron radius. This is because superfluid electrons acquire an intrinsic moment of inertia me(2λL) , with λL the London penetration depth. As a consequence, we predict that when a rotating long cylinder becomes superconducting its angular velocity does not change, contrary to the prediction of conventional BCS-London theory that it will rotate faster. We explain the dynamics of magnetic field generation when a rotating normal metal becomes superconducting. PACS numbers: I. INTRODUCTION and is called the “London moment”. In this paper we propose that this effect reveals fundamental physics of A superconducting body rotating with angular veloc- superconductors not predicted by conventional BCS the- ity ~ω develops a uniform magnetic field throughout its ory [3, 4]. For a preliminary treatment where we argued interior, given by that BCS theory is inconsistent with the London moment we refer the reader to our earlier work [5]. Other non- 2m c B~ = − e ~ω ≡ B(ω)ˆω (1) conventional explanations of the London moment have e also been proposed [6, 7]. with e (< 0) the electron charge, and me the bare electron Eq. (1) has been verified experimentally for a variety mass. Numerically, B =1.137 × 10−7ω, with B in Gauss of superconductors [8–15]. -
Chasing the Light Einsteinʼs Most Famous Thought Experiment 1
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PhilSci Archive November 14, 17, 2010; May 7, 2011 Chasing the Light Einsteinʼs Most Famous Thought Experiment John D. Norton Department of History and Philosophy of Science Center for Philosophy of Science University of Pittsburgh http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton Prepared for Thought Experiments in Philosophy, Science and the Arts, eds., James Robert Brown, Mélanie Frappier and Letitia Meynell, Routledge. At the age of sixteen, Einstein imagined chasing after a beam of light. He later recalled that the thought experiment had played a memorable role in his development of special relativity. Famous as it is, it has proven difficult to understand just how the thought experiment delivers its results. It fails to generate problems for an ether-based electrodynamics. I propose that Einstein’s canonical statement of the thought experiment from his 1946 “Autobiographical Notes,” makes most sense not as an argument against ether-based electrodynamics, but as an argument against “emission” theories of light. 1. Introduction How could we be anything but charmed by the delightful story Einstein tells in his “Autobiographical Notes” of a striking thought he had at the age of sixteen? While recounting the efforts that led to the special theory of relativity, he recalled (Einstein, 1949, pp. 52-53/ pp. 49-50): 1 ...a paradox upon which I had already hit at the age of sixteen: If I pursue a beam of light with the velocity c (velocity of light in a vacuum), I should observe such a beam of light as an electromagnetic field at rest though spatially oscillating. -
VLBI for Gravity Probe B. VII. the Evolution of the Radio Structure Of
Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series VLBI for Gravity Probe B. VII. The Evolution of the Radio Structure of IM Pegasi M. F. Bietenholz1,2, N. Bartel1, D. E. Lebach3, R. R. Ransom1,4, M. I. Ratner3, and I. I. Shapiro3 ABSTRACT We present measurements of the total radio flux density as well as very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) images of the star, IM Pegasi, which was used as the guide star for the NASA/Stanford relativity mission Gravity Probe B. We obtained flux densities and images from 35 sessions of observations at 8.4 GHz (λ = 3.6 cm) between 1997 January and 2005 July. The observations were accurately phase-referenced to several extragalactic reference sources, and we present the images in a star-centered frame, aligned by the position of the star as derived from our fits to its orbital motion, parallax, and proper motion. Both the flux density and the morphology of IM Peg are variable. For most sessions, the emission region has a single-peaked structure, but 25% of the time, we observed a two-peaked (and on one occasion perhaps a three-peaked) structure. On average, the emission region is elongated by 1.4 ± 0.4 mas (FWHM), with the average direction of elongation being close to that of the sky projection of the orbit normal. The average length of the emission region is approximately equal to the diameter of the primary star. No significant correlation with the orbital phase is found for either the flux density or the direction of elongation, and no preference for any particular longitude on the star is shown by the emission region. -
Equivalence Principle (WEP) of General Relativity Using a New Quantum Gravity Theory Proposed by the Authors Called Electro-Magnetic Quantum Gravity Or EMQG (Ref
WHAT ARE THE HIDDEN QUANTUM PROCESSES IN EINSTEIN’S WEAK PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE? Tom Ostoma and Mike Trushyk 48 O’HARA PLACE, Brampton, Ontario, L6Y 3R8 [email protected] Monday April 12, 2000 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank R. Mongrain (P.Eng) for our lengthy conversations on the nature of space, time, light, matter, and CA theory. ABSTRACT We provide a quantum derivation of Einstein’s Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP) of general relativity using a new quantum gravity theory proposed by the authors called Electro-Magnetic Quantum Gravity or EMQG (ref. 1). EMQG is manifestly compatible with Cellular Automata (CA) theory (ref. 2 and 4), and is also based on a new theory of inertia (ref. 5) proposed by R. Haisch, A. Rueda, and H. Puthoff (which we modified and called Quantum Inertia, QI). QI states that classical Newtonian Inertia is a property of matter due to the strictly local electrical force interactions contributed by each of the (electrically charged) elementary particles of the mass with the surrounding (electrically charged) virtual particles (virtual masseons) of the quantum vacuum. The sum of all the tiny electrical forces (photon exchanges with the vacuum particles) originating in each charged elementary particle of the accelerated mass is the source of the total inertial force of a mass which opposes accelerated motion in Newton’s law ‘F = MA’. The well known paradoxes that arise from considerations of accelerated motion (Mach’s principle) are resolved, and Newton’s laws of motion are now understood at the deeper quantum level. We found that gravity also involves the same ‘inertial’ electromagnetic force component that exists in inertial mass. -
What Is Gravity Probe B?
What is Gravity Probe B? Gravity Probe B (GP-B) is a NASA physics mission to experimentally in• William Fairbank once remarked: “No mission could be sim• vestigate Einstein’s 1916 general theory of relativity—his theory of gravity. pler than Gravity Probe B. It’s just a star, a telescope, and a spin• GB-B uses four spherical gyroscopes and a telescope, housed in a satellite ning sphere.” However, it took the exceptional collaboration of Stan• orbiting 642 km (400 mi) above the Earth, to measure, with unprecedented ford, MSFC, Lockheed Martin and a host of others more than four accuracy, two extraordinary effects predicted by the general theory of rela• decades to develop the ultra-precise gyroscopes and the other cut• tivity: 1) the geodetic effect—the amount by which the Earth warps the local ting-edge technologies necessary to carry out this “simple” experiment. spacetime in which it resides; and 2) the frame-dragging effect—the amount by which the rotating Earth drags its local spacetime around with it. GP-B tests these two effects by precisely measuring the precession (displacement) The GP-B Flight Mission angles of the spin axes of the four gyros over the course of a year and com• paring these experimental results with predictions from Einstein’s theory. On April 20, 2004 at 9:57:24 AM PDT, a crowd of over 2,000 current and former GP-B team members and supporters watched and cheered as the A Quest for Experimental Truth GP-B spacecraftlift ed offf rom Vandenberg Air Force Base. -
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Einsteins theory of general relativity (GR) [Einstein, 1915b,a, de Sitter, 1917, Silberstein, 1917] together with quantum field theory are considered to be the pillars of modern physics. GR deals with gravitational phenomena treating space-time as a four-dimensional manifold. The theory has a well understood and mathematically very elegant structure and is internally consistent. GR describes gracefully all the experimental tests of gravity [Weinberg, 1972, Berti et al., 2015] conducted till now without a single adjustable parameter. 1.2 General Relativity The inverse-square gravitational force law introduced by Newton predicted cor- rectly a variety of gravitational phenomena including planetary motion. In fact the 10 Chapter 1: Introduction 11 Newtons theory was very successful in describing all the known gravitational phe- nomena at that time. The first deviation from the Newtons theory was noticed in the precession of Mercurys orbit; a 43 arc-seconds per century excess precession over that given by Newtons theory was observed. However, not because of such small deviation in just one experimental results, Einstein developed General relativity to make the theory of gravitation consistent with Special Theory of Relativity (STR). Newtonian mechanics is based on the existence of absolute space and thereby absolute motion whereas STR rests on the idea that all (un-accelerated) motions are relative in nature. A consequent feature emerges in STR that no information can be transmitted with speed greater than the speed of light whereas the Newtons law of gravity implies action at a distance i.e. in Newtonian paradigm the gravita- tional information moves with infinite speed. -
Building a Popular Science Library Collection for High School to Adult Learners: ISSUES and RECOMMENDED RESOURCES
Building a Popular Science Library Collection for High School to Adult Learners: ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED RESOURCES Gregg Sapp GREENWOOD PRESS BUILDING A POPULAR SCIENCE LIBRARY COLLECTION FOR HIGH SCHOOL TO ADULT LEARNERS Building a Popular Science Library Collection for High School to Adult Learners ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED RESOURCES Gregg Sapp GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sapp, Gregg. Building a popular science library collection for high school to adult learners : issues and recommended resources / Gregg Sapp. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–28936–0 1. Libraries—United States—Special collections—Science. I. Title. Z688.S3S27 1995 025.2'75—dc20 94–46939 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright ᭧ 1995 by Gregg Sapp All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 94–46939 ISBN: 0–313–28936–0 First published in 1995 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Printed in the United States of America TM The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 To Kelsey and Keegan, with love, I hope that you never stop learning. Contents Preface ix Part I: Scientific Information, Popular Science, and Lifelong Learning 1 -
Time Series Analysis of Long-Term Photometry of the RS Cvn Star IM Pegasi
Master's thesis International Master's Programme in Space Science Time series analysis of long-term photometry of the RS CVn star IM Pegasi Victor S, olea May 2013 Tutor: Doc. Lauri Jetsu Censors: Prof. Alexis Finoguenov Doc. Lauri Jetsu University of Helsinki Department of Physics P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hallstr¨ omin¨ katu 2a) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki Helsingin yliopisto | Helsingfors universitet | University of Helsinki Tiedekunta/Osasto | Fakultet/Sektion | Faculty Laitos | Institution | Department Faculty of Science Department of Physics Tekij¨a | F¨orfattare | Author Victor S, olea Ty¨on nimi | Arbetets titel | Title Time series analysis of long-term photometry of the RS CVn star IM Pegasi Oppiaine | L¨aro¨amne | Subject International Master's Programme in Space Science Ty¨on laji | Arbetets art | Level Aika | Datum | Month and year Sivum¨a¨ar¨a | Sidoantal | Number of pages Master's thesis May 2013 31 Tiivistelm¨a | Referat | Abstract We applied the Continuous Period Search (CPS) method to 23 years of V-band photometric data of the spectroscopic binary star IM Pegasi (primary: K2-class giant; secondary: G{ K-class dwarf). We studied the short and long-term activity changes of the light curve. Our modelling gave the mean magnitude, amplitude, period and the minima of the light curve, as well as their error estimates. There was not enough data to establish whether the long-term changes of the spot distribution followed an activity cycle. We also studied the differential rotation and detected that it was significantly stronger than expected, k ≥ 0:093. This result is based on the assumption that the law of solar differential rotation is valid also for IM Peg.