DOCSLIB.ORG

THE COXSACKIE VIRUSES by D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE COXSACKIE VIRUSES by D 637 Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.28.326.637 on 1 December 1952. Downloaded from THE COXSACKIE VIRUSES By D. GERAINT JAMES, M.B., M.R.C.P. Senior Medical Registrar, The Middlesex Hospital, W.i Coxsackie is a village on the banks of the Hudson Epidemic Pleurodynia River in upper New York State. In the course This condition was observed in 1930 by Sylvest of investigating an outbreak of poliomyelitis there, as an epidemic of myositis occurring amongst the Dalldorf and Sickles (1948) isolated a hitherto inhabitants of fishing villages on the island of unrecognized filterable agent from the faeces of Bornholm off the coast of Denmark. It has two children with lower limb paralysis. Neu- undoubtedly occurred in earlier times, and the tralizing antibodies for this new virus appeared in original description is attributed to Finsen, who the blood of both patients during convalescence. observed it in Iceland in i856, and called it Attempts to isolate the poliomyelitis virus in pleurodynia. It has been recognized in both rhesus monkeys were unsuccessful, but paralysis epidemic and sporadic forms as an acute febrile, was induced in newborn suckling mice, although self-limiting disease, characterized by lower inter- not in mice over twelve days old. This discovery costal muscle pain or diaphragmatic pleurisy, and heralded the advent of a new family of Coxsackie occasionally accompanied by pleural friction. Its. viruses. importance from a clinical point of view lies mainly Protected by copyright. in its differential diagnosis from tuberculous Reports soon followed of the isolation of the pleurisy, pneumonia, renal and biliary colic, Coxsackie virus in other epidemics of paralytic appendicitis, peritonitis, pulmonary infarct and poliomyelitis (Dalldorf et al., I949), in non- coronary thrombosis. paralytic poliomyelitis, or aseptic meningitis Curnen, Shaw and Melnick (I949) drew atten- (Curnen et al., I949; Melnick et al., I949); tion to a patient with epidemic pleurodynia, in pyrexia of unknown origin (Webb and Wolfe, whom the Coxsackie virus was isolated and neu- 1950); summer 'grippe' (Sabin and Steigman, tralizing antibodies to this virus were found in the I949; Melnick et al., I950), the Guillain-Barre- serum. They also mentioned three laboratory Landry syndrome (Armstrong et al., 1950), workers who were affected by pleurodynia whilst influenza-like illnesses (Kilbourne, I950), pleuro- studying the Coxsackie virus. Findlay and Howard dynia or Bornholm disease, and herpangina. The (I950) strengthened the association between the ubiquitous nature of this virus led to a spurious Coxsackie virus and Bornholm disease still further association between it and a variety of diseases. by reporting the occurrence of laboratory infec- More recently a cautious attitude has been adopted http://pmj.bmj.com/ in relating the Coxsackie family of viruses to tions in workers studying the virus, and also of an human disease, especially non-paralytic polio- interesting human transmission experiment. A myelitis and aseptic meningitis. Isolation of the volunteer was inoculated intranasally with a sus- poliomyelitis virus is a technically difficult pro- pension of the Coxsackie virus, which was known cedure, whereas the Coxsackie virus is compara- to be active in suckling mice. No symptoms tively easy to isolate. These technical points occurred until 46 hours later, when sudden pain should be borne in mind in assessing their aetio- was felt below the right scapula. It radiated intercostally, and was aggravated by deep breath- on September 25, 2021 by guest. logical significance. Dalldorf has stated that we ing and laughing. There was a transient pyrexia are in the anomalous position of having found the of 99.z/ F., and the pain subsided after 48 hours. cause of the disease, but not the disease (Huebner Following this attack, complement-fixing anti- et al., I950). Much work has still to be done bodies for a Coxsackie virus antigen were detect- before it is possible to assess the role, if any, of able in the serum although none had been present the Coxsackie viruses in relation to the polio- before the transmission experiment. Findlay and myelitis virus and non-paralytic poliomyelitis. Howard also reported the isolation of the Coxsackie There are two clinical conditions in which all virus from the nasal washings, stools and blood of a available evidence suggests that the Coxsackie patient with Bornholm disease. virus is responsible for the disease, namely, In 1947, I I4 cases of epidemic pleurodynia epidemic pleurodynia (Bornholm disease) and were observed at the Boston City Hospital (Finn herpangina. et al., I949). Although no aetiological agent was 638 POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL JOURNAL December 1952 Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.28.326.637 on 1 December 1952. Downloaded from demonstrated at the time, fortunately some of the pain was severely aggravated by sniffing. A chest throat washings and sera were stored, and subse- X-ray revealed normal lung fields, but the right quently the Coxsackie virus was isolated from diaphragm was high and could well have been four specimens of these washings, and specific 'in spasm.' Unfortunately her clinical condition neutralizing antibodies against two strains of precluded screening at the time. viruses were demonstrated (Weller et al., I950). It was suggested that she might have a peri- It seems probable that this Coxsackie virus was tonitis due to a perforated peptic ulcer or ruptured aetiologically responsible for this Boston epidemic. appendix, or possibly an acute pancreatitis. Strong evidence indicating that the Coxsackie Against these diagnoses were a normal pulse and virus is aetiologically responsible for Bornholm blood pressure; rectal and vaginal examination disease and that the patient is not a mere intestinal caused no tenderness; bowel sounds were audible, carrier of this virus is afforded by some interesting a white cell count was io,6oo c.mm. with a experiments undertaken by workers at the Institut normal differential count, and the erythrocyte Pasteur (Lepine, Desse and Sautter, I952). They sedimentation rate was i i mm./hour (Westergren). were able to isolate the Coxsackie virus from During the first 24 hours in hospital her condition muscle-biopsies of two patients suffering from remained unchanged. On the second hospital Bornholm disease. Histologically, the muscle- day the pain was easier and had disappeared by biopsy sections showed the hyaline degeneration the end of the third day. The most likely diag- and mononuclear cell infiltration, just as it is seen nosis seemed to be a severe Bornholm disease. in the experimental infection in suckling mice. The onset with sharp pleural pain, aggravated especially by sniffing, the mild pyrexia of 99.4°, Case Report.-The following case illustrates the the high right diaphragm, and finally the benign association of Bornholm disease and the Coxsackie subsequent course were in favour of this diagnosis. virus, and also underlines its differential diagnosis Nasopharyngeal washings and faeces were from an acute abdominal catastrophe. obtained for virus isolation, and acute-phase andProtected by copyright. A 42-year-old widow was admitted to the convalescent-phase sera were examined for virus- Middlesex Hospital under the care of Dr. G. E. neutralizing antibodies. From both nasopharyn- Beaumont. Twenty-four hours before admission geal washings and faeces a Coxsackie virus of the she was walking along the promenade in Brighton B type was isolated. The acute phase serum when she was suddenly seized with severe pain revealed antibodies to a titre of i in io, and the over the right lower ribs. It was intensified by convalescent-phase serum contained neutralizing deep breathing and it radiated to the right side of antibodies to a titre of i in 500. This was a the abdomen. It passed off slowly in the course significant rise in neutralizing antibodies. of the next half hour. Four hours later it gradu- This case illustrated a more than usually ally returned and was now present in the right severe clinical picture of Bornholm disease, from loin and right iliac fossa. The severity of the it a Coxsackie virus was isolated and the blood pain prevented her from turning over in bed and' showed a significant rise in homologous neutralizing she spent a sleepless night-in considerable pain. antibodies. On the following morning she felt sick and Davies and Warin (195I) reported an epidemic http://pmj.bmj.com/ feverish. The pain was temporarily relieved by of Bornholm disease in Oxford. Patients presented I00 mg. of pethidine administered by her doctor, with thoracic or abdominal pain, or meningitic but this relief lasted only 3 hours. When it symptoms. The diagnosis should also be borne returned, she likened the pain to a ' band ' across in mind if appendicitis seems to strike a family the abdomen, aggravated by movement and deep simultaneously. breathing. Significant rises in antibody titre to the Cox- On examination, she was lying very still in sackie virus have been found in patients who have on September 25, 2021 by guest. bed, afraid to move because of the pain. Her been diagnosed clinically as coronary thrombosis, temperature was 99.4, pulse 8o, and respira- but in which the electrocardiogram was normal tion 20. There was marked tenderness and (Findlay, 1951). rigidity over the whole abdomen, with gross rebound tenderness. However, if the hand were Herpangina allowed to rest on the abdomen, in the course of Huebner and his colleagues (1951) made aetio- i minute it would sink gradually into a softer logical studies on six children suffering from an abdomen. Bowel sounds were faintly audible, acute pharyngitis, in which small punched-out and there was no tenderness on rectal examination. ulcers with greyish bases and a surrounding red Examination of the chest revealed that the breath areola were seen on the anterior faucial pillars. sounds were slightly weaker at the right base These children also had a fever of short duration, posteriorly.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nasoswab ® Brochure
    ® NasoSwab One Vial... Multiple Pathogens Simple & Convenient Nasal Specimen Collection Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, L.L.C. 2439 Kuser Road • Hamilton, NJ 08690-3303 www.mdlab.com • Toll Free 877 269 0090 ® NasoSwab MULTIPLE PATHOGENS The introduction of molecular techniques, such as the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method, in combination with flocked swab technology, offers a superior route of pathogen detection with a high diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. MDL offers a number of assays for the detection of multiple pathogens associated with respiratory tract infections. The unrivaled sensitivity and specificity of the Real-Time PCR method in detecting infectious agents provides the clinician with an accurate and rapid means of diagnosis. This valuable diagnostic tool will assist the clinician with diagnosis, early detection, patient stratification, drug prescription, and prognosis. Tests currently available utilizing ® the NasoSwab specimen collection platform are listed below. • One vial, multiple pathogens Acinetobacter baumanii • DNA amplification via PCR technology Adenovirus • Microbial drug resistance profiling Bordetella parapertussis • High precision robotic accuracy • High diagnostic sensitivity & specificity Bordetella pertussis (Reflex to Bordetella • Specimen viability up to 5 days after holmesii by Real-Time PCR) collection Chlamydophila pneumoniae • Test additions available up to 30 days Coxsackie virus A & B after collection • No refrigeration or freezing required Enterovirus D68 before or after collection
    [Show full text]
  • Coxsackie B Virus Infection As a Rare Cause of Acute Renal Failure and Hepatitis Thapa J, Koirala P, Gupta TN
    Case Note VOL. 16|NO. 1|ISSUE 61|JAN.-MARCH. 2018 Coxsackie B Virus Infection as a Rare Cause of Acute Renal Failure and Hepatitis Thapa J, Koirala P, Gupta TN Department of Nephrology National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. ABSTRACT We report a 37 year female patient, admitted with complains of fever, jaundice and myalgia of seven days. There was no history of trauma, drug abuse, seizure or Corresponding Author vigorous exercise nor history of renal and musculoskeletal disease. Here we have Jiwan Thapa discussed the clinical features, biochemical derangements, diagnosis of coxsackie B virus, multi organ involvement and need of urgent hemodialysis for appropriate Department of Nephrology management of the case. National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. KEY WORDS E-mail: [email protected] Acute renal failure, Coxsackie B, Hemodialysis, Hepatitis Citation Thapa T, Koirala P, Gupta TN. Coxsackie B Virus Infection as a rare cause of Acute Renal Failure and Hepatitis. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2018;61(1):95-7. INTRODUCTION CASE REPORT The Coxsackie viruses are Ribonucleic acid viruses of A previously healthy 37-year-old female was admitted to the Picornaviridae family, Enterovirus genus which also our hospital with complains of fever of 7 days, jaundice includes echoviruses and polioviruses. Infections are of 4 days, severe muscle pain, especially the lower limbs, mostly asymptomatic. They are divided into groups A and discoloured urine. She also had history of malaise, and B. Coxsackie virus A virus usually affects skin and headache, sore throat and fever recorded up to 103.2°F.
    [Show full text]
  • International Respiratory Infections Society COVID Research Conversations: Podcast 3 with Dr
    University of Louisville Journal of Respiratory Infections MULTIMEDIA International Respiratory Infections Society COVID Research Conversations: Podcast 3 with Dr. Antoni Torres Julio A. Ramirez1*, MD, FACP; Antoni Torres, MD, PhD, FERS 1Center of Excellence for Research in Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; 2Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care, University of Barcelona *[email protected] Recommended Citation: Ramirez JA, Torres A. International Respiratory Infections Society COVID Research Conversations: Podcast 3 with Dr. Antoni Torres. Univ Louisville J Respir Infect 2021; 5(1): Article 11. Outline of Discussion Topics Section(s) Topics 1–4 Introductions 5 “Spanish” influenza 6–9 Dr. Torres’ personal thoughts and experiences 10 COVID-19 hospitalizations in Barcelona 11 A threatening phone call 12–13 Origin of the CIBERESUCICOVID project 14 Baseline characteristics 15 Bloodwork at hospital admission; ICU admission vs. day 3 16 Treatments 17 Complications 18 Outcomes related to interventions 19 Viral RNA load in plasma associated with critical illness and dysregulated response 20 Follow-up with health care workers 21 Medical education 22 Conclusions 23–26 Interleukin 6 27–29 Ventilatory approach 30–33 Post-COVID syndrome 34–38 Impact on health care workers 39–41 Holidays and COVID-19 infection 42–43 New paradigm for medical education 44–45 Reducing travel for medical conferences 46–47 Improving treatment for COVID-19 48–53 Vaccination in Spain 54–57 Prioritizing clinical trials 58–65 COVID-19 as viral pneumonia 64–69 Thanks and sign-off All figures kindly provided by Dr. Torres. ULJRI j https://ir.library.louisville.edu/jri/vol5/iss1/11 1 ULJRI International Respiratory Infections Society COVID Research Conversations: Podcast 3 with Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Medical and Public Health Importance of the Coxsackie Viruses
    806 S.A. MEDICAL JOURNAL 25 August 1956 it seems that this mother's claim cannot be upheld, Dit lyk dus of hierdie moeder se eis nie gestaaf kan word and we must still look for further evidence of human nie en ons moet nog steeds soek na verdere bewyse van parthenogenesis. menslike partenogenese. 1. Editorial (1955): Lancet, 2, 967. 1. Van die Redaksie (1955): Lancet, 2, 967. 2. Pincus, G. and Shapiro, H. (1939): Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 2. Pincus, G. en Shapiro, H. (1939): Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 26,163. 26, 163. 3. Balfour-Lynn, S. (1956): Lancet, 1, 1072. 3. Balfour-Lynn, S. (1956): Lancet, 1, 1072. THE MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF THE COXSACKIE VIRUSES JA.\1ES GEAR, V.MasRoCH M'D F. R. PRINSLOO Poliomyelitis Research Foundation, South African Institute for Medical Research The Coxsackie group of viruses derived their name paralytic poliomyelitis infected also with poliovirus. from the Hudson River Town, Coxsackie, in New York As a result of more recent studies their pathogenicity State, where the first two members of this group were has now been more clearly defined. 2 The group-A identified by Dalldorf and Sickies in 1947.1 Both these viruses have been incriminated as the cause of herp­ viruses were isolated in suckling mice from the faeces angina and, as the present studies show, are possibly of children acutely ill with paralytic poliomyelitis. The related to a number of other illnesses. Coxsackie-B pathogenicity for suckling mice is one of the distinguish­ viruses have been incriminated as the cause of Bornholm ing features of this group of viruses, and their relative disease and, as the present studies show, in parts of lack of pathogenicity for adult mice and other experi­ Southern Africa are important causes ofaseptic meningo­ mental animals accounts for their escape from recogni­ encephalitis and of myocarditis neonatorum.
    [Show full text]
  • Trajectory of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Chasing a Moving Target
    1 Review Article Page 1 of 13 Trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic: chasing a moving target Kamal Kant Sahu1, Ajay Kumar Mishra1, Amos Lal2^ 1Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01608, USA; 2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA Contributions: (I) Conception and design: All authors; (II) Administrative support: None; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: All authors; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: All authors; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: All authors; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. Correspondence to: Amos Lal, MBBS, MD. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]. Abstract: The spread of COVID-19 has already taken a pandemic form, affecting over 180 countries in a matter of three months. The full continuum of disease ranges from mild, self-limiting illness to severe progressive COVID-19 pneumonia, multiorgan failure, cytokine storm and death. Younger and healthy population is now getting affected than before. Possibilities of airborne and fecal oral routes of transmission has increased the concern. In the absence of any specific therapeutic agent for coronavirus infections, the most effective manner to contain this pandemic is probably the non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs). The damage due to the pandemic disease is multifaceted and crippling to economy, trade, and health of the citizens of the countries. The extent of damage in such scenarios is something that is beyond calculation by Gross Domestic Product rate or currency value of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemic Coxsackie B Virus Infection in Johannesburg, South Africa
    J. Ilyg., Camb. (1985), 95, 447-455 447 Printed in Great Britain Epidemic Coxsackie B virus infection in Johannesburg, South Africa BY BARRY D. SCHOUB, SYLVIA JOHNSON, JO M. McANERNEY, ISABEL L. DOS SANTOS AND KATALIN I. M. KLAASSEN National Institute for Virology and Department of Virology, University of the Witivalersrand, South Africa (Received 4 April 1985; accepted 31 May 1985) SUMMARY A particularly extensive epidemic of Coxsackie B3 virus infection occurred in Johannesburg in the spring and summer of 1984. A total of 142 positive cases were diagnosed by isolation of the virus from stools and other specimens (60) or by serology (82). Coxsackie B3 accounted for 87 % of the isolations and was also the dominant serotypc on serology. The outbreak involved predominantly children and young adults, with no apparent sex differences being noted. The majority of specimens came from the white population and no significant difference in age or sex distribution could be observed between the two race groups. The major clinical presentation in the white group was Bornholm disease followed by cardiac involvement and then meningo- encephalitis. In the black group, however, myocarditis was the major clinical presentation, which is of particular interest taking into account the extremely high incidence of acute rheumatic carditis in this population and the prevalence of chronic cardiomyopathy. INTRODUCTION Epidemics of Coxsackie B virus infection have occurred at regular intervals in Johannesburg since the first documented outbreak of neonatal disease in a niaternity homo in October and November 1952 (Javctt el al. 195G; Gear, 19G7). In temperate countries, as well as in South Africa, these outbreaks occur characteristically in the warmer spring to autumn months in cycles of some 3- to 0-year intervals (Gear, 1967; Melnick, 1982; Banatvala, 1983).
    [Show full text]
  • Original a Brief History of Bornholm Disease
    Original Neurosciences and History 2017; 5(1): 20-25 A brief history of Bornholm disease E. García-Albea1, J. García-Albea2 1Head of the Neurology Department. Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain. 2Department of Psychiatry. Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. ABSTRACT In the summer of 1930 on the Danish island of Bornholm, Dr Ejnar Sylvest and his wife, friends, and neighbours experienced symptoms of severe pain in one side of the chest, with pain resolving two weeks later and leaving no sequelae. Interested in the symptoms he had himself experienced, Sylvest described 23 similar cases on the island. He coined the terms ‘epidemic myalgia’ and ‘Bornholm disease’ and published several articles, disseminating knowledge of the process. is was soon followed by several other articles reporting similar epidemic outbreaks throughout Europe and America. Interest in the topic increased a er Dalldorf and Sickles discovered the virus responsible, coxsackie B virus, in Coxsackie, New York, in 1949. Epidemic outbreaks of Bornholm disease in Spain were certainly not uncommon, despite which they went largely disregarded, with the exception of two reports by Pedro Pons and Farreras Valentí (in Medicina Clínica, 1948) and by Ortiz Molina (in Revista Clínica Española, 1951; the journal was under the directorship of Dr Jiménez Díaz at the time). In fact, there is no o¥ cial epidemiological or healthcare system data on Bornholm disease in Spain. We provide a § rst-hand account of what may have been an epidemic outbreak of Bornholm disease in the summer of 2014, a¨ ecting at least four people in La Butiplaya, a housing complex in Cala de Mijas, in the Spanish province of Málaga.
    [Show full text]
  • A Systematic Review of Evidence That Enteroviruses May Be Zoonotic Jane K
    Fieldhouse et al. Emerging Microbes & Infections (2018) 7:164 Emerging Microbes & Infections DOI 10.1038/s41426-018-0159-1 www.nature.com/emi REVIEW ARTICLE Open Access A systematic review of evidence that enteroviruses may be zoonotic Jane K. Fieldhouse 1,XinyeWang2, Kerry A. Mallinson1,RickW.Tsao1 and Gregory C. Gray 1,2,3 Abstract Enteroviruses infect millions of humans annually worldwide, primarily infants and children. With a high mutation rate and frequent recombination, enteroviruses are noted to evolve and change over time. Given the evidence that human enteroviruses are commonly found in other mammalian species and that some human and animal enteroviruses are genetically similar, it is possible that enzootic enteroviruses may also be infecting human populations. We conducted a systematic review of the English and Chinese literature published between 2007 and 2017 to examine evidence that enteroviruses may be zoonotic. Of the 2704 articles screened for inclusion, 16 articles were included in the final review. The review of these articles yielded considerable molecular evidence of zooanthroponosis transmission, particularly among non-human primates. While there were more limited instances of anthropozoonosis transmission, the available data support the biological plausibility of cross-species transmission and the need to conduct periodic surveillance at the human–animal interface. Introduction Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a type that has caused 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; Enteroviruses (EVs) are positive-sense, single-stranded sporadic but severe respiratory disease outbreaks across RNA viruses in the family Picornaviridae that infect the United States, Asia, Africa, and Europe in recent millions of people worldwide on an annual basis, espe- years3,4.
    [Show full text]
  • ENTEROVIRAL MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS… Evme [ME/CFS]
    ENTEROVIRAL MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS… EvME [ME/CFS] Introduction: CFS is an "umbrella" classification of illnesses whose aetiology is thought to be unknown. As the classification implies, the prominent symptom is fatigue. Fatigue occurs in a wide range of illnesses. Neurological - Endocrine - Immune - Malignant - Infective - Toxic - Genetic. Advances in cellular biology and revisiting the past have re-defined illness hitherto classified. Background: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis is recognised by the WHO as a neurological disease. It is well annotated in medical literature, from the Polio epidemics in 1930s-40s [Gilliam]. Defined by Melvyn Ramsay in the 1950s – Royal Free Disease and in the 1960s by Luis Leon Sotomayor “ Epidemic Diencephalomyelitis; A possible cause of Neuro-psychiatric, Cardiovascular and Endocrine disorders”. In 1970 the BMA published a paper by two psychiatrists. Dr C P McEvedy and Dr A W Beard which concluded that the Royal Free outbreak was largely due to hysteria. The effect on medical opinion was far reaching and still prevails. The effect on patients was and remains catastrophic. The enteroviruses, ubiquitous in nature, are responsible for a variety of human diseases ranging from mild gastroenteritis to fulminating multi-organ failure. They are the cause of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and it is no surprise that this disease has multi-organ involvement with protean manifestation. Pathophysiology: Enterovirus genus is comprised of Polioviruses, Coxsackieviruses A&B, Echoviruses and E71. They are members of the Picornaviridea family. The Picorna family is marked by its extremely small size. The virion is a naked icosahedron about 30 nm in diameter. The genome is comprised of single-stranded monopartite RNA.
    [Show full text]
  • Myocarditis and Croup Caused by Coxsackie Virus Type B5 by Judith M
    Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.36.189.551 on 1 October 1961. Downloaded from MYOCARDITIS AND CROUP CAUSED BY COXSACKIE VIRUS TYPE B5 BY JUDITH M. BABB, MARGARET E. R. STONEMAN and H. STERN From the Department ofPaediatrics, St. George's Hospital and the Victoria Hospitalfor Children, and the Department of Virology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION FEBRUARY 7, 1961) Myocarditis has long been recognized as a com- 1959; Lukes, 1959) and Hungary (Domok, Molnar plication of rheumatic fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever and Rudnai, 1960). A similar outbreak but without and whooping cough. It also occurs in association virus confirmation occurred in a newborn nursery with poliomyelitis and more rarely with other virus in Melbourne (French, 1953). Sporadic cases have infections such as influenza, mumps, psittacosis, been reported from the United States (Kibrick and infectious mononucleosis, primary atypical pneu- Benirschke, 1956, 1958a; 1958b; Sabin, 1957; monia, varicella, measles, infectious hepatitis and Benirschke, Kibrick and Craig, 1958; Benirschke yellow fever (Lyon, 1956; Silber, 1958). Myo- and Pendleton, 1958; Newton and Hosier, 1958; carditis has also been described as occurring without Hosier and Newton, 1958; Sprunt, 1958; Sussman, evidence of such primary disease and has then been Strauss and Hodes, 1959; Rapmund, Gauld, Rogers labelled variously as Fiedler's, idiopathic, interstitial, and Holmes, 1959; Moossy and Geer, 1960; Brown, isolated or aseptic myocarditis. Lenz and Agate, 1960; Woodward, McCrumb, The association of myocarditis and pericarditis Carey and Togo, 1960), Hawaii (Delaney and with epidemic pleurodynia was reported by Bing Fukunaga, 1958), the Transvaal (Gear, Measroch copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Perspectives of Convalescent Plasma Therapy in COVID-19
    Acta Biomed 2020; Vol. 91, N. 4: e2020155 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i4.10698 © Mattioli 1885 Reviews/Focus on Current Perspectives of convalescent plasma therapy in COVID-19 Kamal Kant Sahu1, Ajay Kumar Mishra2, Manish Raturi3 Amos Lal4 1 Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, Email: [email protected] 2 Department of Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA, Email: [email protected] 3 Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himala- yan University, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7880-7988 4 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN, USA, Email: Lal. [email protected]; [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0021-2033 Summary. The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed an unprecedented chal- lenge to the health care communities across the globe. As of December 2020, a total of 69,874,432 confirmed COVID-19 cases with 1,553,000 deaths have been reported. Different regions of the world have reported varying intensity of COVID-19 severity. The disease burden for COVID-19 depends on multiple factors like the local infection rate, susceptible population, mortality rate, and so on. The COVID-19 pandemic is a rap- idly evolving emergency and is a subject of regular debate and advanced research. As of today, there is a lack of definitive treatment options for COVID-19 pneumonia. In search of alternative options, few drugs are being tested for their efficacy and repurposing. Preliminary reports have shown positive outcomes with Remdesivir and tocilizumab, but this needs further confirmation.
    [Show full text]
  • Virus Prevalence in Scotland
    4 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES hygienic and prevented our children eating each other's or their own faeces we began to nurture them more carefully and to reduce family size so that we had two or three children instead of 15 or 16. Poliomyelitis was then called 'infantile paralysis', because it was never seen except in young children. But as the years passed, so the age group of the persons affected advanced. I think we may be entering a period when some of what were regarded by the older of us as almost automatic infections (like herpes simplex in infancy and childhood) are going to emerge in the future as infections of considerable importance in older people who, because of a changed environment, escape earlier infection. In this respect inherited characteristics are important because the smaller our families the more likely we are to be careful in their nurturing and to delay their experience of the common viruses. Last of all, one of the great epochs in medicine was the eradication of a group of infections following the remarkable improvement in sanitation that took place in the second half of the nineteenth century. All the magnificent methods that we now have for dealing with sewage and ensuring a safe water supply are very good for bacteria, but quite often they are useless in regard to viruses. The contamination of our water supply with viruses is something of which we are practically unaware. We may well have, in the second half of the twentieth century, just as big a problem in eliminating viruses from our water supply as we had with bacteria at the end of the nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]