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Impossible Heights: from Mining to Sport in the Mountain West, 1849 to 1936 Jason Strykowski

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Impossible Heights: from Mining to Sport in the Mountain West, 1849 to 1936 Jason Strykowski University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 9-1-2015 Impossible Heights: From Mining to Sport in the Mountain West, 1849 to 1936 Jason Strykowski Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Strykowski, Jason. "Impossible Heights: From Mining to Sport in the Mountain West, 1849 to 1936." (2015). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/74 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Jason Strykowski Candidate History Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Paul Andrew Hutton, Chairperson Margaret Connell-Szasz Virginia Scharff Andrew Kirk - UNLV i IMPOSSIBLE HEIGHTS: FROM MINING TO SPORT IN THE MOUNTAIN WEST, 1849 TO 1936 By Jason Andrew Strykowski DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy History University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2015 ii DEDICATION For Fran, David and Jill – my guides through life. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Finding encouragement and inspiration is never easy. Professor Paul Andrew Hutton provided both in spades during my time at the University of New Mexico. None of this would have been possible without his mentorship. Thanks also to my committee members Professors Andrew Kirk, Margaret Connell-Szasz and Virginia Scharff who gave their wisdom and time so generously. I received financial support from the Redd Center at Brigham Young University and the Special Collections Center of the Marriott Library at the University of Utah. Gregory C. Thompson, Judy Jarrow and the Friends of the Marriott Library made those wonderful three months in Salt Lake City possible. The Banff Centre for the Arts gave me the opportunity to workshop this project with a group of other mountain-minded writers in Canada. The Centre also generously provided me with funding for the trip to Canada and accommodations in Banff. Beyond Banff, my research and writing took me to a number of libraries and institutions. My thanks go to the staffs of the Bancroft Library at the University of California at Berkeley, the San Francisco History Reading at the Main Branch of the San Francisco Public Library, The Sun Valley Community Library, The Library of Congress, The Auburn Ski Club, The California State Library, The Durango Historical Society, The Huntington Library, The Idaho State Historical Society, The Quincy Historical Society, The Salt Lake City Public Library, The Whyte Museum and The Silverton Historical Society. Finally, my thanks go to the University of New Mexico's history department staff, especially Yolanda Martinez and Dana Ellison. iv IMPOSSIBLE HEIGHTS: FROM MINING TO SPORT IN THE MOUNTAIN WEST, 1849 TO 1936 by JASON ANDREW STRYKOWSKI BA, HISTORY, UC SAN DIEGO, 2004 MA, HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, 2007 PHD, HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, 2015 ABSTRACT The discovery of gold in California inspired a rush of amateur miners to the Sierra Nevada mountains in 1849. Meanwhile, Europeans hurried to their Alps to climb during the Golden Age of Mountaineering. These events, seemingly separate, came from the same basic impetus. The Scientific Revolution eased the old fear of mountains from the religious tradition and gave humans the license and curiosity to explore. Mountains also offered capital incentive to adventurers in the form of mineral deposits, tourism and the glory that comes with athletic accomplishment. Between 1849 and 1936, "mountaineers" transformed the nearly inaccessible high places of the North American West into destinations for industrial tourism. For profit and pride, these capitalists changed locales that had once only hosted temporary visitors into permanent homes. This study charts the change from extractive industry to tourism in a handful of mountain communities throughout the North American West with a focus on those places most integral in the development of American skiing and mountaineering. In each of these communities the extractive industry led directly to tourism. Skiing and mountaineering became performative and utilitarian acts for the miners and their successors. In one community, ski races helped miners train for long seasons in the snow and backbreaking labor. In another, the death of a climber spurred the Europeanization v of the North American mountain by paving the way for Swiss guides. In Utah, a former miner sold his claims to the United States Forest Service so that the property could be transformed into a ski resort. Taken together, these are the stories of how North Americans took their obsession for the untamable wilderness and for profiteering and used it to create and sustain two different industries in the same landscape. vi CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: SILVER AND COLD ...................................................................... 1 Scope and Narrative Summary ....................................................................................................................... 5 Themes, Paradigms and Frameworks ...................................................................................................... 15 Precedents ............................................................................................................................................................ 20 Placing This Study ............................................................................................................................................. 24 CHAPTER 2: FROM THE TOP - THE SKIING AND MOUNTAINEERING TRADITION .. 29 CHAPTER 3: DOPE TIMES: SKIING AND CULTURE DURING THE GOLD RUSH ........... 53 The Inevitable Defeat of Snowshoe Thompson .................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4: INTERLUDE - THE HARRIMANS ON VACATION ............................................. 80 CHAPTER 5: INDUSTRIALIZING THE OUTDOORS EXPERIENCE - MOUNTAINEERING IN BANFF .................................................................................................................................................... 84 Through the Rockies ........................................................................................................................................ 87 Return to Mount Lefroy ................................................................................................................................ 102 CHAPTER 6: INTERLUDE - A NEEDED LIFT ............................................................................. 108 CHAPTER 7: CLAIMS AND CLIMBS IN KANTISHNA, ALASKA .......................................... 111 CHAPTER 8: INTERLUDE: WHITE CARNIVALS ...................................................................... 140 CHAPTER 9: SUN VALLEY ALSO RISES ....................................................................................... 144 CHAPTER 10: NEW HEIGHTS AT ALTA ...................................................................................... 166 CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSION - A GUIDE FOR THE DRIFT .................................................... 189 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 205 Primary Resources .......................................................................................................................................... 205 Books and MuLtimedia ................................................................................................................................... 209 ArticLes and Chapters ..................................................................................................................................... 222 Important PeriodicaLs .................................................................................................................................... 226 vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: SILVER AND COLD On May 8, 1963, Mayor William Sullivan of Park City, Utah could be found posing for a photo shoot. He appears in the frame of the picture along with the foreman of United Park City Mines (UPCM), Mark Jolley, an old miner and town marshal, named Tommy St. Jeor, and a burro. The jackass sported the biggest grin, of course, but it was Sullivan and Jolley who had the real cause to feel fortunate. The two were about to rewrite history, attract big industry and embark upon an effort that would save their hometown.1 Sullivan called for the photo shoot and accompanying press conference, so that a crowd of locals would be present when he proclaimed their invitation to a parade set to march through town two days later. "Bonanza Days," as he called the event, had a two- fold purpose. The first purpose was to celebrate Park City's past as a capital of silver mining; the second was to herald its future as a mecca for skiing and recreation. On that single day in 1963 – almost a hundred years after the beginning of the area's mining boom, and more than fifty years after that industry's collapse – Park City citizens proselytized the tone future, and feted the spirit of the past. Mayor Sullivan wanted to celebrate the change he saw coming. "The theme of the day," he said, "will be the contrast
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