South East Catchment Water Management Board groundwater monitoring status report 2002
Natasha Rammers and Fred Stadter
Groundwater Assessment Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation
October 2002
Report DWLBC 2002/10
Government of South Australia
Groundwater Assessment Division Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation 25 Grenfell Street, Adelaide GPO Box 2834, Adelaide SA 5001 Telephone National (08) 8463 6946 International +61 8 8463 6946 Fax National (08) 8463 6999 International +61 8 8463 6999 Website www.dwlbc.sa.gov.au
Disclaimer Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation and its employees do not warrant or make any representation regarding the use, or results of the use, of the information contained herein as regards to its correctness, accuracy, reliability, currency or otherwise. The Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation and its employees expressly disclaims all liability or responsibility to any person using the information or advice.
© Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation 2002 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cwlth), no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Director, Resource Assessment Division, Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation, GPO Box 2834, Adelaide SA 5001.
Rammers, N. and Stadter, F., 2002. South East Prescribed Wells Areas groundwater monitoring status reports 2002. South Australia. Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation. Report, DWLBC 2002/10.
Foreword
South Australia’s natural resources are fundamental to the economic and social wellbeing of the state. One of the state’s most precious natural resources, water is a basic requirement of all living organisms and is one of the essential elements ensuring biological diversity of life at all levels. In pristine or undeveloped situations, the condition of water resources reflects the equilibrium between rainfall, vegetation and other physical parameters. Development of these resources changes the natural balance and may cause degradation. If degradation is small, and the resource retains its utility, the community may assess these changes as being acceptable. However, significant stress will impact on the ability of a resource to continue to meet the needs of users and the environment. Understanding the cause and effect relationship between the various stresses imposed on the natural resources is paramount to developing effective management strategies. Reports of investigations into the availability and quality of water supplies throughout the state aim to build upon the existing knowledge base, enabling the community to make informed decisions concerning the future management of the natural resources, thus ensuring conservation of biological diversity.
Bryan Harris Director, Resource Assessment Division Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater I Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002
CONTENTS
FOREWORD...... I
CONTENTS ...... II
INTRODUCTION...... 1
REGIONAL HYDROGEOLOGY...... 3
GROUNDWATER ALLOCATION METHOD (LICENSING SYSTEM)...... 8 Unconfined Aquifer...... 8 Confined Aquifer ...... 8 MONITORING NETWORK...... 9 Unconfined Aquifer...... 9 Confined Aquifer ...... 9 CURRENT WATER LEVEL ANALYSIS ...... 14 Unconfined Aquifer...... 14 TRENDS ...... 17 Confined Aquifer ...... 17 TRENDS ...... 25 CURRENT SALINITY ANALYSIS ...... 26 Unconfined Aquifer...... 26 TRENDS ...... 26 Confined Aquifer ...... 26 SHORTENED FORMS...... 29 Measurement ...... 29 General ...... 29 REFERENCES ...... 30
Figures Figure 1. Location plan — South East Catchment Water Management Board Area .. 2 Figure 2. Geological provinces in the South East Region ...... 4 Figure 3. Schematic cross-section of southeast groundwater...... 5 Figure 4. Stratigraphic and hydrostratigraphic units of the Otway and Murray Basins ...... 7 Figure 5. Water level observation wells, June 2002 – Unconfined Aquifer...... 10
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater II Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002 Contents
Figure 6. Salinity observation wells, June 2002 – Unconfined Aquifer ...... 11 Figure 7. Water level observation wells, June 2002 – Confined Aquifer...... 12 Figure 8. Salinity observation wells, June 2002 – Confined Aquifer...... 13 Figure 9. Potentiometric surface, September–October 2001 – Unconfined Aquifer...... 15 Figure 10. Potentiometric surface, March 2002 – Unconfined Aquifer ...... 16 Figure 11a. Monthly rainfall and cumulative deviation ...... 18 Figure 11b. Monthly rainfall and cumulative deviation ...... 19 Figure 11c. Monthly rainfall and cumulative deviation ...... 20 Figure 12. Unconfined Aquifer hydrographs compared to cumulative deviation (taken from data collected in 1970)...... 21 Figure 13. Potentiometric surface, September–October 2001 – Confined Aquifer ..... 22 Figure 14. Potentiometric surface, March 2002 – Confined Aquifer ...... 23 Figure 15. Potentiometric surface difference between September–October 2001 to March 2002 – Confined Aquifer ...... 24 Figure 16. Salinity observation wells, March 2002 – Unconfined Aquifer...... 27 Figure 17. General Groundwater Salinity – Confined Aquifer ...... 28
Appendices
APPENDIX A. Unconfined Aquifer hydrographs...... 31 APPENDIX B. Confined Aquifer hydrographs ...... 36 APPENDIX C. Unconfined Aquifer salinity hydrographs...... 38
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater III Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002
INTRODUCTION
The South Australian Government, through the Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation (DWLCB) is responsible for the management of the State’s groundwater resources. As a part of its role, the DWLCB monitors and maintains an extensive statewide groundwater monitoring network. Ground water monitoring has been undertaken in parts of the South East of South Australia for more than 30 years. The two main parameters used to measure the condition of the groundwater resources are water levels and salinity. Over time, a history of the condition of the aquifers has been established from this baseline information, enabling longer term and short-term changes to be identified and correlated with either natural (e.g. climatic) or man-induced changes (e.g. irrigation, development). This report is compiled for the South East Catchment Water Management Board (SECWMB) and displays a snapshot of data collected for the South East region up until June 2002. The South East catchment comprises five Prescribed Wells Areas (PWA), which cover an area of ~20 000 km2. These groundwater management areas are referred to as the Padthaway, Tatiara, Comaum–Caroline, Naracoorte Ranges and Lacepede-Kongorong Prescribed Wells Areas. More recently a sixth management area identified as the Tintinara–Coonalpyn PWA has been included (Fig. 1).
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REGIONAL HYDROGEOLOGY
Geologically, the South East region lies predominantly within the Gambier Embayment of the Otway Basin. The upper part of the South East catchment is located on the southwestern margin of the Murray Basin. The two basins are partially separated by an area of shallow or outcropping basement rocks known as the Padthaway Ridge Basement High (Fig. 2). The two basins display hydraulic connectivity. There are no extensive supplies of good quality surface water flow in the South East. This excludes the Glenelg River, which predominantly lies over the State border in Victoria. Groundwater therefore is the main water resource in the region and is primarily used for irrigation. Other demands on groundwater include industrial, recreational, stock use and municipal water supplies. The South East region is charaterised by several extensive low-lying flats, which are interspersed with a series of northwest-trending remnant sand dune ridges. East of Naracoorte the topography rises into higher inland plains, which extend into western Victoria. In both the Murray and Gambier Basins, groundwater flows through two major aquifer systems: a regional unconfined limestone aquifer (Unconfined Aquifer) and an underlying confined sand aquifer (Confined Aquifer; Fig. 3). The Unconfined Aquifer consists mainly of calcareous sandstone and limestone deposited during the latter part of the Tertiary period through to the Quaternary (~30 million years ago). It incorporates the Gambier Limestone (referred to as the Murray Group Limestone in the Murray Basin) and the younger Coonmandook, Bridgewater and Padthaway Formations. The Confined Aquifer consists of non-calcareous quartz-sands, interbedded with dark- brown carbonaceous clays. These units together make up the Dilwyn Formation in the South East; which are laterally equivalent to the Renmark Group in the Murray Basin. For groundwater management purposes, the Confined Aquifer is regarded regionally as one aquifer system, as there is insufficient data to describe the hydraulic interconnection of its various sub-units. In the northern region of the South East the Confined Aquifer is very thin to absent. Figure 4 shows the hydrostratigraphic units occurring in the South East region and how the units in the Murray Basin relate to those in the Gambier Basin. The two aquifers are separated by low permeability aquitards, commonly a carbonaceous clay. The aquifers are believed to be hydraulically connected; however, the extent of this connection is poorly understood and is currently being assessed. The upper Unconfined Aquifer is more extensively used than the lower Confined Aquifer. Following the recent allocation of most of the available groundwater from the Unconfined Aquifer, there has been increased levels of interest in the groundwater resource of the Confined Aquifer. Recharge of the Confined Aquifer is reliant on downward leakage from the overlying Unconfined Aquifer, and occurs on the eastern margin of the region. This recharge is a result of the potentiometric head difference between the aquifers, which allows for downward leakage. On the western side of the basin, the potentiometric head of the Confined Aquifer is above that of the unconfined, therefore there is the potential for upward movement of groundwater from the confined to the Unconfined Aquifer.
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater 3 Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002 M A R M O N
J Tatiara Prescribed A B Wells Area U K Keith F A U PADTHAWAY L T
Bordertown MURRAY RIDGE
KANAWINKA BASIN
Kingston
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0 200 OTWAY BASIN KILOMETRES
201529_018 Figure 2 Geological provinces in the South East Region. WEST EAST
Elevation (m AHD) 100 NARACOORTE 100
Zero head datum COAST 50 50
Confined aquifer potentiometric surface 0 0 Watertable Unconfined limestone aquifer
-50 -50 bed
Confining -100 -100 Fault Confined sand (inferred) aquifer -150 -150 Basement
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KILOMETRES 201529_019
Figure 3 Schematic cross-section of southeast groundwater. Regional geology
Groundwater flow for both the Confined and Unconfined Aquifers originates from the Dundas Plateau, a topographic high located in Victoria (Fig. 2). The rates at which groundwater moves vary depending on the hydrogeological properties of the aquifer. Groundwater tends to move faster within the Unconfined Aquifer, where secondary porosity (known as karstic features) has often developed. Karstic topography is more prominent south of the Tartwaup Hinge. There are a number of major faults in the area. The two most prominent are the northwest-trending Kanawinka Fault and the west-northwest-trending Tartwaup Fault, referred to as the Tartwaup Hinge (Boult and Hibburt, 2002; Fig. 2). The Kanawinka Fault has a pronounced lineament and is down-thrown to the southwest. The Tartwaup Hinge is expressed as a monoclinal structure. The potentiometric surface of both aquifers indicates a significant steepening of slope immediately up-gradient of each fault. The climate of the South East region is typified by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Annual rainfall ranges from more than 800 mm in the south to ~450 mm in the north. Potential annual evapotranspiration increases from ~1400 mm in the south to ~1800 mm in the north. Rainfall recharge occurs to the Unconfined Aquifer when winter precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration, and this generally occurs between May and September (Waterhouse, 1975). However the amount of recharge varies considerably with land use, magnitude and timing of precipitation, topography, vegetation and the nature and structure of the soil through which recharge water percolates. Very little or no recharge occurs to the Unconfined Aquifer under pine and blue gum forests when full canopy closer exists (Dillon et al., 2001), while in other parts of the South East the recharge can range from 2 to 130 mm per year (Bradley et al., 1995). There is a general trend of increasing recharge to the south of the region corresponding to the increase in annual rainfall.
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater 6 Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002 GAMBIER and OTWAY BASINS MURRAY BASIN HYDRO- AGE ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT STRATIGRAPHIC COMMENTS ROCK UNIT ROCK UNIT LITHOLOGY LITHOLOGY UNIT
Quaternary Limestone, sand clay Woorinen Aeolian Consists of Blanchetown Clay, Q PLEISTOCENE Sand aquitard Shepparton Fm, Woorinen Sand Lagoonal. Qtz sand, minor clay Padthaway Fm Lacustrine, Pliocene Loxton-Parilla stranded beach ridges. sands Bridgewater Fm beach ridge. PLIOCENE Sand Inter-ridge fluvio- aquifer Loxton-Parilla sands are regional Coomandook Fm lacustrine deposits unconfined aquifer. In much of marl. Restricted marine Murray Basin the Gambier shelf. Bookpurnong Upper Tertiary Limestone is confined. Fossiliferous MIOCENE Gambier Formation Fossiliferous limestone. aquitard limestone Limestone aquifer is unconfined in Limestone Shallow marine Open marine platform Tertiary parts of SA. Elsewhere confined by Duddo platform limestone Bookpurnong Formation. Limestone aquifer Major groundwater resource in
GROUP Marl OLIGOCENE designated area. HEYTESBURY Grey-green MURRAY GROUP MURRAY Gellibrand Marl Marl and dolomite Ettrick Marl glauconitic marl. Glauconitic Shallow marine- Narrawaturk fossiliferous marl lagoonal Marl Lower tertiary EOCENE aquitard Mepunga Sand Renmark Carbonaceous silts,
GROUP Formation Clay sands, clays, lignitic. Olney Formation is time NIRRANDA Interbedded equivalent of Dilwyn Formation. TERTIARY (Gambier Basin) Dilwyn Clay sequence of sand, Dilwyn Sand Renmark Sand gravel, clay, fluvial Fluvio-lacustrine Tertiary PALAEOCENE Dilwyn Clay Renmark Clay deltaic flood plain and swamp confined sand Dilwyn Fm environment. Pember Mudstone RENMARK GROUP Renmark Group aquifer GROUP (Undiff) Prodelta muds undifferentiated WANGERRIP Timboon Pebble Point Fm Cretaceous aquifer system present Sand in Otway Basin, separated from LATE Claystone Murray Basin by Padthaway Ridge. SHERBROOK Cretaceous Belfast Mudstone GROUP aquifer/aquitard system Eumeralla Shales, lacustrine EARLY OTWAY Fm Pretty volcanogenic sand, GROUP Hill Sandstone clay fluvial CRETACEOUS Forms basement highs of KANMANTOO Hydraulic C/O Metamorphic Padthaway Ridge and Dundas GROUP and igneous basement Plateau. 201529_020 Figure 4 Stratigraphic and hydrostratigraphic units of the Otway and Murray Basins.
GROUNDWATER ALLOCATION METHOD (LICENSING SYSTEM)
Unconfined Aquifer Groundwater from the Unconfined Aquifer has been generally allocated on the basis of the estimated average annual vertical recharge to the watertable. The underlying principle behind this approach is that the lateral throughflow is maintained in the aquifer, thereby allowing any accumulated salts to be flushed down-gradient. Allocation of water for irrigation use is largely based on area and the irrigated crop water requirement relative to a reference crop (crop area ratio system). The area-based system does not incorporate additional quantities of groundwater extracted for the efficiencies of the various irrigation systems used or transport losses (e.g. leakage from channel delivery systems). It assumes that any excess water pumped from the aquifer that is not used by the crop or lost to evaporation percolates back down into the Unconfined Aquifer. All area- based allocations are to be converted to volumetric allocations by 2006. Recent new allocations for irrigation use, since the introduction of pro-rata water allocations in 2000, have been issued volumetrically. Water allocated for industrial use has traditionally been issued on a volumetric basis. Domestic and stock water uses are exempt from licensing.
Confined Aquifer Sustainable groundwater use limits for the Confined Aquifer have largely been based on groundwater modelling of this resource (Brown, 1998). The water allocation system used for the Confined Aquifer is the same as that for the Unconfined Aquifer. However, excess irrigation water does not return to the Confined Aquifer, but rather to the Unconfined Aquifer. Therefore this method considerably underestimates the water use from this aquifer (Brown, 1998). As for the Unconfined Aquifer, all area-based allocations are to be converted to volumetric allocations by 2006.
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater 8 Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002
MONITORING NETWORK
Unconfined Aquifer There are currently 18 networks monitoring the Unconfined Aquifer within the SECWMB region, three of which are private irrigation well networks. Currently, there are 922 wells monitoring water levels and 506 wells monitoring salinity. Water levels and salinity are generally monitored on a three-monthly basis. Water level monitoring well distribution is reasonably even on a regional scale. Denser networks occur in areas of more intense groundwater use such as Padthaway, Millicent (Snuggery) and Mount Gambier, or in the dryland salinity affected area west of Padthaway and Keith (Fig. 5). The distribution of salinity monitoring wells is not as consistent as the water level network and is relatively sparse in some areas; however, this generally reflects the degree of groundwater use and the need to focus monitoring activity in areas of higher use. Monitoring concentrations occur at Padthaway, Keith, Millicent, Mount Benson and north of Glencoe (Fig. 6).
Confined Aquifer There is currently one network which monitors the South East Confined Aquifer with 120 wells monitoring water levels and 49 monitoring salinity. Most of the current water level monitoring wells are concentrated around and southeast of Kingston SE, either side of the Princess Highway (Fig. 7). This reflects both the high level of groundwater use and the artesian nature of the aquifer in this area. Whilst the remaining spread of monitoring wells is significantly less dense, it is considered adequate for the current level of development for this aquifer. There are very few Confined Aquifer monitoring wells in the northern portion of the South East as the Dilwyn Formation Confined Aquifer is generally thin or absent. Figure 8 shows the current salinity monitoring network. Although there are few observation wells monitoring salinity in the Confined Aquifer, the network is considered sufficient as there has been no real change in salinity since monitoring began.
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater 9 Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002 # 325000 350000 375000 400000 # 425000 450000 475000 500000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # 6050000 6050000 # Coonalpyn # # Meningie # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # Tintinara # # # ## # # # # # 6025000 # 6025000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ARC 7 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # ## # # # # # # # Keith # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6000000 # # # 6000000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #STR 12 # PET 4 # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # ### # # # ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # TAT 18 # # # # # # # # #### # # # # # Bordertown # # # # # # # 5975000 # # # # Wolseley# 5975000 # # # Mundulla# # # ### ## # # # # # ## ## # # # # # #### # # # # ## # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # BMA 10 # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## #### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5950000 # # # # # # 5950000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # VICTORIA # # # Frances # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # 5925000 # # # # # 5925000 # # # Kingston SE # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # # # Lucindale # # # # # # # # Naracoorte # # # # # # SPE 6 # # # 5900000 # # # 5900000 # # # # # # # # # # JOA 4 # # # # # # SOUTH EAST CATCHMENT # # WATER MANAGEMENT BOARD AREA Robe # # # # # # # ROS 5 # # # # # CMM 20 # Water level observation wells, June 2002 # # # # # # # # # # # # # – Unconfined Aquifer # # # # # # # # # # 5875000 # 5875000 ## # October 2002 # # # # # # # # ## # # ## # # # # # # # # Prescribed Wells Area # Nora Creina # # # # # # South East Catchment Water Management # # # # # # Board Area KEN 5 # # Penola # Observation well network # # # # # # # # ###### (key hydrograph wells are labelled) # # ## #### # # ##### # # #### # # Blackford # # 5850000 # 5850000 Bluelake # # # Beachport # # # # # Cardwell # # Mount Burr # # # NAN 20 # Murray Basin-Coastal Plain # # # # # # # Nangwarry # # # # Comaum-Caroline Southend # Kalangadoo# # # # # # # Millicent # # # # # # # # Conmurra # # # # # # # # # # Kimberley Clark Australia # Tarpeena# ## # # # # ## Millicent # ##### # HIN 38 # ######## # # ### #### # # # Nangwarry # # ######## # ## # # # ## Tantanoola # # # 5825000 # 5825000 Naracoorte Ranges # # # # # # # # Padthaway # # # # # # # # # # Safries # # # # # # # Tatiara Mount Gambier# # # # # # # # # # # # # Tintinara East ## # # ##### # # ## GAM 29 # # Tintinara ############ ## # # # ##### # # # # # # # # Yahl # # # # # # # # # # # MAC# 46 5800000 0 20 40 Kilometres Carpenter Rocks # # # CAR 19# 5800000 # CAR 48 # # # Datum GDA94 - Map projection MGA Zone 54 Blackfellows Caves # # # # # # # # # Nene Valley # # # # # Figure 5 # #
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# # # # # ##Keith # # # # ## # # # # ## # 6000000 PET 104 # 6000000 # # # # # # # # ## # # SEN 17 # # # # ## # # # # # # # #### # # # # # ### # # # ## # # # ### # # ## STR# 103# ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # ### # Bordertown # # # # # # # # 5975000 Wolseley 5975000 # ## # Mundulla# # # # # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # # # BMA 13 # # # # # ### # # # 5950000 # ##### 5950000 # ## # ### # # ##### # # ### ### # ###### # ## # # # ## #### ## # # # # ## ## #### ## # # ## # #### # ## # # #### # # # # # GLE 99 # Frances # VICTORIA ## ## # #
# ## # 5925000 # # 5925000 # Kingston SE # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # JES 50 MTB 9 # # # # # Lucindale NAR 50 # # # # Naracoorte# # # # # # # # # # 5900000 # # # 5900000 # # # # # # # # #
# # # # Robe # SOUTH EAST CATCHMENT # # # WATER MANAGEMENT BOARD AREA # # # # # 5875000 BRA 23 # 5875000 Salinity observation wells, June 2002 ## # # CMM 79 # ## # # # – Unconfined Aquifer ## # # # Nora Creina # October 2002 # # # Penola # Prescribed Wells Area # # # # ### #### #### # South East Catchment Water Management Board Area #### # #### 5850000 5850000 Observation well network # Beachport # # (key hydrograph wells are labelled) Mount Burr # Blackford Nangwarry # Blue Lake Southend # Kalangadoo# # # # # Millicent Cardwell # # Comaum-Caroline # Conmurra Tarpeena # # Kimberly Clark Australia # # # Millicent ### # Tantanoola # Naracoorte Irrigation # 5825000 5825000 # # Naracoorte Ranges # # # # Padthaway # Padthaway Irrigation # # # # SA Fries Mount# Gambier # # Tatiara # # # Tatiara Irrigation # # # Tintinara # # # # # Tintinara - East Yahl BLA 68 #
# # # 5800000 Carpenter Rocks # # 5800000 0 20 40 Kilometres Blackfellows Caves MAC 47 Datum GDA94 - Map projection MGA Zone 54 # Nene Valley # # # # # # # # Figure 6 # # # #
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# CNB 3 LEW 3 # RIC 9 # RIC 7 # # CMB 4 Tintinara RIC 8 # # # RIC 11 RIC 4 # CMB 31 6025000 # 6025000 RIC 5 # RIC 10 CMB 17 RIC 6 # # CMB 19 # # CMB 26
STR 129 Keith # 6000000 # STR 132 6000000
# D STR 130 UK ES H IG HW AY
P R Bordertown I N C WRG 25 5975000 E # Wolseley 5975000 S Mundulla # H TAT 27 I G
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# LAN 18 # 5950000 LAN 38 LAN 40 5950000 # # LAN 12 LAN 7 #
LAN 16 # # LAN 9
Frances VICTORIA LAC 25 MRB 11 # MNC 26 # # MRB 15 LAC 23 # MNC 20 # MNC 28 # # # # 5925000 LAC 24 LOC 49 5925000 LAC 26 # # Kingston SE LAC 11 # HYN 33 MRB 13 BIN 49 LAC 27 # # # # WLM 14 # # MTB 17 # TNS 15 # TNS 17 SPE 12 # BOW 21 # BOW 10 # JOY 15 # # MTB 18 BOW 16 Lucindale # # BOW 20 # Naracoorte # BOW 17 TNS 34 5900000 ROS 19 # BOW 18 # # JOY 17 5900000 # # JOY 19 WAT 20 # ROS 13 # SPE 13 # ROS 20 # CNM 78 # ROS 11 # ROB 11 # # JOA 11 ROS 12 # CNM 26 # ROS 10 # CNM 23 Robe # # BRA 34 # # SMT 27 # FOX 10 # # SMT 24 CMM 82 5875000 KLN 10 # 5875000 CLS 13 SMT 22 # #
Nora Creina # LKG 16 SHT 13 # # MON 19 # Penola KEN 17 # # PEN 25
RIV 10 5850000 # 5850000 RIV 11 RID 31 SOUTH EAST CATCHMENT Beachport # # WATER MANAGEMENT BOARD AREA Mount Burr NAN 58 NAN 43 # GRY 16 # # Nangwarry Southend Kalangadoo NAN 22 Water level observation wells, June 2002 Millicent GRY 21 # # NAN 42 # # – Confined Aquifer MTM 66 HIN 30 # # # Tarpeena YOU 34 MAY 65 October 2002 # HIN 29 YOU 27 MIN 17 # # # Tantanoola YOU 25 # 5825000 5825000 Prescribed Wells Area MIN 22 BLA 174 # BEN 13 # GAM 75 South East Catchment Water Management Board Area # # ARD 1 # Mount Gambier # BLA 172 # Observation well BLA 88 # # MLG 1 # GAM 256 Yahl
MAC 57 5800000 0 20 40 Kilometres Carpenter Rocks # 5800000# Blackfellows Caves PLP 4 Datum GDA94 - Map projection MGA Zone 54 Nene Valley
MAC 77 Figure 7 #
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# STR 131
STR 129 Keith # 6000000 # STR 132 6000000
# DU STR 130 K ES H IG HW AY
P R Bordertown I N
C 5975000 E Wolseley 5975000 S Mundulla
H
I G
H
W
A Y
5950000 5950000
MRB 11 # Frances VICTORIA # MNC 26
LAC 23 # MRB 15 # # # 5925000 # LAC 24 5925000 LAC 26 # Kingston SE LAC 11 # HYN 33 LAC 27 # MRB 13 # # TNS 15 # # LAC 12 MTB 17 BOW 21 TNS 17 # # BOW 10 # # BOW 16 Lucindale MTB 18 # # BOW 20 BOW 17 Naracoorte # K BOW 18 TNS 34 A 5900000 ROS 19 # # N 5900000 # A W WAT 20 # # # ROS 13 I ROS 20 N K A ROS 11 # F # A ROS 12 U CNM 26 L # CNM 23 T ROS 10 # Robe # # BRA 34 # # SMT 27 SMT 24 # 5875000 5875000 SMT 22 #
Nora Creina # LKG 16 # # Penola
RIV 10 5850000 # 5850000 RID 31 SOUTH EAST CATCHMENT Beachport # WATER MANAGEMENT BOARD AREA Mount Burr Nangwarry Southend Kalangadoo Salinity observation wells, June 2002 Millicent
– Confined Aquifer Tarpeena MAY 65 October 2002 # Tantanoola 5825000 5825000 Prescribed Wells Area TAR TWA UP H South East Catchment Water Management Board Area INGE Mount Gambier # Observation well
Yahl
5800000 0 20 40 Kilometres Carpenter Rocks 5800000
Datum GDA94 - Map projection MGA Zone 54 Blackfellows Caves
Nene Valley
MAC 77 Figure 8 #
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CURRENT WATER LEVEL ANALYSIS
Recent water level information has been presented in this report for two time periods: September–October 2001, which represents the pre-pumping and seasonally recovered water elevation, and March 2002, which represents the water elevation at the end of the pumping season. A comparison of the potentiometric surfaces for September–October 2001 and March 2002 enables an assessment to be made of the impacts of groundwater extraction through the irrigation season.
Unconfined Aquifer Two plans were produced of the Unconfined Aquifer potentiometric surface at September–October 2001 (Fig. 9) and March 2002 (Fig. 10). Potentiometric surface contours indicate the direction and velocity of groundwater flow. There are two distinct steep gradients of groundwater flow which coincide with the Tartwaup Hinge and Kanawinka Fault. The steepening of groundwater levels near the Tartwaup Hinge is caused by the hinge property of the fault. Beyond the Tartwaup Hinge moving southward to the sea, the Unconfined Aquifer ‘thickens out’, enabling groundwater levels to decrease contributed by the highly permeable karstic limestone. Near the hinge line and north, the unconfined limestone thins and has less karstic features and becomes more marl-clay dominant, and therefore less permeable. The Nangwarry–Tarpeena high that is associated with the Tartwaup Hinge dominates the groundwater flow pattern in the southern region of the South East. North of this region, groundwater flow direction is more uniform. The groundwater hydraulic gradient is relatively steep up-gradient of the Kanawinka Fault indicative of either lower hydraulic conductivity in the Bridgewater Formation Aquifer or a change in the flow dynamics related to the fault. On the plain moving west from the fault the hydraulic gradient is much lower, reflecting the high transmissivity of the Padthaway and Bridgewater Formation sub-aquifers. There is very little difference between the potentiometric heads for the Unconfined Aquifer for the two periods of time presented (Figs 9, 10), reflecting that even relatively intense groundwater use has no significant impact on water levels in the Unconfined Aquifer believed to be due to the significant volumes of water in storage.
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater 14 Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002 325000 350000 375000 400000 425000 450000 475000 500000
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# # 6050000 6050000 Coonalpyn # # Meningie #
#
# ##
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# Tintinara # # # # # # 6025000 6025000 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
# # 5 # 0 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Keith # # # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # 4 6000000 # # 6000000
# 10 #
0 # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # 3 # #
# # 0 # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 2 # # # 0 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #### # # # # # # # Bordertown # # # # # 5975000 # # # # Wolseley 5975000 # # Mundulla# #
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5950000 # # # 5950000 # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # 7 # # # 0 # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # Frances # VICTORIA # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## 6 # # # 0 # # # # # # # # # 5925000 # # # # 5925000 # # # Kingston SE # # # # # 50 # # # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # #
Lucindale 4
# # # 0 # # # # # ### # # #
3 Naracoorte
# 1
0 #
0 # # # # # # # # K 5900000 # # A 5900000 # N # A # # # # # # # # W 2 I N # 0 # K # # # # # A
F# A U # # # # # # # # # L # T Robe # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # ## # # # # 5875000 # 5875000 # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # ## # # # # # Nora Creina # # # # # # # # # # #
# # 0
# # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # 5850000 SOUTH EAST CATCHMENT 5850000 # # # # WATER MANAGEMENT BOARD AREA # # # Beachport # # Mount Burr # # # # Potentiometric surface, September–October 2001 # # # # # # Nangwarry # # Southend # # Kalangadoo# # # # # – Unconfined Aquifer # Millicent # # # # # # # # # # # # October 2002 # 7 Tarpeena# ## # # # 0 # # # # # # ## # # # ### # # ####### # # # ##### ## #### # # # # # # # ## # Prescribed Wells Area # # Tantanoola # 60 # 5825000 TA # 5825000 # # RT # WA # South East Catchment Water Management Board Area # UP # # 5 # # #0 # # # # # # 4 HIN # # 0 GE# # # Potentiometric contour (metres AHD) # # 30 # 1 # # # # # # 0 ## # # ### # Observation well # # ## # 20 # ## Mount # ### # ###### # # # ## ## # # # # Gambier # # # # # # # # # #Yahl # # # # # # 0 20 40 Kilometres # # 5800000 Carpenter Rocks # # # 5800000 # # # # Datum GDA94 - Map projection MGA Zone 54 Blackfellows Caves # # # # # # # # # # Nene Valley # # # # Figure 9 # #
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# 50 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Keith # # # # # # # # #
# # 10 # # # # 6000000 # # 6000000 # # # # # # # # 40
# # 30 # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 2# # # # # # # # 0 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #### # # # # # # # Bordertown # # # # # 5975000 # # # # # Wolseley 5975000 # # Mundulla# #
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5950000 # # # 5950000 # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## ## # # # # # # 7 # # # 0 # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # Frances # VICTORIA # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## 6 # # 0 # # # # # # # # # # 5925000 # # # # 5925000 # # # Kingston SE # 5 # 0 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # #
Lucindale # # #
# # # # # 4 ##
# # 10 0 # 30 Naracoorte # # # # # # # # # 5900000 # # 5900000 # # # # # # # # # # 20 # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # # # #
Robe # # # # # # # # # #
# # # # # # # # ## # # # # 5875000 # 5875000 # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # Nora Creina # # # # # 0 # # # # # # # Penola
# # # # # # # # # # # # # ### # # # 5850000 5850000 SOUTH EAST CATCHMENT # # # # WATER MANAGEMENT BOARD AREA Beachport # # # # Mount Burr # # # # # # # # # Potentiometric surface, March 2002 # Nangwarry # # Southend # # Kalangadoo# # # # # # Millicent # # # # – Unconfined Aquifer # # # # # # # # # # Tarpeena# # October 2002 # # # 7 # # # # # 0 ## # # # ### # # # ####### # # # #### #Tantanoola# #### # ## # # # # # ## # # # # # 5825000 Prescribed Wells Area # 5825000 # # # 60 # # # # South East Catchment Water Management Board Area #50 # # # # 4 # # # # 0 # # # 30 # # # # 1 # Mount Gambier Potentiometric contour (metres AHD) # # 0 # # # ## # # 0 ### # 2 # # ## # # ### # # ## # Observation well ###### ## # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # Yahl # # # # # # # # # # # # # 5800000 0 20 40 Kilometres Carpenter Rocks # # 5800000 # # # # Blackfellows Caves # Datum GDA94 - Map projection MGA Zone 54 # # # # # # # # # Nene Valley # # # # Figure 10 # #
PIRSA Publishing Services AV:201529_007 Port Macdonnell
325000 350000 375000 400000 425000 450000 475000 500000 Current water level analysis
TRENDS The main water level trends evident in the South East region as illustrated by selected observation well hydrographs shown in Appendix A are: • A decline in water levels due to irrigation extraction in the area around Keith and possibly near Bordertown (observation wells ARC 7, STR 12 and TAT 18). • Rising groundwater levels in the more elevated areas of the upper South East area, due to native vegetation clearance and loss of lucerne crops in the mid 1970s, which has resulted in increased recharge rates to the aquifer (observation wells BMA 10 and PAR 36). • Relatively stable long-term water level trends, particularly in the area south of Lucindale, which is attributed in part to the long established drainage system, which removes excess surface water during the winter–spring period (ROS 5 and SPE 6). • A distinct lowering of groundwater levels near Millicent (Snuggery) associated with the large groundwater extraction (~15 000 ML/y) for a paper mill, which has resulted in a localised cone of drawdown. The hydrograph for observation well HIN 38 illustrates this impact. • A long-term decline in groundwater levels associated with areas of softwood plantations in parts of the lower South East (observation wells CAR 19 and CAR 48). • A noticeable regional decline in groundwater levels over the last nine years associated with a period of below average rainfall and therefore reduced recharge to the Unconfined Aquifer (observation wells CMM 20, KEN 5, NAN 20, GAM 29, PET 4, JOA 4 and MAC 46). Seven rainfall stations were selected, shown on Figures 1 and 11(a–c). Cumulative deviation has been plotted in Figure 11 for these rainfall stations to identify extended periods where rainfall has been above or below the annual average, and these plots illustrate the below average rainfall experienced in the South East since 1992. The relationship between rainfall and the response of the Unconfined Aquifer is shown in Figure 12 where select hydrographs are plotted against cumulative deviation.
Confined Aquifer The potentiometric heads for the Confined Aquifer for two selected time periods, September–October 2001 and March 2002, are shown in Figures 13 and 14. Flow direction is similar to the Unconfined Aquifer, being southerly in the region to the south of the Nangwarry–Tarpeena high, whereas above this region flow is more in a westerly direction. The change in potentiometric head over the period September–October 2001 to March 2002 (Fig. 15) illustrates a noticeable seasonal decline in head inland from Kingston to Beachport (either side of Princess Highway) associated with the irrigation groundwater use in this area. The heads in the Confined Aquifer generally show a seasonal fluctuation ranging from 7 to 10 m annually as a result of these groundwater withdrawals. In the Tintinara–Coonalpyn region there is also notable fluctuation in groundwater levels which is also caused by pumping; this is further discussed in Barnett (2002).
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater 17 Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002 Beachport - Station no. 26000
700 700
600 500
500 300
400 100
300 -100
200 -300 Monthly Rainfall (mm) 100 -500 Cumulative Deviation (mm)
0 -700 Jan-1970 Jan-1975 Jan-1980 Jan-1985 Jan-1990 Jan-1995 Jan-2000
Bordertown - Station no. 25501
700 700
600 500
500 300
400 100
300 -100
200 -300 Monthly Rainfall (mm) 100 -500 Cumulative Deviation (mm)
0 -700 Jan-1970 Jan-1975 Jan-1980 Jan-1985 Jan-1990 Jan-1995 Jan-2000
Coonalpyn - Station no. 25551
700 700
600 500
500 300
400 100
300 -100
200 -300 Monthly Rainfall (mm) 100 -500 Cumulative Deviation (mm)
0 -700 Jan-1970 Jan-1975 Jan-1980 Jan-1985 Jan-1990 Jan-1995 Jan-2000 Rainfall Cumulative deviation
Figure 11(a) Monthly rainfall and cumulative deviation
201529_008 Kingston - Station no. 26012
700 700
600 500
500 300
400 100
300 -100
200 -300 Monthly Rainfall (mm) 100 -500 Cumulative Deviation (mm)
0 -700 Jan-1970 Jan-1975 Jan-1980 Jan-1985 Jan-1990 Jan-1995 Jan-2000
Mount Gambier - Station no. 26021
700 700
600 500
500 300
400 100
300 -100
200 -300 Monthly Rainfall (mm) 100 -500 Cumulative Deviation (mm)
0 -700 Jan-1970 Jan-1975 Jan-1980 Jan-1985 Jan-1990 Jan-1995 Jan-2000
Naracoorte - Station no. 26017
700 700
600 500
500 300
400 100
300 -100
200 -300 Monthly Rainfall (mm) 100 -500 Cumulative Deviation (mm)
0 -700 Jan-1970 Jan-1975 Jan-1980 Jan-1985 Jan-1990 Jan-1995 Jan-2000
Rainfall Cumulative deviation
Figure 11(b) Monthly rainfall and cumulative deviation
201529_008 Penola - Station no. 26025 700 700
600 500
500 300
400 100
300 -100
200 -300 Monthly Rainfall (mm) 100 -500 Cumulative Deviation (mm)
0 -700 Jan-1970 Jan-1975 Jan-1980 Jan-1985 Jan-1990 Jan-1995 Jan-2000
Rainfall Cumulative deviation
Figure 11(c) Monthly rainfall and cumulative deviation
201529_008 10.4 200
10.6 150
10.8 100
11 50
11.2 0
11.4 -50
DepthtoWater(m) 11.6 -100 Cumulative Deviation (mm) 11.8 -150 PET 4 CumDev1970 12 -200 Mar-89 Jul-90 Nov-91 Apr-93 Aug-94 Jan-96 May-97 Sep-98 Feb-00 Jun-01
21.5 300
22 200
22.5 100
23 0
23.5 -100 DepthtoWater(m)
24 -200 Cumulative Deviation (mm)
JOA 4 CumDev1970 24.5 -300 Mar-89 Jul-90 Nov-91 Apr-93 Aug-94 Jan-96 May-97 Sep-98 Feb-00 Jun-01
5 250
5.5 200
6 150
6.5 100
7 50
7.5 0
8 -50
8.5 -100 DepthtoWater(m)
9 -150 Cumulative Deviation (mm)
9.5 -200 MAC 46 CumDev1970 10 -250 Mar-89 Jul-90 Nov-91 Apr-93 Aug-94 Jan-96 May-97 Sep-98 Feb-00 Jun-01
Figure 12 Unconfined aquifer hydrographs compared to cumulative deviation (taken from data collected in 1970)
201529_009 325000 350000 375000 400000 425000 450000 475000 500000
# 10.510 11.500
6050000 6050000 Coonalpyn Meningie
11.220 # 18.620 # 16.770 # 13.520 13.350 # # 15.880 14.420 Tintinara 14.240 # # # # 15.740 6025000 # 2 6025000 15.110 # 0 17.750 12.540 15.020 # # 15.700 # #
19.090 4
21.890 Keith 5 # 23.350
6000000 # 6000000 3
21.570 5
# 4
0
15
2
5
3 0
Bordertown 54.700 5975000 # Wolseley 5975000 Mundulla #
69.540 15.910 6
# 0 # 5950000 16.190 16.710 5950000 # # 11.370 # 16.990 15.880 # 17.240 #
19.130 VICTORIA 17.500 # Frances # # 20.170 34.400 # 16.000
# 19.600
5
2 # # 16.830 0 5 5925000 # 5925000 Kingston SE 14.410 67.180
27.800 #
1 # 5 16.350 # 5 24.730 0 # 17.850 # 27.220 # 32.680 20.600 # # 22.930 Lucindale # 4 16.480 33.690 5
# 21.920 # #Naracoorte 21.540 35 # 17.170 23.020 29.130 31.260 5900000 # # # # 31.510 5900000 # 4
24.510 0
23.550 3 32.920
# # 0 # 25 30.530 # # 24.200 35.060 # # 25.250 37.270 # # 24.610 # Robe 24.870 # 26.360 32.920 # 25.530 # 26.860 # # 39.010 37.660 5875000 # 5875000 23.580 34.650 # #
24.510 Nora Creina # 24.270 35.350 # # 38.440 # Penola 44.920 25.680 # #
SOUTH EAST CATCHMENT 19.710 # 5850000 WATER MANAGEMENT BOARD AREA 26.710 5850000 41.070 Beachport # # Potentiometric surface, September–October 2001 Mount Burr 47.000 49.020 # 46.090 # # Nangwarry Southend Kalangadoo 55.850 – Confined Aquifer # Millicent 44.910 # 45 45.860 October 2002 44.860 # # Tarpeena
40.600 40.960 Prescribed Wells Area 21.060Tantanoola# # # # 40 5825000 38.560 5825000 South East Catchment Water Management Board Area 27.310 # 3 38.230 25.830 # 5 # 40.490 Potentiometric contour (metres AHD) # 33.730Mount Gambier 24.27 2 25 3 # # Observation well with RSWL (metres AHD) 0 0 39.940 # Yahl
0 20 40 Kilometres 20.420 23.410 5800000 Carpenter Rocks # 5800000# Datum GDA94 - Map projection MGA Zone 54 Blackfellows Caves
Nene Valley
19.000 Figure 13 #
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# 10.660
6050000 6050000 Coonalpyn Meningie
16.960 # 13.480 # 10.890 # 11.620 # 10.750Tintinara 11.090 # 11.330 # # # 6025000 # 8.340 6025000 12.290 # 12.560 #16.950 # 18.080 # 10.950 #
14.590
3 5
3 45
0
21.400 Keith2 # 5 6000000 # 6000000
22.530
4 20.400 0
# 15
Bordertown 20 5975000 Wolseley 5975000 Mundulla # 69.568 60 16.526 # 16.564 # 5950000 15.798 17.522 5950000 # # 11.022 #
15.292 # 15.003 #
16.978 VICTORIA 17.645 # Frances # 33.540 17.195 # 14.861 # 5.382 # 18.339 # # # 5925000 15.829 35.339 5925000 # # 12.439 5 Kingston SE 45.224 5 # 11.563 67.106 13.998 # # 14.008 # # 5 # 16.637 0 32.338 14.667 # # Lucindale 3 16.896 5 # # 4
29.963 5
14.020 3 # # 0 # 15.368 33.587 Naracoorte
# 16.933
2 5 29.841 5900000 13.026 # 18.985 # 30.548 5900000 # # 4 19.431 32.307 0 # # 18.959 # 23.890 34.952 # # 18.564 # # 19.698 37.239 # 20.702 # 21.835 Robe 19.363 # # 31.700 # # # 19.599 16.762 39.112 #
5875000 20 5875000 34.311 # # 19.838 24.808 Nora Creina # 21.617 35.201 # # 38.412 # Penola 44.927 25.854 # #
SOUTH EAST CATCHMENT 17.784
5850000 # 5850000
WATER MANAGEMENT BOARD AREA 26.201 4 42.602 5 Beachport # # Potentiometric surface, March 2002 Mount Burr 47.052 48.953 # # Nangwarry Southend Kalangadoo 55.757 – Confined Aquifer # Millicent 44.800 # # 45.739 October 2002 43.396 41.239 # # 8.023 # Tarpeena
20.818 40.192 40.785 # #40 # Prescribed Wells Area 37.764 Tantanoola # 5825000 5825000
South East Catchment Water Management Board Area 10 35 46.522 3 # 22.450 0 37.956 # # 40.330
Potentiometric contour (metres AHD) 15 25 # Mount Gambier 2 17.935 0 # # Observation well with RSWL (metres AHD) # 39.817 45.802 # Yahl
0 20 40 Kilometres 20.354 23.216 5800000 Carpenter Rocks # 5800000# Datum GDA94 - Map projection MGA Zone 54 Blackfellows Caves
Nene Valley
19.015 Figure 14 #
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6050000 6050000 Coonalpyn Meningie
# -3.29 -1.66 #
2
-2.63 -
- # 1 -1.73 # -5.13 Tintinara
-3.33 #
-2.91 # # #
- - 3 -7.404 6025000 # -2.46 6025000 -2.82 # -0.80 # -1.59 # -1.01
-1.11 #
# -1
-0.49 Keith # -0.82 6000000 # 6000000
# - -1.17 1
Bordertown
5975000 Wolseley 5975000 Mundulla # 0.03
0
-0.44 # -0.54 # 5950000 -0.39 -0.46 5950000 # # -0.35 #
-0.59 # -0.76 #
-2.15 VICTORIA 0.14 # Frances #
# -0.86 -1.14 # # -1.26 # -1 - 5925000 -1.00 2 -0.55 5925000 # # Kingston SE -1.15 -1.86 -0.07 -3.05 # # -2.34 # # - # -4 3 -1.21 -0.34 -5.67 #
# -6.03 Lucindale
- #
6 -2.46 -6.55 - -0.10
# # 5 # -4.61 Naracoorte # -4.03 -1.42 5900000 -4.14 # # 5900000 # # -0.96 -5.08 -0.61 # -4.59 # #
-3.39 -0.11
# - 1 # -5.64 # # -5.55 -0.03 # -3.91 # -5.41
Robe # # -4.52
3 -1.22
- # # #
-7 0 -5.29 -
-8.77 5 0.10 -
6 #
-
2
2
5875000 - 5875000 - -3.744 -0.34
# #
1 - -
0.30 3 Nora Creina # -2.65 -0.15 # # -0.03 0 # Penola 0.01 #
# 0.17 SOUTH EAST CATCHMENT 0 WATER MANAGEMENT BOARD AREA -1.93 5850000 # 5850000
-0.51 1 - 1.53
Potentiometric surface difference between Beachport 1 # #
Mount Burr 0.05 -0.07
# # September–October 2001 to March 2002 0 -0.29 # Nangwarry Southend Kalangadoo -0.09 Millicent -0.11 # – Confined Aquifer # -0.46 -0.08 -2.10 - # # October 2002 # 1 Tarpeena
-0.24 -0.41 -0.17 Tantanoola# # # Prescribed Wells Area # 5825000 5825000 -0.80 South East Catchment Water Management Board Area -0.01 -0.27 # # -0.16 # Potentiometric surface Mount Gambier 0.01 -0.530 # # # Observation well with difference value (m) -0.12 0.240 # Yahl
-0.07 -0.19 5800000 Carpenter Rocks # 5800000# 0 20 40 Kilometres Blackfellows Caves
Datum GDA94 - Map projection MGA Zone 54 Nene Valley
-0.82 Figure 15 #
PIRSA Publishing Services AV:201529_012 Port Macdonnell
325000 350000 375000 400000 425000 450000 475000 500000 Current water level analysis
TRENDS The hydrographs for Confined Aquifer observation wells in the central artesian area (inland of Kingston to Beachport) show significant fluctuations between seasons due to the high levels of irrigation use as discussed previously. The overall trends are mainly stable showing that intensive extraction in this part of the region has not greatly stressed the resource (Appendix B for observation wells ROS 10, BOW 18 and JOY 15). Away from the Kingston–Beachport area, water levels tend to be relatively stable until 1993, after which declining trends are evident; illustrated in Appendix B for observation wells ARD 1, HIN 30, PEN 25 and MAC 57. This downward trend is believed to be a result of the below average rainfall over the last nine years (Fig. 12). The decline in water levels in the Confined Aquifer is attributed to a decrease in overburden pressure associated with the decrease in recharge rates over the same period in the Unconfined Aquifer (Brown et al., 2001).
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater 25 Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002
CURRENT SALINITY ANALYSIS
Unconfined Aquifer The distribution of salinity observation wells monitoring the Unconfined Aquifer is shown in Figure 7. In general, groundwater salinity increases from less than 500 mg/L in the south to greater than 4000 mg/L in the north, reflecting largely the reduction in annual rainfall and therefore recharge to the north (Fig. 16). The aquifer shows distinct vertical and short-range lateral variations in salinity, which cannot be characterised by the regional spread of the monitoring wells. Patches of high salinity occur near intensive irrigation areas. This can be seen near Padthaway and Keith.
TRENDS Appendix C shows key salinity graphs in the South East region. Increasing salinity trends are evident in areas that are intensively irrigated, particularly the Padthaway (GLE 99), Keith (STR 103), Coonawarra (CMM 79) and Naracoorte (JES 50, NAR 50) regions. In the upper parts of the South East region (Naracoorte–Bodertown district), increasing salinity trends are evident due to the mobilisation of soil accumulated salts resulting from the increased recharge rates associated with native vegetation clearance and loss of lucerne crops as discussed previously (SEN 17, BMA 13, PET 104). In other parts of the South East region, no discernible long-term salinity trends are evident (BLA 68, MTB 9, BRA 23 and MAC 47).
Confined Aquifer Groundwater salinity in the Confined Aquifer is quite uniform and less than 1000 mg/L over the southern area of the South East (Fig. 17). In the upper parts of the South East, the Confined Aquifer’s salinity increases rapidly as the aquifer thins and groundwater circulation becomes restricted near the Padthaway ridge. Salinity monitoring has revealed no discernible salinity trend.
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater 26 Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002 325000 350000 375000 400000 425000 450000 475000 500000
6050000 6050000 Coonalpyn Meningie
Tintinara
6025000 6025000
%U %U
$T S# S#Keith $T S# S# S# $T$T$T 6000000 $TS# S# S# 6000000 S# S# S# S# S# $T S# S# S# S# S#S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# %U Bordertown S# S# %U S# S# %U 5975000 S# 5975000
S# S# Mundulla Wolseley
%U %U S#
S#S# S# S# %U %U S# S# S# S# S# S# %U %U %U%U %U %U 5950000 S# %U%U 5950000 %U %U%U %U %U%U S# %U %U%U %U %U %U S# S#%U%U S# %U %U S# %U%U S# %U%U%U S#%U%U%U %U S#%U%U %U %U%U%U%U %U %U %U S# S# VICTORIA S# %U%U Frances %U
%U %U 5925000 $T S# 5925000 Kingston SE %U S# S# S#
%U S#
S# %U Lucindale Naracoorte %U %U %U %U S# %U %U S# S# %U S# 5900000 %U 5900000
S# S# S#
S# %U %U Robe %U S# %U %U
%U S# %U 5875000 5875000 %U SOUTH EAST CATCHMENT %U %U %U %U%U %U WATER MANAGEMENT BOARD AREA %US# Nora Creina %U %U %U
Salinity observation wells, March 2002 %U Penola – Unconfined Aquifer %U %U %U %U%U October 2002 %U%U%U%U%U %U%U%U %U %US#%U%U %U %U %U 5850000 5850000 %U %U %U Prescribed Wells Area Beachport Mount Burr Kalangadoo South East Catchment Water Management Board Area Nangwarry Southend %U %U %U Millicent salinity (mg/L) %U < 500 Tarpeena %U %U 500 - 1000 %U %U 1001 - 1500 %U Tantanoola %U 5825000 S# 1501 - 3000 5825000 %U S# 3001 - 7000 %U $T 7001 - 14000 %U %U %U $T > 14000 %U Mount %U %U Gambier %U %U %U %U %U %U %U Yahl
0 20 40 Kilometres %U %U 5800000 Carpenter Rocks %U 5800000 Datum GDA94 - Map projection MGA Zone 54 Blackfellows Caves
%U Nene Valley %U %U %U %U S# %U Figure 16 %U %U %U %U
PIRSA Publishing Services AV:201529_013 Port Macdonnell
325000 350000 375000 400000 425000 450000 475000 500000 325000 350000 375000 400000 425000 450000 475000 500000
6050000 6050000 Coonalpyn Meningie
%U S# Tintinara
6025000 6025000
S#
%U Keith S# 6000000 S# 6000000
S#
S# Bordertown
5975000 5975000 %U%U %U
Mundulla Wolseley
0
0
0 2
$T S$T# $T $T $T 5950000 S# 5950000 $T $T S# $T S# $T S# S# $T %U S# %U %U %U %US#%U
%U %U VICTORIA S# %U S# S# %U Frances S# %U %U %U %U $T %U %U %U %U 5925000 %U%U%U %U 5925000 %U S# Kingston SE %U S# %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U%U %U S# %U %U %U Lucindale Naracoorte %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U S# %U %U %U %U 5900000 %U %U %U 5900000 %U%U %U 20 %U 00 %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U %U Robe %U %U %U %U %U %U %U 1 0 %U 0 %U %U 0 %U %U 5875000 %U %U 5875000 %U %U Nora Creina SOUTH EAST CATCHMENT %U WATER MANAGEMENT BOARD AREA %U %U %U %U Penola General Groundwater Salinity %U – Confined Aquifer %U
5850000 October 2002 %U 5850000 %U %U Beachport Mount Burr Kalangadoo %U %U %U Prescribed Wells Area %U Nangwarry Southend Millicent %U %U South East Catchment Water Management Board Area %U %U %U %U %U Tarpeena salinity (mg/L) %U %U < 500 %U %U 5825000 %U 500 - 1000 Tantanoola %U 5825000 %U 1001 - 1500 S# 1501 - 3000 %U %U %U S# 3001 - 7000 %U $T 7001 - 14000 $T Mount %U > 14001 Gambier%U %U
Yahl 0 20 40 Kilometres 5800000 Carpenter Rocks 5800000%U Datum GDA94 - Map projection MGA Zone 54 Blackfellows Caves
Nene Valley
Figure 17 %U PIRSA Publishing Services AV:201529_014 Port Macdonnell
325000 350000 375000 400000 425000 450000 475000 500000
SHORTENED FORMS
Measurement Name of unit Symbol Definition in terms of other metric units Gram g Mass Kilometre km 103 m Length Litre L 10-3 m3 Volume Metre m Length Milligram mg 10-3 g Mass Milligrams per litre mg/L Megalitre ML 10-6 m3 Volume Megalitres per year ML/y Millimetre mm 10-3 m Length
General Shortened form Description AHD Australian height datum DWLBC Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation PWA prescribed wells area RSWL reduced standing water level SECWMB South East Catchment Water Management Board TDS total dissolved solids
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater 29 Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002
REFERENCES Barnett, S.R., 2002. Water resource assessment of the Tintinara–Coonalpyn Prescribed Wells Area. South Australia. Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation. Report Book, 2002/019. Boult, P.J. and Hibburt, J.E. (Eds), 2002. The petroleum geology of South Australia. Vol. 1: Otway Basin. 2nd edn. South Australia. Department of Primary Industries and Resources. Petroleum Geology of South Australia Series, Vol. 1. Bradley, J., De Silva, J., Foley, G., Robinson, M. and Stadter, F., 1995. Five year technical review 1991–95 Border (Groundwater Agreement) Act, 1985. South Australia. Department of Mines and Energy. Report Book, 95/22. Brown, K.G., 1998. Padthaway Irrigation Area South East, South Australia: groundwater quality investigation drilling program, December 1996 – January 1997. South Australia. Department of Primary Industries and Resources. Report Book, 98/5. Brown, K.G., Love, A.J. and Harrington, G.A., 2001. Vertical groundwater recharge to the Tertiary Confined Sand Aquifer, South East, South Australia. South Australia. Department For Water Resources. Report DWR, 2001/002. Dillon, P., Benyon, R., Cook, P., Hatton, T., Marvanek, S. and Gillooly, J., 2001. Review of research on plantation forest water requirements in relation to groundwater resources in the South East of South Australia. South Australia. Centre for Groundwater Studies. Report, 99. Waterhouse, J.D., 1975. The hydrogeology of the Mount Gambier area, South Eastern South Australia. South Australia. Department of Mines. Report Book, 75/82.
South East Prescribed Wells Area groundwater 30 Report DWLBC 2002/10 monitoring status reports 2002 APPENDIX A Unconfined Aquifer hydrographs 4 ARC007
5
6
7
SWL (m)
8
Decline due to irrigation extraction in Tatiara PWA 9 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
9 PET004
10
11
SWL (m) 12
13
Decline due to below average rainfall in Tatiara PWA 14 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
16 CAR19
17
18
SWL (m) 19
20
Decline due to softwood plantation in Comaum-Caroline PWA 21 Apr-71 Apr-74 Apr-77 Apr-80 Apr-83 Apr-86 Apr-89 Apr-92 Apr-95 Apr-98 Apr-01
15 CAR48
16
17
SWL (m)
18
Decline due to softwood plantation in Comaum-Caroline PWA 19 Mar-77 Mar-80 Mar-83 Mar-86 Mar-89 Mar-92 Mar-95 Mar-98 Mar-01
201529_015 APPENDIX A (continued)
3 STR012
4
5
SWL (m) 6
7
Decline due to irrigation extraction in Tatiara PWA 8 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
20 TAT018
21
22
SWL (m) 23
24
Decline due to irrigation extraction in Tatiara PWA 25 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
15 BMA010
16
17
SWL (m) 18
19
Rise due to native vegetation clearance and loss of lucerne crops in Naracoorte Ranges PWA 20 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
20 JOA004
21
22
SWL (m) 23
24
Decline due to below average rainfall in Naracoorte Ranges PWA 25 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
201529_015 APPENDIX A (continued)
0 KEN005
1
2
SWL (m) 3
4
Decline due to below average rainfall in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 5 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
0
1 HIN038
2
3
4
SWL (m) 5
6
7
8
9 Decline due to Snuggery extraction in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 10 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
0 ROS005
1
2
SWL (m)
3
4
Stable hydrograph partly attributed to the long established drainage system in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 5 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
5 NAN020
6
7
SWL (m)
8
9
Decline due to below average rainfall in Comaum-Caroline PWA 10 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
201529_015 APPENDIX A (continued)
5 MAC046
6
7
SWL (m) 8
9
Decline due to below average rainfall in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 10 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01 22 GAM029
23
24
SWL (m) 25
26
Decline due to below average rainfall in Comaum-Caroline PWA 27 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
0 SPE006
1
2
SWL (m) 3
4
Stable hydrograph partly attributed to the long established drainage system in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 5 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
12 CMM020
13
14
SWL (m)
15
16
Decline due to below average rainfall in Comaum-Caroline PWA 17 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
201529_015 APPENDIX A (continued)
42 PAR036
43
SWL (m)
44
Rise due to native vegetation clearance and loss of lucerne crops in Naracoorte Ranges PWA 45 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
201529_015 APPENDIX B Confined Aquifer hydrographs 45 ARD001
44
43
42
RSWL (m)
41
Decline due to below average rainfall in Comaum-Caroline PWA 40 Sep-81 Sep-83 Sep-85 Sep-87 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
48 HIN030
47
46
45
RSWL (m)
44
Decline due to below average rainfall in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 43 Sep-81 Sep-83 Sep-85 Sep-87 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
48 PEN025
47
46
45
RSWL (m)
44
Decline due to below average rainfall in Comaum-Caroline PWA 43 Sep-81 Sep-83 Sep-85 Sep-87 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
27 26 ROS010 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
RSWL (m) 16 15 14 13 12 11 Seasonal fluctuations due to irrigation extraction in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA Sep-81 Sep-83 Sep-85 Sep-87 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
201529_016 APPENDIX B (continued)
25 24 BOW018 23 22 21 20 19 18 RSWL (m) 17 16 15 14 Seasonal fluctuations due to irrigation extraction in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 13 Sep-81 Sep-83 Sep-85 Sep-87 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
33 JOY015
32
31
30
RSWL (m)
29
Seasonal fluctuations due to irrigation extraction in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 28 Sep-81 Sep-83 Sep-85 Sep-87 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
25 MAC057 24
23
22
RSWL (m)
21
Decline due to below average rainfall in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 20 Sep-81 Sep-83 Sep-85 Sep-87 Sep-89 Sep-91 Sep-93 Sep-95 Sep-97 Sep-99 Sep-01
201529_016 APPENDIX C Unconfined Aquifer salinity hydrographs 3500 STR103 3000
2500
2000
1500
Salinity (Tds mg/L) 1000
500 Increase due to intensive irrigation in Tatiara PWA 0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Salinity (Tds mg/L) 600
400
200 Increase due to vegetation clearance and loss of lucerne crops in Tatiara PWA SEN017 0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
1800 GLE099 1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Salinity (Tds mg/L) 600
400
200 Increase due to intensive irrigation in Padthaway PWA 0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
1460
1440 JES050
1420
1400
1380
1360
1340
Salinity (Tds mg/L) 1320
1300
1280 Increase due to intensive irrigation in Naracoorte Ranges PWA 1260 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
201529_017 APPENDIX C (continued)
700 BLA068 600
500
400
300
Salinity (Tds mg/L) 200
100 No discernable long-term trend in Comaum-Caroline PWA 0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
3800 PET104 3700
3600
3500
3400
Salinity (Tds mg/L)
3300
Increase due to vegetation clearance and loss of lucerne crops in Tatiara PWA 3200 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
3800 BMA13 3700
3600
3500
3400
Salinity (Tds mg/L)
3300
Increase due to vegetation clearance and loss of lucerne crops in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 3200 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
1000
900 CMM079
800
700
600
500
400
Salinity (Tds mg/L) 300
200
100 Increase due to intensive irrigation in Naracoorte Ranges PWA 0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
201529_017 APPENDIX C (continued)
900 MTB009 800
700
600
500
400
Salinity (Tds mg/L) 300
200
100 No discernable long-term trend in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
1260 BRA023 1240
1220
1200
1180
1160
1140
Salinity (Tds mg/L) 1120
1100
1080 No discernable long-term trend in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 1060 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
1600 NAR050 1400
1200
1000
800
600
Salinity (Tds mg/L)
400
200 Increase due to intensive irrigation in Narcoorte Ranges PWA 0 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
430 MAC047 420
410
400
390
380
Salinity (Tds mg/L) 370
360 No discernable long-term trend in Lacepede-Kongorong PWA 350 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
201529_017