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DISTRIBUTION of LARVAL and JUVENILE ILLEX (MOLLUSCA : CEPHALOPODA) in the BLAKE PLATEAU REGION (NORTHWEST ATLANTIC) T Rowell, R Trites

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DISTRIBUTION of LARVAL and JUVENILE ILLEX (MOLLUSCA : CEPHALOPODA) in the BLAKE PLATEAU REGION (NORTHWEST ATLANTIC) T Rowell, R Trites DISTRIBUTION OF LARVAL AND JUVENILE ILLEX (MOLLUSCA : CEPHALOPODA) IN THE BLAKE PLATEAU REGION (NORTHWEST ATLANTIC) T Rowell, R Trites To cite this version: T Rowell, R Trites. DISTRIBUTION OF LARVAL AND JUVENILE ILLEX (MOLLUSCA : CEPHALOPODA) IN THE BLAKE PLATEAU REGION (NORTHWEST ATLANTIC). Vie et Mi- lieu / Life & Environment, Observatoire Océanologique - Laboratoire Arago, 1985, pp.149-161. hal- 03022031 HAL Id: hal-03022031 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03022031 Submitted on 24 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. VIE MILIEU, 1985, 35 (3/4) : 149-161 DISTRIBUTION OF LARVAL AND JUVENILE ILLEX (MOLLUSCA : CEPHALOPODA) IN THE BLAKE PLATEAU REGION (NORTHWEST ATLANTIC) T.W. ROWELL(I) and R.W. TRITES(2) (1) Fisheries Research Branch, Scotia-Fundy Région Halifax Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Océans RO. Box 550, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 2S7, Canada (2) Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Océans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, B2Y 4A2, Canada CEPHALOPODA ABSTRACT. — Knowledge of the distribution of larval and juvénile short-finned SQUID squid Illex illecebrosus has increased rapidly since 1979 when the first large catches ILLEX of thèse early life stages were taken along the northern edge of the Gulf Stream and LARVAL in the adjacent Slope Waters between approximately 66° and 44°W. The rôle of the JUVENILE Gulf Stream System in the entrainment, transport, and dispersion of larval and juvénile DISTRIBUTION Illex is discussed and récent évidence is presented for the existence of a major OCEANOGRAPHY spawning area shoreward of the Gulf Stream Frontal Zone over the Blake Plateau. Larval and juvénile sizes and distribution patterns are analyzed in relation to macro- and meso-scale océanographie features of the Gulf Stream Frontal Zone. Information is provided on meso-scale distributional différences between larvae and juvéniles of Illex and also between various types of Rhynchoteuthion larvae. CEPHALOPODA RÉSUMÉ. — Les connaissances sur la répartition de l'Encornet rouge, Illex illecebro- ENCORNET sus aux stades larvaire et juvénile ont augmenté rapidement depuis 1979, c'est-à-dire ILLEX depuis les premières récoltes importantes à des stades de vie précoces. Les prises ont LARVE eu lieu le long de la bordure nord du Gulf Stream et dans les eaux adjacentes du talus JUVÉNILE continental, entre 66° et 44 °W approximativement. Le rôle du Gulf Stream dans DISTRIBUTION l'entraînement, le transport et la dispersion des Encornets larvaires et juvéniles est OCÉANOGRAPHIE montré et des données récentes indiquant l'existence d'une zone de ponte importante du côté continental de la Zone frontale du Gulf Stream, sur le plateau de Blake, sont présentées. Les caractéristiques relatives à la taille et à la répartition des Encornets larvaires et juvéniles en fonction des caractéristiques océanographiques à grande et à moyenne échelle de la Zone frontale du Gulf Stream sont analysées. Enfin des informations indiquant des différences de répartition larvaire et juvénile entre les Encornets du genre Illex et d'autres larves de type Rhynchoteuthion sont présentées. 150 T.W. ROWELL, R.W. TRITES juvéniles from assumed spawning areas over the Blake Plateau to the offshore area south of the INTRODUCTION Scotian Shelf and Grand Banks. This paper provides a synoptic description of the The short-Finned squid Illex illecebrosus is highly distribution of Rhynchoteuthion type C larvae and important to the fisheries of the northwest Atlantic juvéniles (Roper and Lu, 1979), believed to be Illex both as a harvestable resource and as a major illecebrosus, in relation to the Gulf Stream and predator and prey species. Because of its relatively adjacent Slope Waters. Data are presented sugges- short life-cycle, estimated at 1-1.5 years (Squires, ting close proximity of a major spawning area to the 1967), conventional methods of biomass projection région of Cape Canaveral, Florida. Information is have been impossible, as has the application of also provided on the distribution of Rhynchoteu- conventional fisheries management practise. Réco- thion larval types A' and B' (Roper and Lu, 1979), gnition of the need to develop a biological basis for believed to be Ommastrephes bartrami, and Orni- management of the resource has Ied, since 1979, to thoteuthis antillarum and/or Ommastrephes pteropus major research efforts being directed at determining respectively. the essentially unknown early life history and distri- bution of the species. Prior to this, knowledge of the biology and distribution of /. Illecebrosus was largely restricted to the adult stage, from May through MATERIALS AND METHODS December, during the residency period on the shelf (Verrill, 1882; Mercer, 1969a, 1969b, 1973; Squires, 1967; Lange, 1980). Since March 1979 there has, in most years, been O'Dor (1983) has summarized the gênerai biology extensive sampling of the Gulf Stream and Slope and ecology of /. illecebrosus, while Rowell et al. Waters off the Scotian Shelf and Grand Banks (1984) and Trites and Rowell (1985) have reviewed between roughly 66° an 44 °W longitude. the historical development of knowledge on the There has been much less extensive sampling early life stages as well as récent research directed specifïcally directed at larval and juvénile Illex west at determining the influence of océanographie pro- of 66 °W. Dawe and Beck (1985) reviewed the cesses on their distribution. The discovery, during distribution of larval Illex catches, including those the winter of 1979 (Amaratunga et al., 1980; Fedulov from this more westerly area, for the period up to and Froerman, 1980), of large concentrations of 1982, while Hatanaka et al. (1982) presented distri- small juvéniles (approximately 15-80 mm Dorsal butional information for both larvae and juvéniles Mantle Length), as well as some larvae, between the as far west as 74 °W. This paper draws on ail of the Gulf Stream and the edge of the Scotian Shelf available sources, including Amaratunga et al. provided the first strong évidence in support of the (1980); Amaratunga & Budden (1982); Dawe et al. suggestion of Roper & Lu (1979) that the Gulf (1982); Fedulov et al. (1984). Data are also extracted Stream might play a rôle in the life-cycle of /. from Rowell et al. (1984); and Trites and Rowell illecebrosus. Surveys in subséquent years provided (1985) which include surveys by : the Alfred Nee- additional distributional information and indicated dler, 28 January — 2 March 1983; the CSS Hudson, that spawing probably occured upstream in the area 11-15 December, 1984; and the Alfred Needler, 7-22 south of, or immediately to the north of Cape January 1985, and subsequently referred to in this Hatteras. Trites (1983) developed a larval dispersion paper respectively as Needler 83, Hudson 84 and model that would predict an idealized distribution Needler 85. of larval and early juvénile stages over a 1-2 month period after spawning. The model assumed bottom spawning, but appears equally valid for the pelagic spawning that we now consider more likely. Under OCEANOGRAPHIC FEATURES this model, egg masses, larvae, and possibly juvéni- AND DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERNS les are entrained by the Gulf Stream and transported OF EARLY LIFE STAGES at variable speed northeastward to areas seaward of the Continental Shelf along the northeastern U.S.A., the Scotian Shelf, and Grand Banks. During the General Océanographie Features course of this transport, the juvéniles either passi- vely, along with Warm Core Eddy formation, or A dominant océanographie feature in the North actively leave the High Velocity Core of the Gulf Atlantic is the Gulf Stream System, an intense Stream as it progresses northeastward and subse- western océan boundary current présent from the quently actively migrate shoreward to the Continen- Straits of Florida to an area southeast of the Grand tal Shelf. Beginning in January 1983 a séries of Banks (Fig. 1). Off the east coast of Florida the cruises was begun to examine the advection scénario shoreward edge of the Gulf Stream (Slope/Gulf as a mechanism for the transport of larvae and Stream Front), on average, can be delineated ap- DISTRIBUTION OF LARVAL/JUVENILE ILLEX 151 Fig. 1. — Map showing the Gulf Stream System off eastern North America, and major surface water-mass features for 4-5 January, 1985, (Extracted from United States National Weather Service NOAA/NESS satellite-derived océanographie analysis maps). A schematic illustration of the suggested gênerai life-cycle of Illex illecebrosus in relation to the Gulf Stream is shown in the inset. proximately by the 200 m isobath. Further north, off addition to meanders, a folded-wave pattern of South Carolina, the Stream tends to move further Frontal Eddies (Fig. 2). Frontal Eddies of this type offshore, returning to about the 200 m isobath a appear as tongue-like extrusions (filaments) of Gulf short distance south of Cape Hatteras. Northeast of Stream Water, oriented upstream, nearly parallel to Cape Hatteras the Stream moves off the continental the Stream (and bathymetry). Thèse Frontal Eddies slope. The position of the Stream fluctuâtes. tend to develop near the shoreward crest of a Analysis of sea surface température maps, reveals meander and usualy grow rapidly, developing a that the standard déviation in the position of the narrow, very elongated filament or "shingle" appea- Slope/Gulf Stream Front increases from a minimum rance (Lee et al, 1981; Legeckis, 1979; Bane et ai, of about 5 km off the east coast of Florida to a 1981).
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