December- 2018 Contents Issue-5

Seven Important Issues 1-21

Strategy for New India @ 75: NITI Aayog The Culture of Freebies: Is Undermining the Sanctity of Elections China-Myanmar Economic Corrider: An Overview Brexit Deal: Journey so Far Coal: Is Still the Secret of World Energy A Climate Rulebook: Towards Achieving Climate Targets The Gravity of Air Pollution in India is Becoming Severe

Seven Subjective Questions with Model Answers 22-26

Seven Important National & International News 27-33

Seven Brain Boosters & Seven MCQ's Based on Them 34-42

Seven Important Facts For Prelims 43

State Election Results- 2018 44-46

Seven Practice Questions for Main Exam 47 Current Affairs : Perfect 7

SEVEN IMPORTANT ISSUES

1. STRATEGY FOR NEW INDIA @ 75: NITI AAYOG

Why in News? sunrise sectors like fintech and ¡¡ In agriculture, shift the emphasis to tourism. It also called for increasing the converting farmers to ‘agripreneurs’ The NITI Aayog has unveiled its investment rate as measured by gross comprehensive national Strategy, by further expanding-National fixed capital formation (GFCF) from for New India, which defines clear Agriculture Markets and replacing present 29 per cent to 36 per cent of objectives for 2022-23. It is a detailed the Agricultural Produce Marketing GDP by 2022. exposition across forty-one crucial Committee Act with the Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing areas, that recognizes the progress Highlights of the Report already made, identifies binding Act. The overarching focus of the strategy constraints and suggested the way ¡¡ Give a strong push to ‘Zero Budget document is to further improve the forward for achieving the clearly stated Natural Farming’ techniques that policy environment in which private objectives. reduce costs,improve land quality investors and other stakeholders and increase farmers’ incomes. can contribute their fullest towards Introduction This has emerged as a tested achieving the goals set out for New India India is on the cusp of a major 2022 and propel India towards a USD 5 method for putting environment transformation. India has regained its trillion economy by 2030. The report carbon back into the land. position as the fastest growing large identifies 41 key areas, placed under ¡¡ To ensure maximum employment economy in the world. This is highly four categories: Drivers, Infrastructure, creation, complete codification commendable. However, to meet Inclusion and Governance. of labor laws and a massive effort the rising aspirations of our young must be made to upscale and population, India needs to achieve Drivers expand apprenticeships. and sustain a high rate of GDP growth The first section on 'Drivers' ¡¡ Launch a mission 'Explore in India' for the next three decades. There will focuses on the engines of economic by revamping minerals exploration be several milestones in this long and performance with chapters on growth and licensing policy. arduous journey. The first of these and employment, doubling of farmers’ milestones will be in 2022 when India incomes; upgrading the science, Infrastructure celebrates the 75th anniversary of its technology and innovation eco-system; The second section on independence. The government’s and promoting sunrise sectors like 'Infrastructure' deals with the physical goal for India is to be a USD 4.0 trillion fintech and tourism. economy when we celebrate the foundations of growth which are Some of the key recommendations crucial to enhance the competitiveness platinum jubilee of our independence. in the section on drivers include: of Indian business as also ensuring the The Indian economy grew at 6.7 ¡¡ Steadily accelerate the economy to citizens’ ease of living. per cent in 2017-18. Sound policy will achieve a GDP growth rate of about Some of the key recommendations always put the economy on track in 8% on average during 2018-23. This in the section on infrastructure which it will get perpetually people will raise the economy’s size in real out of poverty and give them a better terms from USD 2.7 trillion in 2017- include: quality of life. The development 18 to nearly USD 4 trillion by 2022- ¡¡ Expedite the establishment of the strategy includes doubling of farmers’ 23. Increase the investment rate 'Rail Development Authority (RDA),' income, boosting ‘Make in India’, as measured by gross fixed capital which is already approved. RDA will upgrading the science, technology and formation (GFCF) from the present advise or make informed decisions innovation ecosystem and promoting 29% to 36% of GDP by 2022. on an integrated, transparent and

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dynamic pricing mechanism for the ¡¡ As already done in rural areas, give independence was achieved within railways. a huge push to affordable housing five years of Mahatma Gandhi

¡¡ Double the share of freight in urban areas to improve workers’ giving his call of 'Quit India' in 1942. transported by coastal shipping and living conditions and ensure equity The direct implication of ensuring inland waterways. Initially, viability while providing a strong impetus to rapid growth with inclusion is gap funding will be provided economic growth. that policymaking will have to be until the infrastructure is fully rooted in Indian ground realities Governance developed. Develop an IT-enabled and emphasize the welfare of all in platform for integrating different The final section on 'Governance' both design and implementation.

modes of transport and promoting delves deep into how the governance ¡¡ Second, development strategy multi-modal and digitized mobility. structures can be streamlined and should help achieve broad-based ¡¡ With the completion of the 'Bharat processes optimized to achieve better economic growth to ensure Net' programme in 2019, all 2.5 lakh developmental outcomes. balanced development across gram panchayats will be digitally Some of the key recommendations all regions and states and across connected. It aims to deliver all in the section on governance include: sectors. This implies embracing new government services at the state, ¡¡ Implement the recommendations technologies fostering innovation district and gram panchayat level of the 'Second Administrative and upskilling. We will have to focus digitally by 2022-23. Reforms Commission' as a prelude on the necessary modernization of our agriculture and mainstreaming Inclusion to appointing a successor for designing reforms in the changing of regions such as the North East, The section on 'Inclusion' deals context of emerging technologies hilly states and the 115 Aspirational with the urgent task of investing in the and growing complexity of the Districts. The direct outcome of capabilities of all of Indian citizens. The economy. this will be improved regional three themes in this section revolve and inter-personal equity and ¡¡ Set up a new autonomous body, around the dimensions of health, elimination of dualism that has so viz., the Arbitration Council of India education and mainstreaming of far characterised our economy. We to grade arbitra linstitutions and traditionally marginalized sections of will put in place an economy that is accredit arbitrators to make the the population. predominantly formal, rule-driven arbitration process cost effective Some of the key recommendations and facilitates investment and and speedy and to preempt the in the section on inclusion include: innovation. need for court intervention. ¡¡ Successfully implementing the ¡¡ Third, the strategy when ¡¡ Address the backlog of pending 'Ayushman Bharat' programme implemented, will bridge the gap cases - shift part of workload out of including the establishment of between public and private sector regular court system. 150,000 health and wellness performance. The Prime Minister centres across the country and ¡¡ Expand the scope of 'Swachh has focused on putting in place a rolling out the 'Pradhan Mantri Jan Bharat Mission' to cover initiatives ‘development state’ in place of the Arogya Abhiyaan (PM-JAY)'. for landfills, plastic waste and ‘soft state’ that this government ¡¡ Create a focal point for public municipal waste and generating had inherited. In this context, health at the central level with state wealth from waste. the government has focused on counterparts. Promote integrative the efficient delivery of public Strategy for New India medicine curriculum. services, rooting out corruption The 'Strategy for New India @ 75' ¡¡ Upgrade the quality of the school and black economy, formalizing the education system and skills, captures three key message. These are: economy and expanding the tax including the creation of a new ¡¡ First, development must become base, improving the ease of doing innovation ecosystem at the ground a mass movement, in which every business, nursing the stressed level by establishing at least 10,000 Indian recognizes her role and also commercial banking sector back 'Atal Tinkering Labs' by 2020. experiences the tangible benefits to a healthy state, and stopping

¡¡ Conceptualize an electronic accruing to her in the form of better leakages through direct benefit national educational registry for ease of living. Collective effort and transfers and widespread use of tracking each child’s learning resolve will ensure that we achieve the JAN (Jandhan Aadhar Mobile outcomes. a New India by 2022 just like Trinity).

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Efficient, transparent and The Imperative for Strong, we have to allocate scarce resources accountable governance has come to Equitable and Sustainable carefully to make sure that there is be recognized as this government’s Growth enough investment in sectors such as unique selling proposition (USP). This India is one of the fastest growing large infrastructure to create jobs. India’s will ensure that India will not only countries in the world, having grown aggregate fiscal deficit (state plus achieve its ambitious goals for 2022, at an average of almost 7 percent for center) is still close to 6.5 percent of but also go on to become one of the the last 25 years. There have been GDP, higher than almost any in the G-20 two largest economies in the world by many notable reforms over this period and not significantly lower than levels 2047, when we celebrate the centenary – most recently, the co-operative that existed five years ago. However, of our independence. fiscal federalism that has brought the our investment rate has fallen sharply in Criticism New India Strategy Goods and Services Tax into being, the recent years. Despite that, our external financing requirement (as measured by NITI Aayog's document sets out enactment of the Indian Bankruptcy the current account deficit) increased economic goals, but there is no road Code and the dramatic dis-inflation appreciably earlier this year, increasing map. of recent years, partly as a result of a move to an inflation targeting regime. vulnerability. Moreover, to the extent ¡¡ The report implicitly lays store that India grows while being more by technology to raise efficiency, While commendable, we should reliant on domestic demand than but it is not clear whether smart not be satisfied with this. India is still were other Asian emerging markets, technologies alone can act as a one of the poorest countries in the G-20 it needs a much greater focus on magic bullet. and poor countries ought to grow faster because catch-up growth is easier. As macroeconomic stability than they ¡¡ A focus on capital expenditure important, the benefits of growth in did. For all these reasons, it needs to is welcome, provided it is India have been distributed extremely prioritize government spending better, implemented; housing and physical unequally, with top incomes rising focusing on filling clear investment infrastructure have been identified much faster than the rest. We have gaps and protecting the vulnerable. as potential areas that can absorb seen new environmental challenges, It also needs to increase revenues investment. However, the debate in the form of sharp increases in by making the tax system more on whether certain social sector both local pollution levels and in CO2 progressive both in taxes levied as well expenditures need to be capitalised emissions that, if unchecked, threaten as through more effective collection for their long-term worth, needs to to stall or reverse progress. India is also from rich non-payers, by bringing more be revisited. not creating enough jobs: even though people into the tax net and by charging ¡¡ The government’s focus on data on employment in India are both users for government services where improving waterways and on low quality and controversial, the appropriate. digitisation as a means to enhance recent news that 28 million applied for By 2022, New India will provide a financial inclusion is reiterated. 90,000 low level railway jobs suggests solid foundation for clean, inclusive, Emphasis has been laid on we are not satisfying the demand for sustained and sustainable growth for improving farm incomes, no doubt jobs. Unfortunately, we are not well- the next three decades. The ‘Strategy to address recent misgivings. positioned to follow the export-led for New India @ 75’ reflects our However, there can be no escaping growth path that allowed many Asian preparedness to make this transition. the feeling that the report countries to climb out of poverty. All levels of government must work reiterates goals that have been Despite abundant cheap labor, we are together to achieve the reasion of New spelt out in the past, without taking not part of many global supply chains. India. a hard look at what’s holding back Even as global firms seek to diversify India’s socio-economic progress. away from China so as to reduce ¡¡ There has to be an equal emphasis political risk, India is rarely seen as an General Studies Paper- II on socio-political empowerment obvious alternative. Topic: Government policies and through education, for which interventions for development in governments need to put the Way Forward various sectors and issues arising out money where their mouth is. An There are tremendous possibilities for of their design and implementation. overarching vision, located in reforms that will take us towards faster political economy, is sorely missing. and more equitable growth. However, mmm

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2. THE CULTURE OF FREEBIES: IS UNDERMINING THE SANCTITY OF ELECTIONS

Why in News? candidates have a large bearing on the competition in freebies. Using state voter’s personality and their choices. revenue to improve basic state services Former Governor of the Reserve Bank like education and health is defensible. of India C. Rangarajan has emphasised Distribution of freebies in Using it for freebies is a political race the need for sustained economic election or pre-election existence is between parties to the fiscal bottom. It growth in Tamil Nadu, even as the State a deeply ingrained tradition which is accustomed to democratic India. can only end in tears. implements various welfare schemes. Freebies often takes the form of cash, The distribution of bicycles to He cautioned against distributing bribes, free rice, saris, or loan waiver girl students and mixies to rural freebies without focus and a forgeted and its mandatory practice by parties women were understandable, but the approach. has predominantly overtaken the distribution of TV sets not welfare In an another event, the Madras centre stage in all election campaigns. for society instead influencing voter. High Court also disapproved of the Therefore, there is an upsurge trend Freebies have come to stay and are, practice of the State government of doling out freebies to voters in cash unfortunately, going to become bigger. providing freebies to people or kind during pre and post elections Given that freebies have historically irrespective of their economic status. period. The growing likeliness towards impacted the socio-economic quality such luring schemes is a factor for their of life,it was just a short step to offering Introduction apparent success in garnering votes, what should be considered non- India, the world’s largest democracy is creating a vote-bank in process. So, the essential items. Once the belief has truly incredible in its size and stature. spectre of corruption and hoodwinking sent in that the only way to win votes is The concept of democracy in India of the credulous, gullible masses, thus by giving such gifts, there is no end to it. took a mammoth leap forward when hangs over all electoral processes. Distribution of Election the first general elections were held Freebies Culture Freebies - A Crtical Analysis in 1951-1952. Democracy is the most efficacious form of government, in A practice by political parties which has A distribution trend which is engulfing which the citizens of a country have blatantly showcased the illicit use and the society, mentioned in the lavish a prerogative right of adult suffrage abuse of the manifestos has become manifestos of political parties. Through whereby people actively participating a scenario for competitive populism, the manifesto the political parties in the selection of the government where major parties can buy their lay out their plans, activities for the seats to victory. by periodic conducting election. This, betterment of a niche community or shows to indicate that the people hold Political parties abuse the contents the people in general in all spheres. the sovereign power to determine. and the manifesto in whole. It is pitiful The promising and distributing of So, in democracy the people are the to note that the election manifesto have freebies is quickly grabbing mandate all ultimate source of power and its long stopped being stern documents over. So, it becomes essential to realize success and failure depend on their containing elaborated, calculated the detail, that whether these freebies policies and tangible promises for the wisdom, consciousness and vigilance. promised or distributed during pre- rapid growth and steps forward of election or post-election are having a A government “by the people and the nation in all sectors. A nauseating benevolent or an adverse effect on the of the people” should quite naturally late pattern is that numerous society. deliver ideal governance “for the national and state political parties people”, but in reality it is far apart. issue their announcements in which Existing Model Code of Conduct Basic issue with democracy is that they straightforwardly guarantee (MCC) voters do not make rational or truly such things which in like manner are As per the existing MCC, there are informed choices. There political termed as "FREEBIES", targeting the few relevant provisions on general decision making seems to be driven gullible, credulous, impressionable conduct of the political parties and by pre- conceived criteria plus have a masses, thereby hoodwinking them candidates and the promises made prejudice for instant gratification, thus to promises which stand upon a thing during election by the parties. The keeping most democracies focused line of fulfilment. Elections are rarely Election Commission (EC) stipulated on the short term growth aspect. fought on policy issues. Elections are that the parties and their candidates Thus, freebies vitiate the sanctity of contested mainly on the personal should refrain from all corrupt practices elections, smearing campaigns by popularity in most of the state and on and offences under election law. Such

December 2018 A Issue-5 4 Current Affairs : Perfect 7 as bribing of voters, intimidation of be no objection to the promise of Article-38(welfare of people), Article voters, impersonation of the voters, such welfare measures in election 39(Means of livelihood and distribution canvassing within 100 meters of polling manifestos. However, political of resources), and Article-46 (Education stations, holding public meeting during parties should avoid making those for weaker sections) and so on and so the period of 48 hours ending with the promises which are likely to vitiate forth. Largesse are doled out with view hour fixed for the close of poll and the the purity of the election process to sub serve the common good of a transport and conveyance of voters to or exert undue influence on the socialistic welfare state. and from polling stations. voters in exercising their franchise. The state largesse is in direct The MCC directs the party in power III. In the interest of transparency, correlation with the principle of to abstain from announcing finical level playing field and credibility socialism which form the basic grants in any form or promise, laying of promises, it is expected that structure to our constitution. foundation stones for any project, manifestos also reflect the Therefore freebies distribution cannot construction of roads, drinking facilities rationale for the promises and be questioned because it provides , ad- hoc appointments in government broadly indicate the ways and with livelihood and raise the living or PSU’s and sanctioning grants out means to meet the financial standards. The distribution of freebies of the discretionary funds from the requirements for it. Trust of voters has become a necessary activity as it date that the election schedule is should be sought only on those aims at the betterment and uplifment announced. These guidelines meant promises which are possible to be of the eligible persons. fulfilled. to be only the relevant provisions But fact of reality is that the political that could be applied to election Whether Culture of Rampant parties through their manifesto does manifestos, these are not to be guiding Freebies is a Corrupt Practice or indirectly what a candidate cannot principles for generations and disbursal Not? do directly. Freebies in form of of election manifesto. manifesto, which in actuality is bribe Parties having tasted success, the New Guidelines Added to the Code and inducement, constitute Corrupt think-tanks within the ruling party Practices. sincerely believe whatever be the Even though distribution of Corrupt practices is defined under quality of administration, law and freebies by political parties does not section 2(1)(c) the Representation of order, growth trajectory of the state, amount to bribery under the provision People Act, 1951 (RP Act, 1951) as any power and water crises, quality of of the MCC, it did influence the voters of the practices defined under section infrastructure and corruption charges at some extent, shaking the roots of 123 of the RP Act. This section was hurled against it by the opposition, free and fair elections. Thus, in this infused in the Act, so, that elections are regard the Court instructed the EC they can get away. The lucid explanation for why they voluntarily in conducted in a free and fair manner. to frame guidelines, in exercise of its Thus keeping intact the piousness and plenary power, to regulate the contents their manifesto talk about the freebies are, as the political parties act as arms purity in the elections. To elaborately of election manifesto after consulting and exhaustively define the various the political parties. for handling democratic election and in tandem stand up for the various corrupt practice are- bribery, undue In the fresh guidelines to political citizens privileges as envisaged in the influence, appeal on the ground of parties on election manifesto, EC in Constitution and the Preamble of India. religion, false statement, the hiring or the interest of free and fair elections procuring vehicles for the conveyance The parties while allocating state directed political parties to adhere to of voters, the incurring or authorizing of largesse as stated in their manifestos, few guidelines. The guidelines are: expenditure in contravention of section linking it with the spirit of Directive I. The election manifesto shall not of the RP Act, obtain or procuring the Principle of State Policy. DPSP’s are contain anything repugnant to the assistance of a person in the service of contained in Part-IV, from Article36-51, ideals and principles enshrined in the government and booth capturing. of the Constitution which sets out the the Constitution and further that it aims and objectives. It enumerates the Distribution of freebies by a political shall be consistent with the latter high sense of moral duty, promotion of party, candidate or his agents is on and spirit of other provisions of the welfare of the people and achieve rampant upsurge. Therefore, making Model Code of Conduct. economic democracy. As the DPSP’s of a charitable gift on an extensive II. The Directive Principles of State domain is subject of states, these scale would lead to an inference that Policy enshrined in the Constitution are used ideal by centre and states this was made to influence voters. To enjoin upon the State to frame while formulating policy and law. It obtain success in election, they resort various welfare measures for the is an obligation upon government for to corrupt practices such as distributing citizens and therefore there can its implementation, in instances of gifts, offers or promises by which

5 December 2018 A Issue-5 Current Affairs : Perfect 7 there is instant gratification by voters, It is suggested that, from government documents and bargain for votes from voter. This ¡¡ The freebies should be daunted database. Moreover, the manifesto practice is violating the level playing upon, if not completely should lay down the fiscal pitch between the candidates. Any dispensed away with. It should roadmaps to achieve such targets gratification with the motive to erode not be an obligation upon EC and the impact of such commodity the essence and sacrosanct nature of or legislatures to dispense it. on the financial reserves. election constitutes corrupt practice of But, be superlatively left to be ¡¡ Due to the strict interpretation of bribery under RP Act. decided by the public opinion and the penal statues of Section 123 of RP Act only candidates and its The culture of rampant free growth concerns of moral righteousness. agents come under its preview. It to the forms of freebie has created an All public delinquencies cannot be contracted away by political should encompass its horizons to adverse on society at large. The freebies parties. It should be citizen’s jobs include political parties as well. which are promised at the elections are to draft problems and make these To constitute distribution of delivered by parties. It symbolises that parties and candidates collectively freebies as a corrupt practice would a reward is being forwarded to voters devise promises otherwise a cynical be very harsh expounding because and it clearly represents the perks of private benefit will entail. few parties prior to election strive to election triumph. ¡¡ MCC should get a legislative achieve better social condition and backing. In order to facilitate public welfare. Parties acting in genuine Suggestions and Reforms enforceability. may face a lot of difficulties because of The contents of manifesto helps the this. So firstly these practices should be ¡¡ It should be made obligatory for political parties in interpreting in each political party to publish constituted as an evil practice then as mirror reality on functioning towards and submit their Manifesto to the a corrupt practice. There is a fine line achievement of the welfare goals. But Election Commission before the which distinguishes these two. contrary to its role and function it has deadline of the first phase of the Conclusion been used as tool whereby cogent nomination, failure of which should revealing inducement and enticement lead to debarring the party form Elections are the festival of democracy. of voters through the volley of free contesting the particular election. Extravagant doling out of freebies and goodies. The way in which manifesto is Election Commission should monies are being utilized for captivating drafted can be described as farfetched scrutinize all these manifestos and the elections, the widespread ‘gifting’ and wondrous document which is give suitable instructions to the of items to tempt votes and the capable of promising to an extent of political parties. disregard of the poll manifesto is a giraffe in a tiny glass. trend that is worrisome for the health ¡¡ Manifesto should be legally Unfortunately there no regulation binding document on the parties of democracy. of malpractice, unprofessionalism or to implement the promises made Freebies in general is bribery not wrongdoing in manifesto preparedness before the pre-elections so as just the cash- from laptops to cows to nor there is a systematic mechanism to avoid the unpractical claims. mixes grinders to all sort other goodies. for the supervision and control of The claims and promises stated Political parties of all ilk, belief and these wrongdoing and malpractices. shall be unambiguous, achievable ethics have infused a draconian culture MCC has its own design flaws as (within time frame), realistic, in the Indian democracy, a culture they conceptualize broad framing of problem solving and aiming where freebies has been not used as envisioned principles and ideals of towards the steady growth of a tool to cure the social apathy, but Constitutions and no stringent law society and economic conditions. conducted to create financial gains, for its applicability and accountability. Serious punishments for non- private assets and to achieve major One of pertinent drawback of MCC is implementation and non- fulfilment vote pluralities. of such claims, like banning of that that, MCC are formed by the Election General Studies Paper-II Commission of India by exercising its party from contesting elections should be executed. This should Topic: Important aspects of executive powers, a plenary power governance, transparency and be done establishment of the under Article 324. As it has a backing of accountability, e-governance- executive power not legislative power, post election grievance redressal applications, models, successes, so if any law is made by parliament mechanism. limitations and potential; under Article 327 and state assembly ¡¡ The political parties should very citizens charters, transparency & under Article 328 thereby causing carefully take the statistical data accountability and institutional and an ambiguity between legislative to be used in the Manifestos other measures. enactment and the guidelines by the EC. from reliable sources, preferably mmm

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3. CHINA-MYANMAR ECONOMIC CORRIDER: AN OVERVIEW

Why in News? in India. The CMEC might have come developed Yangon and remote and as a surprise as it runs parallel to the undeveloped Rakhine State. Hence, the In September Myanmar signed a economic corridor is the convergence memorandum of understanding Bangladesh-China-India and Myanmar of common interests of Myanmar and (MoU) with China to establish the Initiative (BCIM), but the fact remains China. The CMEC agreement is likely China - Myanmar Economic Corridor that it has been a non-starter, especially (CMEC), part of Beijing’s sprawling Belt after China launched CPEC, which to see tens of billions of dollars of and Road Initiative. While the Chinese passes through the areas of Jammu investment funnelled into Myanmar government calls the initiative a bid to and Kashmir under illegal occupation from private and state-owned Chinese enhance regional connectivity, critics of Pakistan and is seen as a China-led firms under the One Belt, One Road see it as a push for Chinese dominance initiative. initiative. in global affairs and for a China- Implications on Myanmar centered trading network. China-Myanmar Economic Corridor A resource-rich country with a relatively Introduction The Myanmar government has formed low population of 50 million, Myanmar In South Asia now, geo-economics a central committee as well as a joint runs the added risk of experiencing seems all set to shape the region's committee to establish the economic again a neo-colonial "extractive" geo-politics with Beijing's ambitious corridor. The committee consists economic relation with China. The US$ 50 billion China-Pakistan Economic of Union-level ministers as well as commissioning of 1,060 km of gas and Corridor (CPEC), designed ostensibly the planning and finance ministers oil pipelines from Kunming in China to integrate economies of the restive of the five regions and states — to Kyaukphyu port in Rakhine in 2013 Xingian and Western provinces with Yangon, Mandalay, Shan, Rakhine and and 2015 respectively, involving the that of Pakistan. But its real strategic Irrawaddy — that the corridor will pass Chinese investment of USD 7. 5 billion, objective is to develop the sea ports through. The CMEC agreement is two has firmly established the Chinese of Pakistan's Baluchistan to enable things. strategic footprint in Myanmar. Western China and the energy- ¡¡ First, it is a physical corridor that Two Ocean Strategy of China rich Central Asian republics to gain would connect China’s landlocked In its narrow definition, the strategy – as unfettered access to the Gulf and the Yunnan through Mandalay to it is today – specifies the “two-oceans” Arabian Sea. China’s reported move Kyaukphyu and Yangon, on new as being the Pacific Ocean and the to build an economic corridor with roads and a high-speed railway. Indian Ocean. This is due to two reasons. Myanmar is cause for some concern Militarily speaking, the Pacific Ocean – the ¡¡ Second, it is a conceptual corridor. regions which are close to China – carries Myanmar: Background The overall aim is greater economic many concerns for the country’s political and military elite. For example, Taiwan is Myanmar is located at the crossroads of integration through initiatives such still considered a “rogue” state; American South and Southeast Asia. It is connected as industrial zones, trade quotas presence in South Korea and Japan still to India and China at its Northwest and tax breaks, but the CMEC remains a thorn to China’s side; and and Northeastern borders respectively. can also include cooperation in disputes over territorial claims with Japan, Additionally, its reserves of energy areas not directly connected to the Philippines, and Vietnam are too close resources, emerging consumer class, to home for China. youthful population and its access to the the economy, such as disaster Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean make it an mitigation and public health. The Indian Ocean, on the other hand, is important stakeholder in the Asia-Pacific The corridor connects Yunnan and considered to be a top region for naval training for the PLAN, and the next-step in (and Indo-Pacific) region. Myanmar has three important economic centers in figured in the foreign policy discussions China’s sea power projection. To the former of most of its neighbours, including China, Myanmar, including Mandalay, Yangon point, since the Indian Ocean is considered India and the countries of the Association New City and Kyaukphyu Special to be part of the far-seas, it provides of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It also Economic Zone (SEZ) and aims to conditions for the PLAN to navigate and factored into the United States’ “pivot to promote the economic integration of operate in a deep-water region. And on the latter point, China is due to establish Asia” policy during former President Barack the region. This also coincides with the Obama’s administration. To Washington, its first overseas military base in Djibouti Myanmar was important both as a member national development plan of Myanmar for logistical facilities geared for naval of the ASEAN grouping and as yet another in which Myanmese leaders are trying rest and supply. Moreover, China also has avenue for reducing the influence and to address economic imbalances numerous economic and trading interests dominance enjoyed by China in the region. by enhancing connectivity between in the regions bordering the Indian Ocean.

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Two years after the Belt and Road plans the construction of a highway pressure owing to its conduct on Summit in Beijing, Myanmar seems and highspeed railway, will run through the Rohingya crisis. Beijing is aware ready to be integrated into Beijing’s multiethnic areas where existing that Myanmar needs its political Belt and Road Initiative via the China- interethnic and religious conflicts have and diplomatic support to fend-off Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) contributed to instability in recent mounting international scrutiny. — despite criticisms and concern years. Conflicts along the China- On regional cooperation’s part, over a potential debt trap. A 1,700- Myanmar trade route in northern Sino-Myanmar transport corridor is plus kilometer corridor stretching Shan state is a major obstacle to the an important measure of maintaining from Kunming, the capital of Yunnan realization of CMEC. Beijing’s influence and leading role province in China, to the seaport at Kyaukpyu in Myanmar’s Rakhine Beijing likely understands that the in the arrangement of regional state, CMEC will be one of the largest viability of CMEC is closely tied with and subregional cooperation and a single packages of foreign direct the restoration of peace and stability in result that China participates in the investment in Myanmar in decades Myanmar. China has been increasingly cooperation in Southeast Asia and and the government in Naypyidaw is active in facilitating meetings between South Asia. China’s long-term strategic anticipating a quick economic lift. the government and members of interests of seeing Myanmar as a “land Given Myanmar’s worsening the Federal Political Negotiation and bridge” to reach the Indian Ocean will relationship with the West due to the Consultative Committee (FPNCC), a continue to drive Beijing’s strategy. crisis in Rakhine state as well as the seven-member alliance of ethnic armed This interdependency defining the need for high investments to keep the organizations situated in Kachin and relationship is unlikely to change in the economy afloat, CMEC is very attractive northern Shan states. The intervention near future. for the government in Naypyidaw. by China, with the goal of smoothing Myanmar’s desire to minimise the way to implement CMEC, will likely Act East Policy Beijing’s overbearing influence is often have an impact on Myanmar’s peace The policy which was originally (1992) envisaged as an economic initiative, has neutralised by the interlinked political process. and security considerations at their now gained political, strategic and cultural shared borderlands and the need to Land issues and disputes between dimensions including establishment of local communities and contractors institutional mechanisms for dialogue and seek diplomatic and economic support cooperation thereby clearly highlighting from China in the face of international are a common occurrence, but not the new approach of India. Also, India has pressures. the only obstacle to the project. The now upgraded its relations to a strategic rise of inequality, weak strategic trade partnership with Indonesia, Vietnam, China’s Western Development Strategy controls, and poor financial controls, Malaysia, Japan, Republic of Korea, China’s Western Development Strategy Australia, Singapore and ASEAN. Also, among other things, also contribute (WDS) has been carried out since 1999 India is now actively engaged in regional with stipulated 10 measures for the further to instability and risk escalating social initiatives such as Bay of Bengal Initiative development of the western region, conflicts in CMEC project areas. for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic covering six provinces (Gansu, Guizhou, Cooperation (BIMSTEC), Asia Cooperation Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan), China's Motive Behind Dialogue, Mekong Ganga cooperation. five autonomous regions (Guangxi, Inner Corridor India's Act East Policy focusses on the Mongolia, Ningxia, Tibet and Xinjiang) and extended neighbourhood in the Asia- one municipality (Chongqing). This strategy History is a factor conditioning Pacific region. has achieved remarkable achievements, China’s perception of China Myanmar The North East of India has been a priority whereby Western China also experienced transport corridor as well as Myanmar in our Act East Policy (AEP). AEP provides a rapid and stable development during the an interface between North East India past decade. strategic significance as it has a bearing including the state of Arunachal Pradesh on Beijing’s strategic thinking and and the ASEAN region. Various plans Issues and Challenges policies towards its Southern neighbor. at bilateral and regional levels include Under China’s overall strategy, Sino- steady efforts to develop and strengthen The access to the Indian Ocean granted connectivity of Northeast with the ASEAN by the Kyaukpyu seaport project and Myanmar transport corridor is the base region through trade, culture, people-to- infrastructure linking Rakhine state of “Two-Ocean” strategy and a step people contacts and physical infrastructure to Yunnan is still the top of Beijing’s of “Western Development” strategy. (road, airport, telecommunication, power, etc.). Some of the major projects include Beijing proposed the China-Myanmar- checklist. That route, however, crosses Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport two politically complex regions — Economic Economic (CMEC) as part Project, the India-Myanmar-Thailand northern Shan state and Kachin state. of the BRI at a time when Myanmar Trilateral Highway Project, Rhi-Tiddim The CMEC corridor, which has in its was increasingly under international Road Project, Border Haats, etc.

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India’s Concern Northeastern states to reap the full of Bengal, through the northern part potential of the Act East Policy. of the Rakhine State. Both China and India and Myanmar have commited India seek access to the Bay of Bengal towards the 'Act East' and CMEC deal is seen as a positive across the Southern Rakhine State, 'Neighbourhood First' initiatives. in Myanmar, the same cannot be said through the port of Sittwe that India These two policies aim to put together in India where the deal is viewed as has built and the port of Kyaukpyu that an "independent, active and non- a threat to security. This new seaport China is developing. aligned" foreign policy between the is just one of the latest addition to two countries. what many called the Chinese "string of pearls" which are seaports and Conclusion Myanmar, in particular, occupies sea facilities that are scattered across The realization of CMEC requires both a special position in India's matrix of the Indian Ocean. Chief among these political commitments and business ties with ASEAN states. After all, it is "pearls" are the ports in Hamantota in agreements. The peace process and the contiguous to India's Northeast region, Sri Lanka and Gwadar in Pakistan. India impact of CMEC on local communities sharing a land boundary of 1,700 km claims that these projects will give the are critical determinants to the success with four states including Manipur, Chinese military greater access within Mizoram, Nagaland and Arunachal of the effort to link Yunnan with the the immediate region. Pradesh. Major infrastructure projects Indian Ocean via Myanmar. But it is such as the India Myanmar-Thailand Although Beijing has never still questionable whether Myanmar Trilateral Highway can prove to be admitted “Two-Ocean” strategy, its can afford the project, both in terms of a game-changer to connect India's efforts in pursuit of an export and financial as well as political capital. import outlet to mainland Southeast Northeast with ASEAN. India is also General Studies Paper- II party to the ambitious Trans-Asian Asia and access to the Indian Ocean Topic: India and its neighborhood- railway project, though progress via Myanmar, are so obvious. It relations. has been less than satisfactory undoubtedly incurs Indian suspicions because of the weak political will of and worries both political and strategic Topic: Bilateral, regional and global the stakeholders and differences in interests into Southeast Asia and the groupings and agreements involving alignment of the rail network among Indian Ocean. Both China and India, India and/or affecting India's participating countries. Without however, share an interest in stability interests. adequate cross-border connectivity, in the Rakhine State. India seeks access it would be highly difficult for India's for its northeastern states to the Bay mmm

4. BREXIT DEAL: JOURNEY SO FAR

Why in News? Kingdom (UK) leaving the EU - merging voted for Brexit, Scotland and Northern the words Britain and exit to get Ireland both backed staying in the EU. On 12 December 2018, Theresa May, 'Brexit', in the same way as a possible The European Union - often known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 'Greek' exit from the euro was dubbed the EU - is an economic and political faced a vote of no confidence in Grexit in the past. partnership involving 28 European her leadership over opposition to A referendum - a vote in which countries. It began after World War II her negotiated Brexit deal from her everyone (or nearly everyone) of to foster economic co-operation, with own party. It was reported that May voting age can take part - was held the idea that countries, which had would step down as Prime Minister on 23rd June, 2016, to decide whether strong trade relations, were more likely after delivering Brexit and would not the UK should leave or remain in the to avoid going to war with each other. lead the Conservative Party into the European Union. Leave won by 51.9% It has since grown to become a next General Election in exchange to 48.1%. The referendum turnout "single market" allowing goods and for Conservative MP's voting to have was 71.8%, with more than 30 million people to move around, basically as if confidence in her leadership so that people voting. the member states were one country. she would be able to keep the party, The U.K., as it is called, is a It has its own currency, the euro, which Parliament and the UK stable during sovereign state that consists of four is used by 19 of the member countries, the final stages of Brexit. individual countries: England, Scotland, its own parliament and it now sets rules Wales and Northern Ireland. Within in a wide range of areas - including on Introduction the U.K., Parliament is sovereign, but the environment, transport, consumer 'Brexit' is a word that is used as a each country has autonomy to some rights and even things such as mobile shorthand way of saying the United extent. While England and Wales phone charges.

9 December 2018 A Issue-5 Current Affairs : Perfect 7

the key one and Theresa May has put it into British law.

Current Position and Analysis of Brexit deal After months of negotiation, the UK and EU agreed a Brexit deal. It comes in two parts. The draft Brexit withdrawal agreement stands at 585 pages long. This is a legally-binding text that sets the terms of the UK's divorce from the EU. Below are some key points from the agreement and their meaning: Transition

¡¡ The transition period (which the UK government calls "implementation period") will begin on 29th March 2019 and lasts until 31st December 2020.

¡¡ The UK will need to abide by all EU rules, but will lose membership of its institutions.

¡¡ The draft withdrawal agreement says the transition can be extended, but only for a period of one or two years (in other words up to the end of 2022 at most). Both the UK and EU must agree to any extension. There will be no UK presence in the European Parliament, at the top table of the European Commission or in the European Court of Justice. The UK will have no formal say in making or amending EU rules and regulations, but it will have to follow them to the letter. The great advantage of transition, of course, is that it will buy more time for businesses and governments to When is the UK due to leave ruled in December 2018 that the UK prepare for a new regime and it will the EU? could cancel the Article 50 Brexit smoothen the path out of the EU. Transition also gives the UK continued For the UK to leave the EU, it had to process without the permission of access to EU databases on crucial issues invoke Article 50 of the 'Lisbon Treaty' the other 27 EU members and remain like security while a future relationship which gives the two sides two years to a member of the EU on its existing is negotiated. agree the terms of the split. Since UK has terms, provided the decision followed th a "democratic process". Alternatively triggered this process on 29 March, Financial Settlements 2017, meaning the UK is scheduled to EU might agree to extend Article 50 leave on, 29th March 2019. It's the law, by a few months, if its leaders thought ¡¡ The draft agreement sets out regardless of whether there is a deal there was a chance the UK could end the calculations for the financial with the EU or not. Stopping Brexit up staying in, possibly through another settlement (or "divorce bill") that would require a change in the law in referendum. But at present moment all the UK will need to pay to the EU the UK. The European Court of Justice sides are focusing on that date as being to settle all of its obligations.

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¡¡ While no figure appears in the Ireland and Custom Union Backstop Fishing document, it is expected to be "Backstop" is a kind of safety net ¡¡ The agreement says that a separate at least £39bn and it will be paid to ensure there is no a hard border- agreement will need to be reached over a number of years. Part of physical check or infrastructure, on access to EU fishing in UK that money will be the financial whatever the outcome of future trade waters. contribution that the UK has to talks between the UK and the EU. The Fishing is always a hot button make during the transition period. UK is committed to avoiding any hard issue, even though in most countries Since the size of the "divorce bill" border between Ireland and Northern is the big issue that will take time to Ireland and upholding the ‘1998 Good the fishing sector forms a tiny part of get resolved, but without a financial Friday Agreement’, the peace deal the economy. Fishing has been left out settlement, progress on other issues that ended three decades of conflict of plans for a single customs territory would be impossible. Money remains a and created the present-day political because several countries objected to cause of controversy, though, because institutions. the idea that UK fish produce would many Brexit supporters hate the fact The deal outlines a "backstop" be allowed unimpeded access to EU that large sums will be handed over arrangement to prevent the return markets, without any corresponding without any cast-iron guarantee about of border checks between Northern guarantee that EU boats would be the nature of the UK's future trade Ireland and Ireland if the sides fail to granted access to UK fishing waters. relationship with the EU. agree a free trade pact after a 21-month The deal also consists of a 26-page transition period. In a bid to allay Citizens' Rights statement on future relations. This is British concerns that Northern Ireland not legally-binding and sketches out ¡¡ This is broadly unchanged from would be split from the rest of Britain, the kind of long-term relationship the the initial draft of the withdrawal the two sides agreed to an EU-UK UK and EU want to have in a range of single customs territory. In the single agreement which came out in areas, including trade, defence and March. UK citizens in the EU and EU EU-UK customs territory, UK goods will security. citizens in the UK, will retain their enjoy tariff and quota free access to residency and social security rights the remaining 27 EU countries. Both What happens if there is no after Brexit. sides have given themselves until July Deal with the EU? 1, 2020 to outline a deal to replace ¡¡ Citizens who take up residency the backstop. If one is not ready by Theresa May’s government must in another EU country during the then, they could extend the transition need to pass this deal through British transition period (including the UK period. At any point after the transition Parliament. Without an agreement on of course) will be allowed to stay period, either side can rule that the trade, the UK would operate with the in that country after the transition. arrangement is no longer necessary, EU under World Trade Organisation Anyone that stays in the same but they must take the decision rules, which could mean customs EU country for five years will be together. checks and tariffs on goods as well as allowed to apply for permanent The single customs territory is longer border checks for travellers. It residence. basically another name for a temporary would harm the economy and could The European Parliament has customs union and, if it were needed, cause chaos at the UK's borders. promised to make citizens' rights its it would ensure that completely There are also questions about top priority. But while politicians on frictionless trade could continue across what would happen to Britain's all sides are telling citizens that they the Irish border. But it would also position as a global financial centre want them to stay, the Brexit process prevent the UK implementing any trade and the land border between the UK has caused an enormous amount of deals with other countries around the and the Republic of Ireland. There is anxiety and uncertainty. British citizens world that involve removing tariffs on in other EU countries, for example, still goods. That upsets supporters of Brexit, also concern that Brits living abroad don't know whether they will be able especially as there is no guaranteed in the EU could lose residency rights to work across borders in the future, route out of this backstop unless the and access to free emergency health because their right to reside only EU gives its consent. The Protocol care. Custom delays could also create applies to the specific country where on Ireland/Northern Ireland was the food shortages. The U.K. is vulnerable they live. Recognition of professional toughest part of the draft agreement because an extreme heat wave and qualifications, and access to university to negotiate and, now it has been summer drought caused by global education on the same terms they have published, it has triggered a series of warming have already reduced food now, are also unresolved issues. government resignations in UK. output.

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Implications for UK world, being a part of multilateral because of the double effect of foreign organizations is key to influence policy fund outflow and dollar rise. The transition plan does not allow the matters. No country can do it alone U.K. to prohibit the free flow of people While on the positive side, Brexit in a rapidly changing international from the EU. That was the primary has driven away fears of a US Fed rate environment. UK could lose some of its reason people voted for Brexit. They hike and could lead to lower commodity leverage now as it has voted for Brexit. were concerned about an increase prices. Brexit’s impact will be a fateful Pursuit of sovereignty in purist terms in refugees from Africa and the one for commodity producers and in an interconnected world is a utopian Middle East. Uncertainty over Brexit producing nations. Also, devaluation idea. has slowed the U.K.'s growth to 1.3 of rupee might enhance India’s export competitiveness. percent in 2018. The British pound is Consequences for the EU 14 percent lower than before the pre The idea of EU stands challenged. Conclusion referendum level. That helps exports EU whose origin lied in the centuries Besides setting a precedent for being but at the sametime increases the of war that ravaged Europe was a the first member to officially leave prices of imports. transformative idea in international the European Union, the reason why A hard Brexit would be disastrous relations, enmeshing countries in Brexit is such a big deal is that we for the U.K.'s financial center. It would cooperation. With the exit of UK, there just don’t know how it will turn out no longer be the base for companies is a possibility of other countries such yet. It’s a big, dramatic move that that use it as an English-speaking as Greece etc. to follow suit. Thus the will take years to complete; years of entry into the EU economy. Real idea of EU stands challenged. shifts that will impact the pound and estate sector could collapse. Housing The Brexit vote is strengthening European markets along the way. It will prices have already started to fall. anti-immigration parties throughout certainly make the UK countries seem The United Kingdom would also lose less hospitable to new immigrants but Europe. If these parties gain enough the advantages of EU’s state-of-the- whether Brexit will deter terrorism, ground in countries like, France and art technologies. The EU grants these buoy the economy and make the Germany, they could force an anti-EU to its members in environmental UK stronger through independence vote. If either of those countries left, protection, research and development has yet to be seen. So maybe the big the EU would lose its most robust and energy sector. The most significant deal is just not knowing the extent economies and would dissolve. loss to London is in services, especially of the impact on jobs, homes, trade banking. Practitioners will lose the EU is currently under multiple crisis relationships with other countries ability to operate in all member emanating from financial slowdown, and whether countries outside of the countries. This could also raise the Russian challenge, security concerns. union will see a fragmented Europe as cost of airfares, the internet and even EU and Britain separately would not a weakened one. One that, say, might phone services. be able to handle a resurgent Russia. give up some power over the Balkan Similarly to deal with the security states to Russia. EU is a large market. 45% of British threats in Europe requires countries to The National Association of exports are directed towards EU. EU act in concert and not independently. Software and Services Companies is the largest market for UK’s exports (NASSCOM) in a recent report held that and one of the major sources of UK’s Implications for India IT and ITeS industry of India will have imports. Except Germany and Sweden, According to an IANS report, Britain a negative impact of close to $108bn. UK has a positive Balance of Trade with ranks 12th in terms of India’s bilateral The impact can be seen in medium all other countries of EU. Post Brexit, trade with individual countries. It is term (2-3 years). While the long term access to EU markets would suffer for also among 7 in top 25 countries with impact and its actual evaluation is still UK. A hard Brexit would hurt Britain's which India enjoys a trade surplus. a matter to be unfolded in future. younger workers. Germany is projected India invests more in UK than the rest of to have a labor shortage of two million Europe combined, emerging as the 3rd workers by 2030. Those jobs will no largest FDI investor. Access to European General Studies Paper- II longer be as readily available to the markets, therefore, is a key driver for Topic: Effect of policies and politics of U.K.'s workers after Brexit. Indian companies setting shop in UK. developed and developing countries Geopolitically, it raises questions Britain coming out of EU is likely to on India's interests, Indian diaspora. over the future of Scotland and affect the business prospects of these Northern Ireland. In an interconnected companies. Rupee may depreciate mmm

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5. COAL: IS STILL THE SECRET OF WORLD ENERGY

Why in News? rapid change anticipated for the Indian Coal and Its Uses energy system in the New Policies The Trump administration is rolling Coal is one of the most important back a climate change regulation Scenario does not translate into a primary fossil fuels, a solid carbon- that restricted new coal plants. The dramatic shift in the energy mix. Coal rich material that is usually brown Environmental Protection Agency, now retains a central position in the mix, or black and most often occurs in led by acting Administrator Andrew increasing its overall share in primary stratified sedimentary deposits. Coal Wheeler, a former coal lobbyist, has energy from 44% in 2013 to 49% in is an abundant natural resource that announced more rollbacks regulations 2040.” can be used as a source of energy, as a on coal-fired power plants. The chemical source from which numerous Coal Scenario in India proposed rolling back an Obama-era synthetic compounds (e.g., dyes, oils, rule requiring new U.S. coal plants to India’s total coal reserve is estimated waxes, pharmaceuticals and pesticides) slash carbon emissions, a move that at a little more than 300 billion can be derived and in the production could crack open the door in coming tonnes. If 50% of that is extractable, of coke for metallurgical processes. years for new plants fired by the fossil a 1-billion-tonne annual consumption Coal is a major source of energy in the fuel. will translate into availability for 150 production of electrical power using years. Nearly 63 percent of the India’s steam generation. Introduction total energy requirements are met Types of Coal Coal is an anachronism that also from coal. The country continues to There are four major types (or “ranks”) of happens to be the single largest source significantly rely on coal for electricity coal. Rank refers to steps in a slow, natural of electricity on the planet. Growth in generation and this abundant and process called “coalification,” during which global coal consumption slows sharply affordable fossil fuel accounts for 61 buried plant matter changes into an ever denser, drier, more carbon rich, and harder relatively to the past, with falls in percent of the country’s electricity material. The four ranks are: China and Organisation for Economic output. The available coal reserves ¾¾ Anthracite: The highest rank of coal. Co-operation and Development in India are sufficient to meet our It is a hard, brittle and black lustrous (OECD) offset by increasing demand in needs for at least another 100 years. coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed India and other emerging Asia. In the India is the world’s third largest coal evolving transition (ET) scenario, coal carbon and a low percentage of producing country and second largest volatile matter. demand flatlines, in sharp contrast coal importer. ¾¾ Bituminous: Bituminous coal to the past 25 years, during which As coal will continue to power a large is a middle rank coal between coal was the largest source of energy subbituminous and anthracite. and possibly even increasing share of growth. Much of that slowing is driven Bituminous usually has a high heating by China, where coal consumption is the Indian economy in the foreseeable (Btu) value and is the most common type of coal used in electricity broadly flat over the next 10 years or future, managing the negative side effects of the power industry due to generation in the United States. so, before declining thereafter. Even Bituminous coal appears shiny and so, China remains the world’s largest environmental degradation should be smooth when you first see it, but look market for coal, accounting for 40% of seen as a continued priority. In India, closer and you may see it has layers. global coal demand in 2040. coal has always been thought of as ¾¾ Subbituminous: Subbituminous coal the raw material for power. Because is black in color and dull (not shiny) Coal demand within the and has a higher heating value than the demand from the power sector OECD declines, largely driven by lignite. was much more than the availability environmental policies, except in the ¾¾ Lignite: Lignite coal, aka brown coal, US where the availability of low-cost of coal in the last 10 years, no serious is the lowest grade coal with the least natural gas is the main factor driving thought has gone into any other use concentration of carbon. out coal. In contrast, coal demand for coal. Coal-fired power contributes ¾¾ Peat: Peat is not actually coal, but substantially more to output than to rather the precursor to coal. Peat is within India and other emerging a soft organic material consisting of Asian economies increases, as these overall costs, helping to keep electricity partly decayed plant and, in some economies continue to industrialize and tariffs affordable for consumers in cases, deposited mineral matter. electrify their economies. According to a period when India is adding more When peat is placed under high International Energy Agency (IEA), “the costly sources of power. pressure and heat, it becomes coal.

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In addition, gasification and ¡¡ The U.S. electricity system percent of the world coal consumption. liquefaction of coal produce gaseous continues to replace aging coal China’s per capita coal consumption and liquid fuels that can be easily and nuclear with cheaper gas and peaked at 1.45 tons of oil equivalent in transported (e.g., by pipeline) and renewable resources, assuming 2013. By 2017, China’s per capita coal conveniently stored in tanks. After the there is no lasting federal policy consumption fell to 1.37 tons of oil tremendous rise in coal use in the early intervention to prevent their equivalent. 2000s, which was primarily driven by retirement. Coal and nuclear are India is the world’s second largest the growth of China’s economy, coal pushed out by age and economics, coal consumer. In 2017, India’s coal use worldwide peaked in 2012. Since such that by 2050 both nuclear and consumption reached 424 million tons then coal use has experienced a steady coal have almost disappeared from of oil equivalent, accounting for 11 decline, offset largely by increases in the electricity mix. percent of the world coal consumption. natural gas use. ¡¡ The U.K.'s plan to close its From 1990 to 2017, India’s per According to the BP Statistical remaining coal-fired power capita coal consumption rose from Review of World Energy, world coal stations by 2025 reduces the role 126 kilograms of oil equivalent to consumption was 3,732 million tons of of fossil fuels in generation to 12% 317 kilograms of oil equivalent. If oil equivalent in 2017. Between 2007 by 2030. At the same time, growth India’s per capita coal consumption and 2017, world coal consumption in high capacity factor offshore continues to follow its historical trend grew at an average annual rate of 0.8 wind pushes renewables up to 73% in relation to per capita GDP, India’s percent. Coal’s share in the global of generation. By 2050, the U.K. per capita coal consumption will rise energy mix is forecast to decline from has added 158 GW of wind and to 676 kilograms of oil equivalent by 27% in 2016 to 26% in 2022 on sluggish solar, as well as 49 GW of demand growth relative to other fuels. 2050 (when India’s per capita GDP batteries and renewables provide is projected to rise to about 19,000 Growth through 2022 is 83% of generation. dollars). India’s population is expected concentrated in India, Southeast Asia ¡¡ Poland and Germany also have to grow to 1.72 billion by 2050. Given and a few other countries in Asia. Coal long-established mining industries, these projections, India’s coal demand demand declines in Europe, Canada, Even Poland, hosted UN climate will rise to about 1.2 billion tons of oil the United States and China. As a result talks, has just released a target to equivalent by 2050. of these contrasting trends, global coal reduce coal’s share of power to demand reaches 5 530 Mtce in 2022, 32% by 2040. Impact on Health which is only marginally higher than When coal is burned it releases a number ¡¡ Netherlands has used more coal current levels. This means that coal of airborne toxins and pollutants. They use stagnates for around a decade. in recent years to compensate include mercury, lead, sulfur dioxide, Although coal-fired power generation for shortfalls in natural gas. The nitrogen oxides, particulates and various increases by 1.2% per year in the Netherland announced earlier this other heavy metals. Health impacts year that it would ban coal power can range from asthma and breathing period 2016-22, its share of the power difficulties, to brain damage, heart mix falls to just below 36% by 2022, the in the coming decade. problems, cancer, neurological disorders lowest level since International Energy and premature death. Developing Economy Agency (IEA) statistics began. China and India: The two countries Conflict with the West Developed Economy that really matter, though, are those The Chinese share in global emissions The higher-income countries that fit the junk-food analogy best. is now close to 30%, whereas its share tend to be both less energy-intensive According to the International Energy in global population is just about 17%. and use less coal. Looking at those Agency’s World Energy Outlook, these India’ share in global population is anomalous developed economies, coal two countries dominate any projected 16%, while its share in emissions is is clearly on the decline in most. growth in coal burnt for power or only 6%-7%. Developed countries did contribute a large part of the decline in ¡¡ Australia sticks out for being rich, want to club India with China and said energy efficient and yet addicted a greener climate. that what applied to China, applied to to coal—not a big surprise, given it China is the world’s largest coal India too. Fortunately, India has not is a huge producer. Coal power still consumer. In 2017, China’s coal succumbed to that. Using more coal dominates in Australia today, but consumption was 1,893 million tons to meet the energy demand from the its prospects are waning. of oil equivalent, accounting for 51 same thermal capacity for the next 20

December 2018 A Issue-5 14 Current Affairs : Perfect 7 years will not put India at disadvantage of electricity generation, as well as pollution caused by the burning of given its commitment to meet the playing a crucial role in industries such fossil fuels has caused the deaths of Climate Change COP 21 obligations. as iron and steel. Despite legitimate many people around the world by As per the obligations, India’s concerns about air pollution and causing respiratory problems. Not renewable capacity should be 40% of greenhouse gas emissions, coal use only has the pollution worsened, the total capacity by 2030. Including will continue to be significant in the but the supply of fossil fuels is not hydro-based power, that capacity future. Therefore greater efforts are limitless – as humanity’s reliance is currently at 28%. Once India needed by government and industry increases the supply decreases, and implements the 175 GW renewable to embrace less polluting and more that is all the more reason to break programme, the 40% criteria will be efficient technologies to ensure that humanity’s reliance on fossil fuels. achieved. Besides, India is well within coal becomes a much cleaner source Fossil fuels should be replaced with the COP 21 obligation till it uses of energy in the decades to come. cleaner alternatives because fossil 1,500 million tonnes of coal a year as Over the last two centuries, fuels cause environmental hazards, are compared with 800 million tonnes now humanity has become increasingly non-renewable, and are detrimental to to generate energy. Analysts also said reliant on fossil fuels. Over that time, human health. India could continue with a coal-based growth plan, which is cost effective. the consequences of constantly burning fossil fuels have accumulated This is what China has done to place its General Studies Paper- III into a threat to industrialized cities. economy on a solid footing. Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, The burning of fossil fuels causes acid Roads, Airports, Railways etc. Way Forward rain to shower on cities and ecosystems Coal supplies a third of all energy around the world, tormenting their used worldwide and makes up 40% inhabitants. The increasingly deadly mmm

6. A CLIMATE RULEBOOK: TOWARDS ACHIEVING CLIMATE TARGETS

Why in News? concern for the poorest and developing the conference extracted little more nations were diluted or postponed. At than platitudes on climate finance. The global fight against climate the same time, several countries and Vulnerable countries had to remain change reached another milestone nongovernmental organisations have content with mere reiteration of the when negotiators from 196 countries said the deal reached in Katowice, international wish to mobilise support finalised a rulebook for the 2015 Paris though welcome, was not enough. Agreement in recently concluded 24th for such global needs. Not only was no meeting of the Conference of the The 1.5 Degree Report, which was roadmap adopted for the mobilisation Parties (COP24) to the United Nations produced by the Intergovernmental of funds till 2020, no specific process Framework Convention on Climate Panel on Climate Change in October has been initiated for fixing the long- Change (UNFCCC) held in the city of 2018, showed that the Earth is close to term goals of finance by 2025, which is Katowice, Poland. The finalisation a climate catastrophe. It issued a stark a legal mandate of the Paris Agreement. paves the way for implementation warning on man-made emissions. It No clear guarantees could be obtained of the Paris Agreement, which is said that to cap the rise in global average from the developed countries to even supposed to replace the existing Kyoto temperature over pre-industrial levels report their commitments through an Protocol in 2020. at 1.5°C, a 45% reduction in emissions international process. over 2010 levels must be made by However, the heart of the Introduction 2030. conference lay elsewhere. The The creation of the rulebook at the It was widely believed, before the most intense debates took place on annual year-ending, two-week climate commencement of the conference, devising Modalities, Procedures and change conference, this time held in that the absence of an agreement on Guidelines (MPGs) of the Transparency Katowice, Poland, has been hailed as an climate finance would be a deal breaker. Framework, whose objective is to important step that has breathed life Africa and the small islands had pitched hold each country accountable for its into the Paris Agreement. While there their hopes on such an agreement, in promised actions. The Paris Agreement was some progress on the process by the beginning. However, weakened binds each country, irrespective of which the Paris Agreement of 2015 alliances and disagreements from its status, in terms of development, would be implemented, key issues of within the G77 and China ensured that to report and, inter alia, account for

15 December 2018 A Issue-5 Current Affairs : Perfect 7 its emissions as part of Nationally One important element could not and would agree to start a process Determined Contributions (NDCs). be agreed upon relates to Article 6 of towards that. But that did not happen. It also mandates that MPGs for the Paris Agreement which talks about Instead, an ugly battle was fought over transparency be finalised early so as setting up a market mechanism for how to acknowledge the IPCC report. to track progress made by countries in trading of carbon emissions.In the last It was not suitably acknowledged as achieving their targets or actions. And few years, as several countries walked an evidence-based cause for alarm by on this front, more or less, COP24 was out of the Kyoto Protocol, and no the countries like U.S., Saudi Arabia successful in devising a rulebook. country was feeling compelled to meet and Russia, however. These countries its 2020 emission reduction targets, wanted the report to be “noted” but What is in the Rulebook? there has been virtually no demand for not “welcomed”. Broadly, the Paris Agreement, which carbon credits. As a result, developing Similarly, the absence of any seeks to keep the global average countries like China, India and Brazil indication towards increasing temperatures “well below” 2°C from have accumulated huge amounts of “ambition” of climate actions was pre-industrial times, specifies what unused carbon credits. Together, China one major disappointment of the steps countries need to take in the fight and Brazil are estimated to account for Katowice conference and it was voiced against climate change. The rulebook about 70% of global unused carbon repeatedly by the small island states prescribes how to do those things and credits. When the rulebook was being and the least developing countries, how each of them would be measured discussed in Katowice, these countries which are expected to face the worst and verified. argued that their unused carbon impacts of climate change. For example, the Paris Agreement credits should be considered valid in Funds were also required from says every country must have a climate the new market mechanism that was rich countries for the losses and action plan and that this should be being created, something that the damages borne by poor nations. periodically updated and submitted developed countries opposed strongly. While this meeting was not about to the UN climate body. The rulebook The developed countries questioned loss and damage per se, this item will now specifies what actions can be the authenticity of the unused carbon take greater precedence as warming included in the action plan, how and credits, pointing to weak verification effects intensify. Technology transfer when to submit them. Further, the mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol and capacity building support are also Paris Agreement asks every member that allowed dubious projects to nation to submit information about claim carbon credits. The stalemate issues of importance to vulnerable their greenhouse gas emissions every proved intractable and, eventually, countries and poor, developing two years. The rulebook specifies which the decision on both forms of market countries that need help to transition gases to measure, what methodologies had to be deferred to the next climate from high to low carbon economies. and standards to apply while measuring conference. There is little to no finance available them and the kinds of information to for poor and developing nations. The be included in their submissions. Was COP24 only About the details on funding and building capacity Rulebook? Again, under the Paris Agreement, have been postponed. References developed countries are supposed to It was primarily about the rulebook. to “equity” in the draft rule book provide “climate finance” to developing But a few other discussions had also were erased. Article 9 (the provision countries to help them deal with become important, particularly the of financial support to developing climate change and submit an account one around the need to step up climate countries from industrialised nations) of this. The rulebook says what kinds actions in the light of several studies was ignored; instead, there was an of financial flows — loans, concessions, that pointed out that current level of emphasis on carbon markets and grants — can be classified as climate actions were insufficient to hold the insurance mechanisms. finance, how they should be accounted global average temperature within 2°C for and the kind of information about above pre-industrial levels. The special COP24 and Challenges for them needed to be submitted. report of the Intergovernmental Panel India The rulebook contains various on Climate Change (IPCC) on the Considering the fact that global other processes and guidelines needed feasibility of attaining a 1.5°C target, emissions are rising and emerging for implementing the other provisions which had come out weeks ahead countries are expected to contribute of the Paris Agreement. In short, it of the Katowice meeting, had added to emission reductions, the challenge holds the operational details of the urgency to the discussions. for a country like India is to keep a Paris Agreement. The rulebook is a It was expected that the countries healthy balance between national dynamic document, meaning new rules would give some indication of their developmental needs and international can be added, or existing rules can be willingness to do more that what obligations to account for the amended. they were currently committed to emissions. The Paris Agreement does

December 2018 A Issue-5 16 Current Affairs : Perfect 7 assure flexibility to those developing coal, shifting substantially to electric Although the outcome does not countries that need it, according to mobility and adopting green industrial adequately reflects the short window their capacity. However, two decisions processes. Taxing luxury emissions and available to make deep greenhouse taken in Katowice would determine using the dividend to give the poor gas emissions cuts. Many international the extent of the flexibility available to energy access has to be the policy civil society groups expressed utter India. target, building on international green dismay over the disregard of equity. The first relates to the year when climate funding linkages. Poor and developing countries whose all countries have to begin furnishing After all, at an estimated 1.2 tonnes greenhouse gas emissions have been their national inventory of emissions, low or negligible will bear the brunt of CO2 per capita, India emits far below and other actions, under the new the global average of 4.2 tonnes. Yet, of warming effects. Whether or not arrangements. The year chosen at cumulative emissions determine the funds will be replenished even for the Katowice is 2024. India will need to impact on climate and India’s emissions implementation of the current NDCs is have its emissions data of 2022 ready grew at an estimated 6.3% in 2018. The unclear. Funds for finance, better terms in 2024 to be able to report under the prospect of increased frequency and for new technologies to be transferred new arrangements. intensity of extreme weather events to developing and vulnerable countries The second, more important and sea level rise in a warming world and economic and non-economic decision, relates to the retention of affecting small island states allows little support for loss and damage and flexibility by developing countries in room for complacency. The task now is their equitable moorings in the text the accounting of their actions for to achieve a paradigm shift that will have been eliminated, minimised or international review. At Katowice, slow down the addition of new sources footnoted. Yet, the Paris Agreement, almost all developing countries argued of carbon emissions. As a party to the endorsed by 195 countries under the for avoiding limitations on flexibility — global climate compact, India has to UN Framework Convention on Climate needed by countries like India without systematically assess its emissions Change (UNFCCC), has a long road a national inventory management and measure mitigation actions for ahead before carbon emissions can be system, which requires time to be built reporting to the UNFCCC at stock- pegged at levels flagged by scientists. up. taking meetings. This is an opportunity Local and state-level action that While developing economies can to bring major sectors such as energy keeps climate change at the centre use flexibility in applying the 2006 production, building, agriculture and and fully incorporated into “good IPCC Guidelines for preparation of transport on board and make changes inventories as per their capacity, an development” is the most critical to regulations that favour environment- obligation has also been placed on policy perspective nations can adopt. friendly alternatives. China has taken them to indicate a time schedule for As long as people and governments the lead in advancing electric mobility, exhausting these flexibilities. Moreover, treat climate and environment as while individual States and cities are adverse transparency findings can also marginal to development and well- ahead of national governments, as result in the initiation of compliance being as marginal to GDP growth, proceedings against a country. in the U.S., in reducing their carbon climate change impacts will strain footprint. A clean-up in India will help and tear every weak stitch of the Climate Change and India meet emissions commitments and world’s economic and development remove the blanket of air pollution that The IPCC climate change report fabric. There is hope in youth action makes it clear that the world will is suffocating entire cities. in various parts of the globe, from witness greater sea level rise, higher Way Forward Europe to Australia to the U.S. As Greta frequency of droughts and floods and Thunberg, a 15-year-old activist from The UN Climate Conference held in heatwaves and countries like India with Sweden said: Katowice, Poland, has moved ahead large populations dependent on the “If solutions within the system are agricultural and fishery sectors, would with the implementation of the Paris so impossible to find, maybe we should be highly impacted. This is a challenge Agreement through a single rulebook change the system itself.” for all big economies, including India, which has been produced for all which is among the top five emitters of countries and will serve as a foundation carbon dioxide. In the Indian context, for more detailed rules and structures. General Studies Paper- III It reflects strong support among it highlights the need for action on Topic: Conservation, environmental several fronts: scaling up solar and citizens of all countries for urgent pollution and degradation, environ- wind power in line with the goal of action to avert dangerous climate mental impact assessment. reaching 175 GW of renewable energy change. Public pressure has prevailed by 2022, steadily reducing reliance on over skepticism. mmm

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7. THE GRAVITY OF AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA IS BECOMING SEVERE

Why in News? Quite unexpectedly to different ¡¡ Lead – Extended exposure may characteristics of air pollution with lead to seizures, mental problems Air pollution accounts for one out solid particles, the incidence of allergy and behavioural disorders. At low of every eight deaths in India. As an is consistently higher in the towns environmental scourge that killed an doses lead exposure is linked to people than inhabitants of rural areas. estimated 1.24 million people in India damage of the nervous systems in in 2017. The deadly results of official The increase in the intensity of road young children. traffic shows a parallel increase with apathy are outlined in the Global ¡¡ Carbon monoxide - CO reduces Burden of Disease 2017 report on allergy, what leads to the hypothesis oxygen in the blood stream, when the impact of air pollution on deaths, that environmental air particulate it enters the body through the disease burden, and life expectancy matter pollution may be at least lungs. The danger of this pollutant across the states of India, published by partially responsible for the increase of increases in people who suffer The Lancet. the incidence of allergic diseases. cardiovascular diseases such as angina. Introduction What is Air Pollution? ¡¡ Benzene– Long term inhalation Air pollution can be defined as Today millions of people are without can cause disorders in the blood – the presence of toxic chemicals basic needs of cloth, shelter, health, including reduced red blood cells or compounds (including those of education and employment. This is not and anemia due to overpopulation alone but also biological origin) in the air, at levels ¡¡ Particulate matter – These due to environmental consequences. that pose a health risk. In an even particulates are so small that they The loss of forests, fertility of soil, broader sense, air pollution means the get deep into your respiratory tract productivity and energy crisis have presence of chemicals or compounds and increase the risk of disorders. created many problems. The pollution in the air which are usually not present created by industries, vehicles etc. and which lower the quality of the air ¡¡ Oxides of Nitrogen – it has a direct and over-consumption by the affluent or cause detrimental changes to the effect on health, as short-term society lead to the rapid depletion quality of life (such as the damaging exposure reduces lung function while long term exposure is linked of basic natural resources. Many of the ozone layer or causing global to increased risk of respiratory human problems are also due to warming). mismanagement of environment which infection in children. NOx levels is created by man himself. Air quality is Which Pollutants Are in urban areas are influenced by a cause for concern in India, particularly Dangerous? weather episodes, which accounts in cities where air pollutants including for some of the variation seen in While all pollutants in the atmosphere particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide annual results. cause harm to the planet, there are (O ), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon 2 some that are more dangerous than Particulate Matter (PM) monoxide (CO), and ozone (O ) often 3 others. The more dangerous air exceed the National Ambient Air PM stands for particulate matter (also pollutants are: Quality Standards (NAAQS). called particle pollution); the term ¡¡ Sulphur Dioxide – High The nature of urban and rural air for a mixture of solid particles and concentrations can result in pollution is quite different in India, liquid droplets found in the air. Some breathing impairment for therefore, their respective causes, particles, such as dust, dirt, soot, or asthmatics who are active effects and remedies are also different. smoke, are large or dark enough to be outdoors. Air pollution in the environment is seen with the naked eye. Others are so determined by various sources of ¡¡ Ozone at ground level - Exposure to small they can only be detected using contamination. In urban areas this is this can irritate breathing, decrease an electron microscope. mainly due to road traffic, combustion lung function, inflame airways and Particle pollution includes: of energetic materials and industrial worsen lung conditions such as emission. Specific composition of asthma. It can also affect crops ¡¡ PM10 : inhalable particles, with rural air particulate contents is rich of and other vegetation and even diameters that are generally 10 pollen, animal and microbial allergens. buildings. micrometers and smaller; and

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¡¡ PM2.5: fine inhalable particles, smaller than 2.5mm, can easily get into and household air pollution, the with diameters that are generally the respiratory tract and settle in the researchers say, people living in 2.5 micrometers and smaller. lungs, and some may even get into our the worst-affected States of Uttar Particulate Lead (Pb): Lead arises bloodstream. Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Jharkhand could add more than 1.7 from natural as well as anthropogenic ¡¡ The study estimates that 1.24 sources in ambient air. Human’ million deaths in India in 2017 years to their life expectancy. exposure to lead can result in a wide could be attributed to air pollution, ¡¡ India’s annual average level of range of biological effects depending including 0.67 million to ambient fine inhalable particles in the air, on the level and duration of exposure. particulate matter pollution, and commonly referred to as PM 2.5, was 90 µg/m3--the fourth highest in Particulate Nickel (Ni) Nickel 0.48 million to household air the world and more than twice the in ambient air mainly comes from pollution. limit of 40 µg/m³ recommended by combustion of fuel oil, coke in power ¡¡ Millions of people are forced to the NAAQS in India and nine times plants, refineries and other industries. lead morbid lives or face premature the World Health Organization Particulate Arsenic (As) Arsenic death due to bad air quality. At annual limit of 10 µg/m3. is a highly toxic semi-metallic least 11% of premature deaths in ¡¡ In 2017, about 77% of India’s element. Arsenic has both natural people younger than 70 years were population was found to be due to polluted air. and anthropogenic sources. Rock exposed to ambient air pollution pyrite leaches Arsenic in soil through ¡¡ The life expectancy in India would levels above the national safe limit. aberration and fossil fuel burning (coal) have been increased by 1.7 years As per the latest emission inventory also adds Arsenic in Environment. if pollution levels had been lower prepared by System of Air Quality and than the minimum levels associated Air Pollution in India Weather Forecasting and Research with health loss. (SAFAR), emissions attributable to the According to the study, India has ¡¡ No State met the annual average transport sector have increased by at one of the highest annual average exposure norm for PM2.5 of 10 least 40% in the last eight years in the ambient particulate matter PM2.5 micrograms per cubic metre set by National Capital Region. exposure levels in the world. The the World Health Organisation. Urban Air Pollution: Urban air effects of PM2.5 are more dangerous quality has generally been deteriorated than any other particulate matter, as ¡¡ If the country paid greater throughout the Indian cities. The these particles with a size equal to, or attention to ambient air quality reasons are raising number of motor A few Measures to Reduce the Air Pollution vehicles, especially poorly maintained, Urban Air Pollution Rural Air Pollution and growing industrialisation without 1. Strengthening and introduction of mass (i) Providing an affordable clean fuel for any priority for pollution abatement. transit system as these use significantly substitute to bio-fuels, Indian cities are considered as some less fuel per person per kilometre. (ii) Installation of efficient smokeless of the most polluted cities in the world 2. Vehicles with old technology should be chullahs (much effort has been done in and on the top of the list is the national banned from big cities. this direction by government), capital, New Delhi. 3. Two/three-wheelers should be (iii) Good ventilation to houses, The single most factors responsible upgraded to four-stroke engines. (iv) Providing bio-gas facilities, and above 4. Heavy duty vehicles should not be all for this deterioration of air quality in allowed to ply on the inner city roads (v) The habits of rural masses be changed, cities are the exponential increase at peak hours (8 to 12 noon and 4 to 8 therefore, awareness regarding ill- in petrol and diesel fuelled vehicles. p.m.) so as to reduce traffic stagnation. effects of the use of bio-fuels should be Industries are also responsible for 5. Catalytic converters should be made developed among rural people. the air pollution in India. Most of the compulsory for all petrol-driven vehicles industries are located near cities, and diesel vehicles must have a particle trap. irrespective any environmental 6. Better urban design to avoid congestion consideration. In addition, there is a and reduce transport needs. large concentration of chemical units 7. Better and efficient traffic control plan. within 30 km of the city. 8. Encourage the introduction of modern Rural Air Pollution: In India, rural technology in vehicles and also, the use population uses substantial quantities of electric or battery-operated vehicles. of non-commercial fuel, i.e., crop

19 December 2018 A Issue-5 Current Affairs : Perfect 7 residues, animal dung or wood in regulation and upgrading vehicles to ¡¡ Banning of burning of leaves/ cooking. Although, gradually, its use is more fuel-efficient standards is a step biomass. decreasing as a percentage of total fuel in that direction. ¡¡ Relevant draft rules, including consumption or in terms of per capita A big step has been taken in those pertaining to construction use, but it still provides 80 per cent of controlling household air pollution with and demolition waste have been rural energy for cooking. Air pollutants the launch of the Prime Minister Ujjwala notified. due to bio-fuels are largely released Yojana to provide clean cooking-gas ¡¡ Stringent industrial standards have directly where people are inside or connections. . A shift away from solid been formulated and notified for near households during lunch/dinner fuels to LPG in millions of low-income public/stakeholder’s comments. every day. homes has provided health benefits. ¡¡ Government is giving high priority Although the emissions are The potential of domestic biogas units, for public partnership in lane relatively modest, the actual exposure solar cookers and improved biomass discipline, car pooling, vehicle to people is significant in many millions cookstoves has to be explored, since maintenance, pollution under of households around the country. they impose no additional expenditure control certification etc. Several health effects are suspected to on rural and less affluent households. arise due to smoke such as respiratory Such measures should, of course, be ¡¡ Out of 2800 major industries, 920 infection in children, chronic lung complemented by strong control over industries have installed on-line diseases and lung cancer in adults, and urban sources of pollution. continuous (24X7) monitoring adverse pregnancy outcomes, such The Government after realizing the devices. as low birth weight and still birth, for gravity of pollution, have also taken the women exposed during pregnancy. National Air Quality Monitoring following measures: Programme Steps Taken By Government ¡¡ Clean India Mission (Swatch Bharat A network of 295 Ambient Air Quality Abhiyan) has been launched; Monitoring Stations, covering 90 towns/ for Prevention and Control of cities all over the country, has been set ¡¡ Draft Rules for handing and Pollution in India up by Central Pollution Control Board management of municipal waste in coordination with the State Pollution As population migrating to cities steadily have been notified for comments Control Boards/Pollution Control rise, it is important that a sustainability of stakeholders. Committees and other institutions for agenda to reduce air pollution be carrying out regular monitoring. ¡¡ Standards for sewage treatment included in the government’s Smart Under National Air Quality Monitoring plants have been notified for Cities Mission. It is time that we take Programme (NAMP), four air pollutants, comments of stakeholders. viz., sulphur dioxide (SO ), oxides of self-regulated measures to control air 2 nitrogen as NO , Suspended Particulate ¡¡ BS-VI norms for vehicular emission 2 pollution in ways that we can, or face Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended dire consequences The discerning and are scheduled to be implemented Particulate Matter (RSPM/PM10), have alarmed consumer must rise to the across India in April 2020. been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations. Besides this, additional occasion and take charge to efficiently ¡¡ National Air Quality index was parameters such as respirable lead and control particulate matter emissions. launched by the Prime Minister in other toxic trace metals and polycyclic Adhering to stricter vehicle emissions April, 2015. aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are also being monitored in seven metro cities of Where Do They Come From? the country. Man-Made Sources Natural sources The monitoring of meteorological ¾¾ Power plants - PM10 (Particulate Matter ¾¾ Volcanoes - these produce chlorine, parameters, such as wind speed up to 10 micrometers in size), NOx, ash and sulphur and direction, relative humidity and Sulphur, Benzene ¾¾ Radon - this is found in radioactive temperature, was also integrated with the ¾¾ Waste incinerators - Sulphur , Benzene decay in the Earth's crust monitoring of air quality. The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours with ¾¾ Motor vehicles - PM10 (diesel engines), ¾¾ Smoke - caused by wildfires N0x, lead (petrol), Benzene / Carbon a frequency of twice a week, to have 104 ¾¾ Methane - from animals' digestive observations in a year. monoxide (exhaust fumes) systems ¾¾ Aircraft ¾¾ Dust - from expanses of land with little ¡¡ Revision of emission standards ¾¾ Marine vessels or no vegetation: PM10 including thermal power plants, ¾¾ Fertilisers ¾¾ Windblown sea salt – PM10 cement plants, etc.; ¾¾ Landfills ¾¾ Air masses – Ozone ¡¡ Ban on stubble burning in NCR ¾¾ Cigarette smoke - Benzene States.

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Air Pollution And Climate directives after the Paris agreement There is an emergent need Change in 2015 recommend a reduction in for people to adopt a sustainable emissions of 40% by 2030. Climate change is a major threat to lifestyle that relies on lesser energy the health of our planet. Air pollution consumption technologies and Way Forward is closely linked but they are usually equipment. Sustainable building treated as separate problems. Rising Today, India has the unique designs that reduce energy opportunity to further the air pollution consumption and maintain proper air- levels of CO2 and other air-polluting gases increase the greenhouse effect, abatement measures, at the urban light balance to substantially reduce which in turn raises temperatures and and the regional scale, but these heating and cooling costs are effective affects global weather patterns. So, depend on effective inter-sector and steps. Less energy consumption means while climate change and air pollution inter-ministerial collaboration. This is less carbon dioxide emissions from are not the same issue per se, there are primarily due to the fact that all the power plants that help generate that strong linkages and synergies between sources contributing to the air pollution energy. At present, nearly two-thirds of the two areas. are interlinked. Among the sectors, the electricity in India is produced from The Kyoto Protocol: The United transportation is the most critical and fossil fuels, mainly coal, and India has Nations agreed a Convention to most connected. Following the review, pledged in the Paris Climate Agreement tackle the problem. Later this was two challenges have emerged for better to generate 40% of its electricity from strengthened by the Kyoto Protocol, air quality in Indian cities the need to renewable sources by 2030. A complete when developed countries agreed to secure greater public awareness of the transition to cleaner fuels is the need reduce their emissions of greenhouse problems and commitment to action at of the hour and efforts need to be gas (GHG) by 5.2% below the 1990 level. civic, commercial, and political levels supported by application of emission- The Kyoto Protocol's first commitment to ensure that action to tackle air controlling strategies and policies to period started in 2008 and ended in pollution is seen in the context of wider reduce total energy consumption in 2012. social and economic development household and workplaces. During the second Kyoto Protocol policies. For example, how much can commitment period, Parties committed these interventions help reduce the to reduce GHG emissions by at least local challenges, like providing safer General Studies Paper- III 18 percent below 1990 levels in the and reliable public transportation Topic: Conservation, environmental eight-year period from 2013 to 2020; systems; cleaner and efficient waste pollution and degradation, environ- however, the composition of Parties management; dust free roads; and mental impact assessment. in the second commitment period is pollution free industries and power different from the first. Current EU plants. mmm

21 December 2018 A Issue-5 Current Affairs : Perfect 7 SEVEN SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS WITH MODEL ANSWERS

of sharp increases in both local pollution levels and

Strategy for New India @ 75: in CO2 emissions that, if unchecked, threaten to stall NITI Aayog or reverse progress. India is also not creating enough jobs: even though data on employment in India are Q1. "The ‘Strategy for New India @ 75’ reflects our solid both low quality and controversial. Unfortunately, we foundation for clean, inclusive and sustainable growth are not well-positioned to follow the export-led growth for the next three decades." Critically examine. path that allowed many Asian countries to climb out of Hints: poverty. Despite abundant cheap labor, we are not part of many global supply chains. Even as global firms seek ‹‹ The NITI Aayog unveiled its comprehensive national to diversify away from China so as to reduce political Strategy for New India, which defines clear objectives risk, India is rarely seen as an obvious alternative. for 2022-23. It is a detailed exposition across forty- ‹‹ By 2022, 'New India' will provide a solid foundation for one crucial areas, that recognizesthe progress already clean, inclusive, sustained and sustainable growth for made, identifies binding constraints and suggests the next three decades. The ‘Strategy for New India @ the way forward for achieving the clearly stated 75’ reflects our preparedness to make this transition. objectives. All levels of government must work together to achieve ‹‹ The report identifies 41 key areas, placed under four the vision of 'New India'. Working together as ‘Team categories: Drivers, Infrastructure, Inclusion and India’ will ensure prosperity for all while protecting Governance. our environment and promoting the emergence of an ‹‹ The first section on 'Drivers' focuses on the engines of innovative eco-system, propelling India to the front economic performance with chapters on growth and ranks of the global economy. employment, doubling of farmers’ incomes; upgrading the science, technology and innovation eco-system; The Culture of Freebies: Is and promoting sunrise sectors like fintech and tourism. Undermining the Sanctity of Elections ‹‹ The second section on 'Infrastructure' deals with the Q2. Fair and free elections are essential requisites to physical foundations of growth which are crucial to maintain the purity of election and to sustain the faith enhancing the competitiveness of Indian business as of the people in the election itself in a democratic also ensuring the citizens’ ease of living. setup. Examine how freebies culture impacted the ‹‹ The section on 'Inclusion' deals with the urgent task purity of the election process or exert undue influence of investing in the capabilities of all of India’s citizens. on the voters in exercising their franchise. The three themes in this section revolve around the Hints: dimensions of health, education and mainstreaming of ‹‹ Former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India C. traditionally marginalized sections of the population. Rangarajan has emphasised the need for sustained ‹‹ The final section on 'Governance' delves deep into economic growth in Tamil Nadu, even as the State how the governance structures can be streamlined and implements various welfare schemes. He also process optimised to achieve better developmental cautioned against distributing freebies without focus outcomes. and a targeted approach. In another event the Madras

‹‹ India is still one of the poorest countries in the G-20 and High Court also disapproved of the practice of the State poor countries ought to grow faster because catch-up government providing freebies to people irrespective growth is easier. As important, the benefits of growth of their economic status. in India have been distributed extremely unequally, ‹‹ A government “by the people and of the people” with top incomes rising much faster than the rest. We should quite naturally deliver ideal governance “for have seen new environmental challenges, in the form the people”, but in reality it is far apart. Basic issue

December 2018 A Issue-5 22 Current Affairs : Perfect 7

with democracy is that voters do not make rational or for Chinese dominance in global affairs and for a China- truly informed choices. There political decision making centered trading network.

seems to be driven by pre- conceived criteria plus have ‹‹ The proposed China Myanmar Economic Corridor a prejudice for instant gratification, thus keeping most (CMEC) will begin from Kunming in Yunnan province of democracies focused on the short term growth aspect. China to Mandalay in central Myanmar and extend East Thus, freebies vitiate the sanctity of elections; smearing to Yangon and West to Kyaukphyu Special Economic campaigns by candidates have a large bearing on the Zone that China helped Myanmar to establish; and voter’s personality and their choices. from Kyaukphyu port begins the strategic 1,060 km gas ‹‹ Elections are rarely fought on policy issues. Political and oil pipelines that China built across Myanmar to parties abuse the contents and the manifesto in link Kunming at an investment of $7.5 billion. whole. The national and state political parties issue ‹‹ Given Myanmar’s worsening relationship with the West their announcements in which they straightforwardly due to the crisis in Rakhine state as well as the need for guarantee such things which in like manner are termed high investments to keep the economy afloat, CMEC as "FREEBIES", targeting the gullible, credulous, is very attractive for the government in Naypyidaw. impressionable masses, thereby hoodwinking them to Myanmar’s desire to minimise Beijing’s overbearing promises which stand upon a thing line of fulfillment. influence is often neutralised by the interlinked political ‹‹ The culture of rampant free growth to the forms of and security considerations at their shared borderlands freebie is has created an adverse on society at large. and the need to seek diplomatic and economic support The freebies which are promised at the elections are from China in the face of international pressures. delivered by parties. It symbolises that a reward is ‹‹ Beijing likely understands that the viability of CMEC is being forwarded to voters and it clearly represents the closely tied with the restoration of peace and stability perks of election triumph. in Myanmar. China has been increasingly active in ‹‹ Elections are the festival of democracy, extravagant facilitating meetings between the government and doling out of freebies and monies are being utilized members of the Federal Political Negotiation and for captivating the elections, the widespread ‘gifting’ Consultative Committee (FPNCC), a seven-member of items to tempt votes and the disregard of the poll alliance of ethnic armed organizations situated in manifesto is a trend that is worrisome for the health Kachin and northern Shan states. The intervention by of democracy. China, with the goal of smoothing the way to implement ‹‹ Freebies in general is bribery not just the cash- from CMEC, will likely have an impact on Myanmar’s peace laptops to cows to mixes grinders to all sort other process. goodies, political parties of all ilk, belief and ethics have infused a draconian culture in the Indian democracy, ‹‹ Land issues and disputes between local communities a culture where freebies has been not used as a tool and contractors are a common occurrence, but not the to cure the social apathy, but conducted to create only obstacle to the project. The rise of inequality, weak financial gains, private assets and to achieve major strategic trade controls, and poor financial controls, vote pluralities. among other things, also contribute to instability and risk escalating social conflicts in CMEC project areas.

‹‹ Both countries India and Myanmar have committed China-Myanmar Economic towards to the 'Act East' and 'Neighbourhood First' Corrider: An Overview initiatives. These two policies aim to put together an "independent, active and non-aligned" foreign policy Q3. Discuss the rationale behind China-Myanmar between the two countries. CMEC deal is seen as a economic corridor and its implication to India’s 'Act positive in Myanmar; the same cannot be said in India East Policy'. where the deal is viewed as a threat to security. This Hints: new seaport is just one of the latest additions to what

‹‹ In September Myanmar signed a memorandum of many called the Chinese "string of pearls" which are understanding (MoU) with China to establish the seaports and sea facilities that are scattered across the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC), part Indian Ocean. Chief among these "pearls" are the ports of Beijing’s sprawling Belt and Road Initiative.While in Hamantota in Sri Lanka and Gwadar in Pakistan. India the Chinese government calls the initiative a bid to claims that these projects will give the Chinese military enhance regional connectivity, critics see it as a push greater access within the immediate region.

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‹‹ Myanmar, in particular, occupies a special position ‹‹ The draft agreement sets out the calculations for the in India's matrix of ties with ASEAN states. After financial settlement (or "divorce bill") that the UK will all, it is contiguous to India's Northeast region, need to pay to the EU to settle all of its obligations.

sharing a land boundary of 1,700 km with four states ‹‹ UK citizens in the EU and EU citizens in the UK, will including Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Arunachal retain their residency and social security rights after Pradesh. Major infrastructure projects such as the Brexit. The European Parliament has promised to make IndiaMyanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway can prove citizens' rights its top priority. But while politicians on to be a game-changer to connect India's Northeast all sides are telling citizens that they want them to stay, with ASEAN. India is also party to the ambitious Trans- the Brexit process has caused an enormous amount of Asian railway project, though progress has been less anxiety and uncertainty. than satisfactory because of the weak political will of ‹‹ The transition plan does not allow the U.K. to prohibit the stakeholders and differences in alignment of the the free flow of people from the EU. That was the rail network among participating countries. Without primary reason people voted for Brexit. A hard Brexit adequate cross-border connectivity, it would be highly would be disastrous for the U.K.'s financial center. It difficult for India's Northeastern states to reap the full would no longer be the base for companies that use potential of the Act East Policy. it as an English-speaking entry into the EU economy. It would hurt Britain's younger workers. Germany Brexit Deal: Journey so Far is projected to have a labor shortage of two million Q4. What is ‘Brexit deal’? Discuss its consequences on UK workers by 2030. Those jobs will no longer be as readily and European Union. Also discuss its implication on available to the U.K.'s workers after Brexit. India. ‹‹ The idea of EU stands challenged. EU whose origin Hints: lied in the centuries of war that ravaged Europe was a transformative idea in international relations, ‹‹ 'Brexit' is a word that is used as a shorthand way of saying the United Kingdom (UK) leaving the EU enmeshing countries in cooperation. With the exit of - merging the words Britain and exit to get Brexit. A UK, there is a possibility of other countries such as referendum - a vote in which everyone (or nearly Greece etc to follow suit. Thus the idea of EU stands everyone) of voting age can take part - was held on 23 challenged. June, 2016, to decide whether the UK should leave or ‹‹ Access to European markets, therefore, is a key driver remain in the European Union. Leave won by 51.9% to for Indian companies setting shop in UK. Britain coming 48.1%. The referendum turnout was 71.8%, with more out of EU is likely to affect the business prospects of than 30 million people voting. these companies. Rupee may depreciate because of

‹‹ For the UK to leave the EU it had to invoke Article 50 of the double effect of foreign fund outflow and dollar the 'Lisbon Treaty' which gives the two sides two years rise. While on the positive side, Brexit has driven away to agree the terms of the split. Since UK has triggered fears of a US Fed rate hike and could lead to lower this process on 29 March, 2017, meaning the UK is commodity prices. Brexit’s impact will be a fateful one scheduled to leave on, 29 March 2019. for commodity producers and producing nations. Also, devaluation of rupee might enhance India’s export ‹‹ The draft Brexit withdrawal agreement stands at 585 pages long. This is a legally-binding text that sets the competitiveness. terms of the UK's divorce from the EU. Below are some key points from the agreement and their meaning: Coal: Is Still the Secret of ‹‹ There will be no UK presence in the European Parliament, at the top table of the European Commission or in the World Energy European Court of Justice. The UK will have no formal Q5. Despite legitimate concerns about air pollution and say in making or amending EU rules and regulations, greenhouse gas emissions, coal use will continue to but it will have to follow them to the letter. The great be significant in the future. Critically Analyse. advantage of transition, of course, is that it buys more time for businesses and governments to prepare for a Hints: new regime and it smoothes the path out of the EU. ‹‹ Coal is an anachronism that also happens to be the single Transition also gives the UK continued access toEU largest source of electricity on the planet. Growth in databases on crucial issues like security while a future global coal consumption slows sharply relatively to the relationship is negotiated. past, with falls in China and Organisation for Economic

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Co-operation and Development (OECD) offset by as playing a crucial role in industries such as iron and increasing demand in India and other emerging Asia. steel. Despite legitimate concerns about air pollution

‹‹ Between 2007 and 2017, world coal consumption grew and greenhouse gas emissions, coal use will continue at an average annual rate of 0.8 percent.Coal’s share in to be significant in the future. Therefore greater efforts the global energy mix is forecast to decline from 27% are needed by government and industry to embrace in 2016 to 26% in 2022 on sluggish demand growth less polluting and more efficient technologies to ensure relative to other fuels. that coal becomes a much cleaner source of energy in the decades to come. ‹‹ The higher-income countries tend to be both less energy-intensive and use less coal. Looking at those anomalous developed economies, coal is clearly on A Climate Rulebook: Towards the decline in most. Australia sticks out for being rich, Achieving Climate Targets energy efficient and yet addicted to coal—not abig surprise, given it is a huge producer. Coal power still Q6. The creation of the rulebook at COP24 has been dominates in Australia today, but its prospects are hailed as an important step as it paves the way for waning. implementation of the Paris Agreement. At the ‹‹ The U.S. electricity system continues to replace aging same time, several countries and non-governmental coal and nuclear with cheaper gas and renewable organisations have said the deal is good step but not resources, assuming there is no lasting federal policy enough. Critically discuss. intervention to prevent their retirement. Coal and Hints: nuclear are pushed out by age and economics, such ‹‹ The global fight against climate change reached another that by 2050 both nuclear and coal have almost milestone when negotiators from 196 countries disappeared from the electricity mix. finalised a rulebook for the 2015 Paris Agreement in ‹‹ China is the world’s largest coal consumer. In 2017, recently concluded 24th meeting of the Conference of China’s coal consumption was 1,893 million tons of oil the Parties (COP24) to the United Nations Framework equivalents, accounting for 51 percent of the world Convention on Climate Change held in the city of coal consumption. China’s per capita coal consumption Katowice, Poland. The finalisation paves the way peaked at 1.45 tons of oil equivalent in 2013. By 2017, for implementation of the Paris Agreement, which China’s per capita coal consumption fell to 1.37 tons of is supposed to replace the existing Kyoto Protocol in oil equivalent. 2020.

‹‹ India is the world’s second largest coal consumer. In ‹‹ The creation of the rulebook has been hailed asan 2017, India’s coal consumption reached 424 million important step that has breathed life into the Paris tons of oil equivalents, accounting for 11 percent of the Agreement. While there was some progress on the world coal consumption. From 1990 to 2017, India’s process by which the Paris Agreement of 2015 would per capita coal consumption rose from 126 kilograms be implemented, key issues of concern for the poorest of oil equivalent to 317 kilograms of oil equivalent. and developing nations were diluted or postponed. At

‹‹ The Chinese share in global emissions is now close the same time, several countries and non-governmental to 30%, whereas its share in global population is just organisations have said the deal reached in Katowice, about 17%. India’ share in global population is 16%, though welcome, was not enough. while its share in emissions is only 6%-7%. Developed ‹‹ The rulebook contains various other processes countries did want to club India with China and said and guidelines needed for implementing the other that what applied to China, applied to India too. Using provisions of the Paris Agreement. In short, it holds more coal to meet the energy demand from the same the operational details of the Paris Agreement. The thermal capacity for the next 20 years will not put India rulebook is a dynamic document, meaning new rules at disadvantage given its commitment to meet the can be added, or existing rules amended. Climate Change COP 21 obligations. Analysts also said ‹‹ It was expected that the countries would give some India could continue with a coal-based growth plan, indication of their willingness to do more that what which is cost effective. This is what China has done to they were currently committed to, and would agree to place its economy on a solid footing. start a process towards that. But that did not happen.

‹‹ Coal supplies a third of all energy used worldwide ‹‹ Similarly, the absence of any indication towards and makes up 40% of electricity generation, as well increasing “ambition” of climate actions was one major

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disappointment of the Katowice conference, and it was effects and remedies are also different. Air pollution voiced repeatedly by the small island states and the in the environment is determined by various sources least developing countries, which are expected to face of contamination. In urban areas this is mainly due to the worst impacts of climate change. road traffic, combustion of energetic materials and ‹‹ The details on funding and building capacity have been industrial emission. Specific composition of rural air postponed. References to “equity” in the draft rule particulate contents are rich of pollen, animal and book were erased. Article 9 (the provision of financial microbial allergens. support to developing countries from industrialised ‹‹ Rising levels of CO and other air-polluting gases nations) was ignored; instead, there was an emphasis 2 increase the greenhouse effect, which in turn raises on carbon markets and insurance mechanisms. temperatures and affects global weather patterns. So, ‹‹ Although the outcome does not adequately reflects the while climate change and air pollution are not the same short window available to make deep greenhouse gas issue per se, there are strong linkages and synergies emissions cuts. Many international civil society groups between the two areas. expressed utter dismay over the disregard of equity. Poor and developing countries whose greenhouse gas ‹‹ The two challenges have emerged for better air quality emissions have been low or negligible will bear the in Indian cities the need to secure greater public brunt of warming effects. Yet, the Paris Agreement, awareness of the problems and commitment to action endorsed by 195 countries under the UN Framework at civic, commercial and political levels to ensure that Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), has a long action to tackle air pollution is seen in the context road ahead before carbon emissions can be pegged at of wider social and economic development policies. levels flagged by scientists. For example, how much can these interventions help reduce the local challenges, like providing safer and The Gravity of Air Pollution in reliable public transportation systems; cleaner and efficient waste management; dust free roads; and India is Becoming Severe pollution free industries and power plants.

Q7. Despite several measures have taken by government, ‹‹ There is an emergent need for people to adopt a air pollution accounts for one out of every eight sustainable lifestyle that relies on lesser energy deaths in India. The gravity of air pollution in India consumption technologies and equipment. Sustainable is becoming severe.Discuss why India’s strategy to building designs that reduce energy consumption tackle air pollution needs an overhaul. and maintain proper air-light balance to substantially Hints: reduce heating and cooling costs are effective steps. Less energy consumption means less carbon dioxide ‹‹ Air pollution accounts for one out of every eight deaths emissions from power plants that help generate that in India. As an environmental scourge that killed an estimated 1.24 million people in India in 2017. Many energy. human problems are also due to mismanagement ‹‹ At present, nearly two-thirds of the electricity in India of environment which is created by man himself. Air is produced from fossil fuels, mainly coal and India has quality is a cause for concern in India, particularly in pledged in the Paris Climate Agreement to generate cities and air pollutants including particulate matter 40% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030.

(PM), sulfur dioxide (O2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), A complete transition to cleaner fuels is the need of the

carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) often exceed the hour and efforts need to be supported by application National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). of emission-controlling strategies and policies to ‹‹ The nature of urban and rural air pollution is quite reduce total energy consumption in household and different in India, therefore, their respective causes, workplaces.

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SEVEN IMPORTANT NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL NEWS

1. ISRO has Launched GSAT-7A

The Indian Space Research help the IAF to interlink different ‹‹ In addition to GSAT-7A, the IAF Organisation (ISRO) has launched its ground radar stations, airbases would also be getting the GSAT- latest advanced satellite, GSAT-7A, and Airborne Warning And Control 7C in a few years, to boost the from Andhra Pradesh’s Sriharikota. System (AWACS) aircraft. The idea network-centric operations. The launch was the seventh mission of is to improve the IAF's network- ISRO from Satish Dhawan Space Centre centric warfare capabilities. About GSAT-7 Series in 2018. GSLV-F11 was also the seventh ‹‹ The GSAT-7A has the Ku-band The GSAT 7 series was launched in 2013 flight carrying indigenously developed transponders and two deployable as a dedicated communications satellite cryogenic upper stage. solar arrays onboard. for the Indian Navy, which made the About GSAT-7A ‹‹ The GSAT-7A is also expected to Navy completely independent of be a big push for drone operations relying on foreign satellites for its blue ‹‹ GSAT-7A (angry bird) is a as it will help the Navy reduce water capabilities, thanks to GSAT 7 geosynchronous communication the reliance on on-ground control having a 2,000 nautical mile footprint. satellite. stations and take satellite-control This helps in providing real-time inputs ‹‹ It is expected to give a boost to of military unmanned aerial the strategic communication and vehicles (UAV) which should help to Indian warships, submarines and networking capabilities of the boost the range and endurance of maritime aircraft. Indian Air Force (IAF) and will the UAVs. ¢

2. Law Banning Sexual Exploitation of Women

The State Administrative Council (SAC) provide for the offence of ‘sextortion’ contacts by the person in authority are under the chairmanship of Governor (the practice of extorting money or made punishable. Satya Pal Malik has approved the sexual favours from someone by 'Jammu and Kashmir Criminal Laws threatening to reveal evidence of their About RPC (Amendment) Bill, 2018. Jammu and sexual activity). RPC is the main criminal code Kashmir has become the first state applicable in the Indian state of Jammu Background in the country to have a law banning and Kashmir. Indian Penal Code is not sexual exploitation of women by The amendment came after an order applicable here under Article 370 of those in positions of authority, having was passed by Jammu and Kashmir the Constitution of India. The code was a fiduciary relationship or a public High Court Chief Justice Geeta Mittal introduced by Ranbir Singh during the servant. and Justice Alok Aradhe on October Dogra Dynasty and it came in effect The Bill seeks to amend the state 15. The court had directed the state from 1932. The provision of code Ranbir Penal Code (RPC)—a criminal to examine the concept of ‘Sextortion; was prepared by Thomas Babington code applicable in Jammu and in the context of applicable laws. So Kashmir— whereby specific offence that illegal acts, unwarranted demands Macaulay. under Section 354E is being inserted to for sexual favours and inappropriate ¢

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3. Indian Flight and Maritime Connectivity Rules, 2018

The government has paved the way for period of 10 years and the permit ‹‹ IFMC can be provided using passengers of air travel and sea voyage holder will have to pay licence fees telecom networks on the ground to use internet and make calls with their and spectrum charges based on as well as using satellites. The mobile phones in Indian airspace by revenue earned from providing services can be provided by a valid notifying the Indian Flight and Maritime services. However, airlines, telecom licence holder in India Connectivity (IFMC) Rules, 2018. shipping companies and service through domestic and foreign ‹‹ According to the notification, providers will decide how much satellites having permission of the Indian and foreign airlines and they want to charge the customer. Department of Space. shipping companies operating in It is also up to them whether they ‹‹ In case of using satellite system the country can provide in-flight want to offer both internet and for providing IFMC, the telegraph and maritime voice and data calling services or limit themselves message shall be passed through services in partnership with a valid to Wi-Fi services only. the satellite gateway Earth station Indian telecom licence holder. ‹‹ This development helps India, one located within India. Such satellite ‹‹ The services will be activated once of the fastest growing aviation gateway Earth stations shall be the aircraft attains a minimum markets and the second largest interconnected with the national height of 3,000 metres in Indian smartphone market, join a long long distance (NLD) or access airspace to avoid interference with list of countries like the US, UK, service or ISP licensee's network terrestrial mobile networks. Canada and China that have been for further delivery of service. ‹‹ The IFMC licences will be granted offering the services for a couple of against an annual fee of Re 1 for a years now. ¢

4. MHA has Authorised 10 agencies to Monitor Computer Resources

The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) ‹‹ The order mandates for a subscriber Concerns has issued an order granting ten central or service provider or any person ‹‹ According to a report, only data intelligence and security agencies in charge of the computer resource in motion could be intercepted access to information stored, recieved to extend technical assistance to earlier. But now data revived, or transmitted in computers. The the agencies. stored and generated can also be agencies can intercept, monitor and ‹‹ Non-compliance will invite seven- intercepted as powers of seizure decrypt “any information generated, year imprisonment and fine. have been given. Earlier IB had no transmitted, received or stored in any ‹‹ The authorisation has been given power to seize devices but now it computer. under Section 69 of the Information can. This means not just calls or The agencies include the following Technology Act, 2000. It allows the emails, but any data found on a — The Intelligence Bureau, Narcotics government to direct any agency computer can be intercepted. Control Bureau, National Investigation in the interest of the sovereignty, ‹‹ The sweeping powers given to Agency, Enforcement Directorate, defence of India and security of agencies to snoop phone calls and Central Board of Direct Taxes, the state among other reasons. computers without any checks and Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, According to Section 69(1) of the balances are extremely worrisome. Central Bureau of Investigation, Cabinet Information Technology Act, 2000, This is likely to be misused. This Secretariat (R&AW), Directorate of central or state governments allow order is a “direct assault on civil Signal Intelligence (For service areas agencies to intercept, monitor or liberties and personal freedom of of Jammu & Kashmir, North-East and decrypt any information generated, citizens”. Assam only) and Commissioner of transmitted, received or stored in Police, Delhi. any computer resource. ¢

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5. Process of Amending the Backbone of Forest Governance in India

The Ministry of Environment, Forest definition of the word forest is taken to the law, were set according to that and Climate Change has started be the legal definition too. time and they are very low for today. the process of “comprehensively The legal definition of forests Moreover, many laws concerning forest amending” the backbone of forest will have huge ramifications on the government have been implemented governance in India—the Indian Forest conservation of forests as well as the since 1927. Act, 1927 (IFA). It would involve the implementation of the Scheduled examination of all the sections of the Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Background Act. The obsolete provisions will be Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Earlier this year, the ministry had weeded out and provisions fit for the Act, 2006. The amendments will formed a committee, under the present will be introduced. include changes to punishments and chairmanship of the additional director The amendments will also include fines prescribed in the IFA, incorporate general of forests, which is mandated definitions of terms like forests, provisions related to carbon to work out the amendments. Many pollution, ecological services etc. sequestering, ecological services etc. reports like the MB Shah report of There is no definition of forest in any 2010 and the TSR Subramanian report Indian law pertaining to forest or its Need of 2015, have talked about amending governance. According to the 1996 The provisions of IFA, like the amount the IFA. Supreme Court order, the dictionary of the fines prescribed for violating ¢

6. National Medical Devices Promotion Council to be set up under DIPP

Union Minister of Commerce and concerned to simplify the approval procurement notices across India Industry and Civil Aviation has processes involved in medical to ensure compliance with PMA announced setting up of a National device industry promotion & guidelines of DIPP and DoP. development. Medical Devices Promotion Council, ‹‹ Undertake validation of Limited to give a fillip to the medical device ‹‹ Enable entry of emerging Liability Partnerships (LLPs) and sector, which is a sunrise sector, under interventions and support other such entities within MDI the Department of Industrial Policy certifications for manufacturers to sector, which add value to the and Promotion (DIPP) in the Ministry reach levels of global trade norms industry strength in manufacturing of Commerce & Industry. and lead India to an export driven to gain foothold for new entrants. The National Medical Devices market in the sector. ‹‹ Make recommendations to ‹‹ Support dissemination and Promotion Council will have the government based on industry documentation of international following objectives and activities: feedback and global practices on norms and standards for medical ‹‹ Act as a facilitating and promotion & policy and process interventions devices, by capturing the best developmental body for the Indian to strengthen the medical practices in the global market and Medical Device Industry (MDI). facilitate domestic manufacturers technology sector, including trade ‹‹ Hold periodic seminars, workshops to rise to international level of interventions for related markets. and all related networking activities understanding of regulatory and The Council will be headed to garner views of the industry and non-regulatory needs of the by Secretary, DIPP. Apart from understand best global practices industry. the concerned departments of in the sector and deliberate on ‹‹ Drive a robust and dynamic Government of India, it will also various parameters for inclusion in Preferential Market Access (PMA) have representatives from health the industrial and trade policies in policy, by identifying the strengths care industry and quality control medical devices. of the Indian manufacturers and institutions. Andhra Pradesh MedTech ‹‹ Identify redundant processes discouraging unfair trade practices Zone, Visakhapatnam, will provide and render technical assistance in imports; while ensuring pro- technical support to the Council. to the agencies and departments active monitoring of public ¢

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7. NaVIC Enabled Communication Devices

After facing severe criticism for The alerts can be accessed by the 2018-19 budget that the gadgets failing to provide timely weather downloading the NavIC App in would be provided to fishermen alerts to fishermen, the Tamil Nadu android phones and the alerts will engaged in deep sea fishing. government has provided Navigation appear in Tamil language. About NaVIC with Indian Constellation (NaVIC) ‹‹ These gadgets have been enabled communication devices to distributed free of cost and there The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite 80 fishing boat groups. Touted as are also no recurring costs. These System constellation of 7 satellites, the Indian version of the American gadgets have to be maintained named "NavIC", provides position, Global Positioning System (GPS), NavIC properly. navigation and timing services over enabled communication devices will India and 1500 km around the Indian provide fishermen with real-time alerts Background mainland. on cyclone and weather updates. During cyclone Ockhi last year, several India's NavIC provides service ‹‹ The devices are the size of a soap fishermen went missing. After that the equivalent to the Global Navigation box and are Bluetooth enabled. state government had announced in Satellite System (GNSS), the United States' GPS, China's Beidou, Russia's Glonass and Europe's Galileo. However, India's NavIC offers regional, not global coverage. Once fully operational, NavIC is intended to provide two specific services: unencrypted Standard Positioning Service (SPS) with an accuracy of less than 10 meters for all users and an encrypted Restricted Service (RS), with an undisclosed but higher accuracy for use by India's security services. ¢

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1. Asbestos in Baby Powder

Recent investigations from Reuters ‹‹ Now, asbestos is also a naturally fibers are soft and flexible yet resistant and the New York Times has claimed occurring mineral found to heat, electricity and chemical the talcum powder of Johnson & underground. Thin asbestos fibers corrosion. Pure asbestos is an effective Johnson brand was contaminated which are soft and flexible often insulator and it can also be mixed into by carcinogenic asbestos, making it seep inside the talc deposits. This cloth, paper, cement, plastic and other poisonous and life-threatening for is how asbestos contaminates the materials to make them stronger. women using it on themselves. More talc mined from the soil. Asbestos is not a single type of than 12,000 women in the US have ‹‹ What makes the contamination mineral — rather, it refers to a group sued the company over claims that the even more dangerous is that talc is of silicate minerals that share the same talcum powder manufactured by them also widely used in cosmetics and fibrous nature. Asbestos minerals have is the prime cause behind their ovarian other personal care items. two broad classifications: serpentine cancer. ‹‹ Breathing asbestos can lead to and amphibole. The only member of ‹‹ Talc is a naturally occurring mineral, scarring of the lungs. the serpentine class is chrysotile (white found in clay, which is mined from asbestos). the soil. Being the softest mineral About Asbestos Others are less often used “blue known to mankind, it can be Asbestos is a naturally occurring asbestos” (crocidolite) and “brown crushed into white powder known mineral substance that can be pulled asbestos” (amosite). as ‘talcum powder’. into a fluffy consistency. Asbestos ¢

2. Joint Task Force to Protect Wildlife

The governments of India, Nepal and a joint task force for allowing free people, the Kanchenjunga Landscape is Bhutan are actively considering having movement of wildlife across political also home to 169 species of mammals boundaries and and 713 species of birds. checking smuggling of wildlife across Concerns the Kanchenjunga According to the International Centre Landscape, a trans- for Integrated Mountain Development boundary region (ICIMOD), a regional knowledge spread across Nepal, development and learning centre, India and Bhutan. 1,118 sq km of riverine grassland and The landscape tree cover were lost in the landscape stretches along the between 2000 and 2010. 74 % of the Southern side of Mount area was converted into rangeland and Kanchenjunga covers 26% to agricultural land. an area of 25,080 sq According to the ICIMOD, between km spread across parts 1986 and 2015, as many as 425 people of Eastern Nepal (21%), were killed by elephants (an average Sikkim and West Bengal of 14 human deaths every year) and (56%) and Western and 144 elephants were killed between South-Western parts of 1958 and 2013 (an average of three Bhutan (23%). Other elephants every year).

than seven million ¢

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3. Trans Regional Maritime Network

India has signed an ascension pact Under the T-RMN, information the approval from the government to the 30-member Trans-Regional is available mainly through the to get in touch with a number of Maritime Network (T-RMN) which Automatic Identification System (AIS), nations on technical agreement on is steered by Italy. The pact will give fitted on the merchant ships with more exchanging information on white- India the access to information on than 300 Gross Registered Tonnage shipping. India already has bilateral ships which pass through the Indian as mandated by the International White Shipping Agreements with 36 Ocean region that will greatly help the Maritime Organisation. Among the countries. Exchange of White Shipping security forces in keeping a tab on any information that is available through Information would enable India to suspicious activity. AIS includes name, Maritime Mobile progressively increase awareness of Service Identity (MMSI) number, its primary maritime areas of interest, position, course, with significant benefits, both in peace speed, last port and conflict. visited and The Indian Navy is also in the destination. process of setting-up an Information This is picked up Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region through various (IFC- IOR) to further their commitment AIS sensors towards achieving collective maritime including coastal security in the IOR, this is a separate AIS chains and platform and all members of the Indian satellite based Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) are receivers. The expected to be part of it. Indian Navy has ¢

4. India – South Korea CEPA Negotiations

The 7th round of India – South Korea discussions and talks with the sugar imports of South Korean pears and Comprehensive Economic Partnership refineries in South Korea to pursue the had asked Seoul to reduce duties on Agreement (CEPA) negotiations matter further so that sugar exports sesame imports. South Korea imposes were held in South Korea from 11-13 may take place from India to South quantitative restrictions on sesame December, 2018. Korea. imports and levies a whopping 630% The Indian sugar industry duty on Indian sesame, which India About CEPA between India and delegation had detailed discussions wants reduced. South Korea with top representatives of all the India has a $12-billion trade deficit three sugar refineries of South Korea. The Comprehensive Economic with Korea which would have further South Korea imports around 15 lac Partnership Agreement (CEPA) widened if India gave 17 open lines on tonnes of raw sugar annually and the between the two countries was trade that their visiting delegation was Indian sugar industry is making efforts implemented in January 2010 and asking. to export raw sugar from India during is currently under revision. The two Korea, however, did not give the 2018-19 sugar season. countries agreed to finalise the CEPA status of ‘native English speaking upgrading negotiations at the earliest The discussions were positive nation’ to India, though it had accorded date in 2019. and subject to Indian sugar industry this to some other countries, including meeting the quality standards and In 2017-18, India exported goods South Africa. The status would have specifications prescribed by the South worth $4.4 billion to South Korea opened up an E2 visa for Indians. Korean Government. The Indian while imports from the latter were sugar industry will undertake further worth $16.3 billion. India allowed ¢

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5. Australia Recognized West Jerusalem as Capital of Israel

Australia has decided to formally resolution to an issue that they also supported the resolution, which recognize West Jerusalem as Israel's believe should be resolved through was approved with a majority of 127-9 capital, but won't move its embassy negotiations. That decision is softened, at the UN General Assembly calling for until there's a peace settlement though, by recognizing their claim to the US to withdraw its decision. between Israel and the Palestinians. east Jerusalem. Australia becomes the third country to About Jerusalem Background recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, Israel captured East Jerusalem in the following the U.S. and Guatemala. The Both Israel and the Palestinians claim 1967 Mideast war and annexed it announcement represents a change in Jerusalem as their Capital.United in a move that is not internationally the country’s long-held policy on the States President Donald Trump’s recognized. Israel considers East negotiations between Israel and the administration had also announced Palestinians. recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s Jerusalem an indivisible part of its capital, while the Palestinians seek the Unlike its predecessors, however, capital on December 6, 2017. area, home to the city's most sensitive Australia recognized only the Western The UN General Assembly passed a part of the city. The move, therefore, is resolution in opposition to declare the holy sites, as the capital of a future unlikely to please either side entirely. US President’s declaration of Jerusalem state. For the Palestinians, it offers a partial as Israel’s capital “null and void”. India ¢

6. Planet Saturn is Losing Its Rings

New NASA research confirms that several yards (meters) across. Ring magnetic field, which curves inward Saturn is losing its iconic rings at the particles are caught in a balancing act toward the planet at Saturn's rings. In maximum rate estimated from Voyager between the pull of Saturn's gravity, some parts of the rings, once charged, 1 & 2 observations made decades which wants to draw them back into the balance of forces on these tiny ago. The rings are being pulled into the planet and their orbital velocity, particles changes dramatically, and Saturn by gravity as a dusty rain of which wants to throw them outwards Saturn's gravity pulls them in along ice particles under the influence of into space. the magnetic field lines into the upper Saturn’s magnetic field. Tiny particles can get electrically atmosphere. charged by ultraviolet light from the Saturn is not the only planet in the Saturn's Rings Sun or by plasma clouds emanating solar system to have rings — Jupiter, Saturn's rings are mostly chunks from micrometeoroid bombardment Uranus and Neptune also contain faint of water ice ranging in size from of the rings. When this happens, the ring systems. microscopic dust grains to boulders particles can feel the pull of Saturn's ¢

7. Yellow Vests Protest in France

France has been experiencing one of the high-visibility jackets they adopted Their demands include a redistribution the most significant social mobilisations as a symbol of their complaint, blocked of wealth as well as the increase of in its recent history, which laid bare roundabouts, burned effigies and salaries, pensions, social security the country's social ills, anti-elite clashed with the police. They were payments and the minimum wage. sentiment, growing inequalities and angry about the almost 20 percent It all comes down to Macron's thirst for social justice. It all started on increases in the price of diesel since the apparent failure to connect with the November 17 when tens of thousands start of the year, as well as the planned people, understand their concerns and of people took to the streets across the fuel tax hike President Emmanuel steer France away from destructive country to protest against rising fuel Macron had recently announced. neoliberal policies. prices. The protesters, dubbed "Les The "yellow vests" want further gilets jaunes" (the yellow vests) after concessions from the government. ¢

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SEVEN BRAIN BOOSTERS

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SEVEN MCQ's WITH EXPLANATORY ANSWERS (Based on Brain Boosters)

a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only Global Gender Gap Report - 2018 c) 1 and 3 only d) None of the above Q1. Consider the following statements in respect of Global Answer: (d) Gender Gap Report-2018: Explanation: All statements are correct. According 1. The report is released by International Monetary to the bill, a transgender person is somebody “whose Fund (IMF). gender does not match the gender assigned to that person at birth. It includes trans-men or trans-women, 2. The report measures gender gap across four persons with intersex variations, gender-queers and key pillars i.e. economic opportunity; political persons having socio-cultural identities such as kinnar, empowerment; educational attainment; and hijras, aravani and jogta. health & survival. The Bill had earlier made it mandatory for any Which of the statements given above is/are correct? organisation employing 100 or more persons to a) 1 only b) 2 only designate an official to examine complaints of c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 discrimination and other grievances. The government Answer: (b) has modified this and removed the limit of 100 persons to include to all organisations and institutions. Explanation: Statement 1 is not correct because the report is released by the World Economic Forum on A person will be recognised as transgender on the annual basis. basis of a certificate of identity issued through the district screening committee. That certificate will be Statement 2 is correct. Gender gap is measured a proof of identity as transgender and confer rights across four key pillars: economic opportunity; political under this Bill. empowerment; educational attainment; and health and survival. Of the four pillars measured, only one – economic opportunity – narrowed its gender gap. ECO Niwas Samhita - 2018

Q3. Consider the following statements in respect of ECO Transgender Persons Niwas Samhita – 2018: (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2018 1. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has launched the ECO Niwas Samhita – 2018. Q2. Consider the following statements in respect of 2. ECO Niwas Samhita is an Energy Conservation Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2018: Building Code for Residential Buildings (ECBC-R). 1. According to the bill, a transgender person is 3. It aims to benefit the occupants and the somebody whose gender doesn’t match the environment by promoting energy efficiency in gender assigned to that person at birth and it design and construction of homes, apartments includes trans-men or trans-women, persons with and townships. intersex variations , gender-queers and persons 4. ECBC for commercial buildings was already having socio-cultural identities such as kinnar, launched in June 2017. hijras, aravani and jogta . Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 2. It is mandatory for all organizations and institutions a) 1, 2 and 3 only b) 1, 3 and 4 only to designate an official to examine complaints of c) 2, 3 and 4 only d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 discrimination and other grievances. Answer: (c) 3. A person will be recognised as transgender on the Explanation: Ministry of Power has launched the basis of a certificate of identity issued through the ECO Niwas Samhita - 2018, an Energy Conservation district screening committee. Building Code for Residential Buildings (ECBC-R), hence Which of the statements given above is/are incorrect? statement 1 is not correct and statement 2 is correct.

41 December 2018 A Issue-5 Current Affairs : Perfect 7

Statements 3 and 4 are correct. It aims to benefit the allowed to apply for surrogacy in India, thus, the Bill occupants and the environment by promoting energy will be detrimental for medical tourism in India. efficiency in design and construction of homes, apartments and townships. ECBC for commercial buildings was already in place and revised and Angel Tax updated version of ECBC for commercial buildings was Q6. Consider the following statements: launched in June 2017. 1. An angel investor is a private individual who provides funding for a startup. Draft Child Protection Policy 2. Besides capital, angel investors provide business management experience, skills and contacts for Q4. Consider the following statements in respect of Draft the entrepreneur. Child Protection Policy: 3. Angel tax is applicable on capital raised by unlisted 1. The draft policy was released by the Ministry of companies from any individual against an issue of Women and Child Development. shares in excess of the fair market value. 2. The draft policy will be the first policy dedicated Which of the statements given above is/are correct? to the protection of children. a) 1 and 3 only b) 1 and 2 only 3. The policy will apply to all institutions and c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 organisations (including corporate and media houses), government or private sector. Answer: (d) Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: All statements are correct. An angel investor is a private individual who provides funding for a) 1 and 2 only b) 1 and 3 only a startup often in exchange for an ownership stake in c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 the company. Besides capital, angel investors provide Answer: (d) business management experience, skills and contacts Explanation: All statements are correct. The Ministry for the entrepreneur. The angel tax is a 30.9 % tax of Women and Child Development has released levied on investments made by external investors in the draft policy to the protection of children. It will startups or companies. It is applicable on capital raised be the first policy dedicated to the protection of by unlisted companies from any individual against children, an area that until now was only a part of the an issue of shares in excess of the fair market value. broader National Child Policy, 2013. It will apply to all institutions, and organisations (including corporate The Consumer Protection Bill, 2018 and media houses), government or private sector. Q7. Consider the following statements in respect of the The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016 Consumer Protection Bill, 2018: 1. The bill will replace Consumer Protection Act, Q5. Consider the following statements in respect of the 1986. Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016: 2. A Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) 1. The Bill allows for commercial surrogacy but it will be set up to promote, protect and enforce totally ban altruistic surrogacy. consumer rights as a class. 2. The foreign nationals will be allowed to apply for Which of the statements given above is/are correct? surrogacy in India. a) 1 only b) 2 only 3. The provisions of the Bill will boost medical c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 tourism in India. Answer: (c) Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation: Both statements are correct. Consumer a) 1 and 3 only b) 2 and 3 only Protection Bill, 2018, if adopted, it will replace the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. It seeks to set up a c) 1, 2 and 3 d) None of the above Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) to Answer: (d) promote, protect and enforce consumer rights as a Explanation: All statements are incorrect. It allows class. CCPA may issue safety notices; pass orders to altruistic surrogacy (by relatives) to Indian heterosexual recall goods, prevent unfair practices and reimburse couples (legally married for at least five years) who purchase price paid and impose penalties for false cannot bear children. The foreign nationals will not be and misleading advertisements. mmm December 2018 A Issue-5 42 Current Affairs : Perfect 7 SEVEN IMPORTANT FACTS FOR PRELIMS

1. Which state has been ranked as the 'Best Performer' in the States’ Start-up Ranking- 2018 by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP)? –Gujarat

2. Which Indian film has shortlisted for the 91st Oscar in the 'Documentary Short Subject Category'? –Period. End of Sentence

3. Which state government has launched ‘Shiksha Setu’ mobile app to ensure better connectivity with college students? –Haryana

4. Which states has been ranked as the 'Top Performer' by Niti Aayog in India’s Index for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) among all the states and Union Territories? –Himachal Pradesh & Kerala

5. Which state has recently celebrated its 57th Liberation Day on 19th December? –Goa

6. Who has been elected Georgia’s first female President? –Salome Zurabishvili

7. India’s largest cancer institute, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been launched in which state? –Haryana (Jhajjar District)

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43 December 2018 A Issue-5 Current Affairs : Perfect 7

STATE ELECTION RESULTS- 2018

1. Chhattisgarh ‹‹ Structure of State Legislature - Unicameral ‹‹ Governor - Kalyan Singh ‹‹ Total Constituencies - 90 ‹‹ Chief Minister - Ashok Gehlot ‹‹ Required number of seats to form government - 46 seats ‹‹ Deputy Chief Minister - Sachin Pilot

‹‹ The legislative assembly election in the state ‹‹ Leader of the Opposition - Vasundhara Raje was held in two phases November 12 and 20. (BJP)

‹‹ Indian National Congress (INC) won 68 seats ‹‹ Capital- Jaipur out of 90 and got 43% vote share. 3. Madhya Pradesh ‹‹ Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won 15 seats

(33% vote share) and slipped to the second ‹‹ Total Constituencies - 230 largest party. ‹‹ Required number of seats to form government ‹‹ Bahujan Samaj Party and Janta Congress - 116 seats (Chhattisgarh) won 2 and 5 seats respectively. ‹‹ Elections to the Madhya Pradesh Legislative ‹‹ The none of the above (NOTA) votes ranged Assembly were held on 28th November 2018. as high as 2 per cent in Chhattisgarh. ‹‹ INC secured 114 seats with 40.9% vote share. ‹‹ Structure of State Legislature - Unicameral ‹‹ BJP won 109 seats (41% vote share) and ‹‹ Governor - Anandiben Patel slipped to the second largest party. ‹‹ Chief Minister- Bhupesh Baghel ‹‹ The none of the above (NOTA) option ‹‹ Capital - Raipur accounted for 1.4% of the votes in this 2. Rajasthan election.

‹‹ Total Constituencies - 200 ‹‹ Structure of State Legislature - Unicameral

‹‹ Required number of seats to form government ‹‹ Governor - Anandiben Patel - 101 seats ‹‹ Chief Minister - Kamal Nath ‹‹ The legislative assembly election in the state ‹‹ Leader of the Opposition - Shivraj Singh was held on 7th December 2018. Chauhan (BJP) ‹‹ INC became the single largest party of the state in 2018. ‹‹ Capital - Bhopal

‹‹ INC won 99 seats out of 200 and got 39.3% 4. Telangana vote share. ‹‹ Total Constituencies - 119 ‹‹ BJP won 73 seats (38.8 % vote share) and slipped to the second largest party. ‹‹ Required number of seats to form government - 60 seats ‹‹ The none of the above (NOTA) option accounted for 1.3% of the votes in this ‹‹ Telangana, the youngest state of India, went election. to polls on 7th December 2018.

December 2018 A Issue-5 44 Current Affairs : Perfect 7

‹‹ Telangana was supposed to have its second 6. North-Eastern States- I election in May, 2019. However, the chief minister of the state, K Chandrasekhar Rao, (i) Tripura dissolved the assembly in September 2018 ‹‹ Total Constituencies - 60 and announced for early election. ‹‹ Required number of seats to form government ‹‹ KCR led Telangana Rashtra Samiti (TRS) won - 31 seats 88 seats with 46.9% vote share. th ‹‹ Elections were held in Tripura on 18 February ‹‹ INC and BJP won 19 and 1 seat respectively. 2018.

‹‹ Akbaruddin Owaisi led All India Majlis-e- ‹‹ The region in general had been under the Ittehadul Muslimeen won 7 seats with 2.7% political control of the Communist Party for vote share. 25 years prior to the election, leading to the region being dubbed a "red holdout". ‹‹ The none of the above (NOTA) option accounted for 1.1% of the votes in this ‹‹ BJP has emerged a single largest party with election. 36 seats (42.4% vote share).

‹‹ Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM) ‹‹ Structure of State Legislature - Bicameral was the second largest party in terms of seats ‹‹ Governor - Ekkadu Srinivasan Lakshmi and vote share of 16 and 43.2% respectively. Narasimhan ‹‹ Structure of State Legislature - Uicameral ‹‹ Chief Minister - K. Chandrashekar Rao ‹‹ Governor - Kaptan Singh Solanki ‹‹ Capital - Hyderabad ‹‹ Chief Minister - Biplab Kumar Deb

5. Karnataka ‹‹ Leader of the Opposition - Manik Sarkar,

‹‹ Total Constituencies - 224 CPI(M)

‹‹ Capital - Agartala ‹‹ Required number of seats to form government - 112 seats (ii) Meghalaya ‹‹ The 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly ‹‹ Total Constituencies - 60 election was held on 12th May 2018. ‹‹ Required number of seats to form government ‹‹ The election led to a hung assembly, with the - 31 seats BJP emerged as the single largest party, with th ‹‹ Elections were held in Meghalaya on 27 104 seats (36.22 %). February 2018. ‹‹ INC won the popular vote 38.04% with 78 ‹‹ The elections resulted in a hung assembly. seats and secured second position. ‹‹ INC has secured 21 seats with 28.5% of votes ‹‹ The Janata Dal-Secular (JD-S) became the share and became single largest party. third party with 37 seats. ‹‹ National People's Party (NPP) Bagged 19 ‹‹ NOTA option constituted 0.9% of the votes seats, United Democratic Party (UDP) and BJP polled. clinched 6 and 2 seats respectively.

‹‹ Structure of State Legislature - Bicameral ‹‹ Structure of State Legislature - Uicameral

‹‹ Governor - Vajubhai Vala ‹‹ Governor - Tathagata Roy

‹‹ Chief Minister - H D Kumaraswamy ‹‹ Chief Minister - Conrad Sangma

‹‹ Leader of the Opposition -B S Yeddyurappa ‹‹ Leader of the Opposition -Mukul Sangma

‹‹ Capital - Bengaluru ‹‹ Capital - Shillong

45 December 2018 A Issue-5 Current Affairs : Perfect 7

7. North-Eastern States- II ‹‹ Leader of the Opposition -T. R. Zeliang ‹‹ Capital - Kohima (i) Nagaland (ii) Mizoram ‹‹ Total Constituencies - 60 ‹‹ Total Constituencies - 40 ‹‹ Required number of seats to form government - 31 seats ‹‹ Required number of seats to form government th - 21 seats ‹‹ Elections were held in Nagaland on 27 th February 2018. ‹‹ Elections were held in Mizoram on 28 November 2018. ‹‹ Four prominent parties fighted the poll battle in Nagaland - Nagaland People's Front (NPF), ‹‹ Mizo National Front won 26 seats in the Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party election with 37.6% vote share. (NDPP), Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) and Indian ‹‹ BJP and INC won only 1 and 5 seat, National Congress (INC). respectively.

‹‹ Nagaland People's Front (NPF) got 26 ‹‹ This is the first time that Congress does not seats with 38.8% vote share. have any government in any of the states in

‹‹ NDPP and BJP begged 18 and 12 seats Northeast India. respectively. ‹‹ Structure of State Legislature - Uicameral

‹‹ Structure of State Legislature - Uicameral ‹‹ Governor - Kummanam Rajasekharan

‹‹ Governor - Padmanabha Acharya ‹‹ Chief Minister - Zoramthanga

‹‹ Chief Minister - Neiphiu Rio ‹‹ Leader of the Opposition -Lalduhawma

‹‹ Deputy Chief Minister - Yanthungo Patton ‹‹ Capital - Aizawl

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December 2018 A Issue-5 46 Current Affairs : Perfect 7

SEVEN PRACTICE QUESTIONS FOR MAIN EXAM

Answer each of the following questions in 200 words:

Q1. The government’s latest announcement on capital infusion into banks suggests it is attempting to boost loan growth by empowering weaker lenders. What do you understand by recapitalisation of banks? Critically analyse its implications on banking industry as well as on Indian economy.

Q2. Now days there is a wave of populism, such as loan waiver to farmers among others, is blowing. But it has its implications because loan waivers are poll bait. Critically discuss why India need a structured and stable income support policy instead of loan waiver.

Q3. 'Climate change is the greatest challenge of mankind. In front of it no country is spared and destinies are shared.' Discuss it in the context of recently concluded COP24 Katowice, Poland.

Q4. Critically discuss how fake news can impact Indian elections.

Q5. What is an altruistic surrogacy arrangement? But just like in the case of organ donation, wherein ‘strangers’ were dressed up as ‘near relatives’, in altruistic surrogacy too, similar negotiations may be entered into. Critically discuss it in the context of recently passed Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016.

Q6. The Right to Information Act is not all about citizens empowerment alone, it essentially redefines the concept of accountability. Discuss.

Q7. ISRO has lauched its latest advanced communication satellite, GSAT-7A, to give a boost to the strategic communication and networking capabilities of the Indian Air Force (IAF) and will help the IAF to interlink different ground radar stations, airbases and AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System) aircraft. Discuss how it will improve the IAF's network-centric warfare capabilities.

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47 December 2018 A Issue-5

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