Arctic Technology Conference 2011

Houston,xxx Texas, USA 7-9 February 2011

Volume 1 of 2

ISBN: 978-1-61839-056-1

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Curran Associates, Inc. 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571

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Printed by Curran Associates, Inc. (2011)

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Curran Associates, Inc. 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 USA Phone: 845-758-0400 Fax: 845-758-2634 Email: [email protected] Web: www.proceedings.com TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME 1

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: CODES AND STANDARDS

Assessment of International Standards for Safe Exploration, Production and Transportation of Oil and Gas in the Barents Sea ...... 1 Gus Cammaert, Erling Saebo

Limit State Design Methodology for Offshore Pipelines Against Ice Gouging – Industry Guidelines from the ICEPIPE JIP ...... 9 Graeme Davies, Kim Mørk, Mark Marley

The Arctic Regulatory and Stakeholder Experience ...... 31 Gene Pavia, Shannon Blue, L. Renkert

Arctic Standards – A Comparison and Gap Study...... 41 G. Abdel Ghoneim

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: DOE

Effect of Residual Oil Saturation on Recovery Efficiency during Polymer Flooding of Viscous Oils ...... 56 Karthik Kamaraj, Guoyin Zhang, Yi Liu, Randall S. Seright

North Slope Decision Support System: Multi-Objective Planning for Ice Road Routes ...... 65 Stephen Bourne, James Haleblian, Kelly Brumbelow, Amy Tidwell, William E. Schnabel

North Slope Decision Support System: Technological Aspects...... 69 Stephen Bourne, James Haleblian, Kelly Brumbelow, Amy Tidwell, William E. Schnabel

Snow Management to Augment Fresh Water Supplies in the Arctic...... 76 S.L. Stuefer

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: GEOHAZARDS

Geotechnical Investigations of the Clay Soils on the Oil and Gas Condensate Perspective Structures of Okhotsk Sea Self (Practice and Theory) ...... 81 Nikolaj A. Kuten, Dmitry Zdobin

Integrated Methodology for Mapping and Monitoring Permafrost and Seasonally Frozen Ground...... 84 Gary R. Walter, Marius Necsoiu, Stuart A. Stothoff

Ice-Soil-Pipeline Interactions Using Coupled Euler-Lagrange (CEL) Ice Gouge Simulations – Results from DNV Ice Pipe JIP...... 102 Ranil Banneyake, M Kabir Hossain, Ayman Eltaher, Thanh Nguyen, Paul Jukes

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: METOCEAN

A Model for Waves-in-Ice and Sea Ice Dynamics in the Marginal Ice Zone ...... 118 Dany Dumont, Alison Kohout, Laurent Bertino, Stein Sandven

Wave Propagation at Marginal Ice Zone...... 124 François Petrie, Benjamin Rousse, J.M. Cholley, Guy Facon

Application of the Buoy Network in the Barents Sea...... 131 Jan-Petter Mathisen, Jean Bidlot

Consideration of Long-Term Natural-Climatic Factors in the Russian Arctic Energy Resources Development Strategy ...... 141 Andrey Tsunevskiy

LOGISTICS AND MARINE TRANSPORT: EER

Enhanced Arctic Lifeboat Design and Operation ...... 146 Aaron M. Barr, Alan Browning, Esben J. Sorensen, Peter Schmidt, Charles J. McHardy

Feasibility of Escape, Evacuation, and Rescue for Facilities in Arctic Shear Zone Environments...... 156 Melanie Totten, Arnold Marsden, Walter Spring

The Design of Hovercraft to Support Offshore Operations in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas ...... 165 John H. Gifford, Malcolm Cox, Robert Barton

Criteria for the Next Generation of Cold Regions Evacuation Systems...... 187 Gareth Igloliorte, Bruce Quinton

ARKTOS Shear Zone Evacuation Craft Design Development...... 200 Terrence A. Hall, Bruce H. Seligman

Stereographic Analysis of Aerial Photographic Imagery for Arctic Development and Technology Planning...... 212 Walter Spring, Mark Hansen, Jeremy Smith

RESOURCES: CIRCUM-ARCTIC GEOSCIENCE OF PETROLEUM BASINS

U.S. Geological Survey Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal ...... 219 Donald Gautier

Russian Arctic Petroleum Resources: Challenges and Future Opportunities...... 223 Anatoly Zolotukhin, Victor Gavrilov

Tectonic History and Petroleum Geology of the Russian Arctic Shelves...... 234 Sergey S. Drachev, Nikolay A. Malyshev, Anatoly M. Nikishin

Production of Light Oil from a Shallow, Frozen Reservoir: A Predevelopment Case Study of the Umiat Oil Field, Northern Alaska ...... 250 Catherine Hanks, Allen Huckabay, Joanna Mongrain, Abhijit Dandekar, Vijay Bangia, Paul McCarthy

Petroleum Prospectivity of the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean...... 261 Arthur Grantz, Patrick E. Hart

Resource Appraisal Technology for Undiscovered Arctic Petroleum...... 287 L.P. (Red) White, Donald Gautier

REGULATORY AND ENVIRONMENT: ISO 19906

ISO 19906 - An International Standard for Arctic Offshore Structures...... 294 Walter Spring, Graham Thomas, Richard McKenna, Denis Blanchet

Ice Actions in ISO 19906 – Overview...... 305 Tuomo Kärnä, Robert Frederking, Karl Shkhinek

Probabilistic Ice Loads Assessments for Arctic Regions: Inputs for Calibration of ISO 19906...... 313 Mark Fuglem, Paul Stuckey, Ian Jordaan

Risk-Based Calibration of Action Factors in the New ISO 19906 Arctic Offshore Structures Standard...... 326 Marc A. Maes, Graham Thomas

Reliability, Limit States and Action Factors for ISO 19906...... 339 Graham Thomas, Frank G. Bercha, Ian Jordaan

Overview of Case Studies for Draft ISO 19906...... 347 Graham Thomas, Dan Masterson, Walter Spring

Use of the ISO 19906 Arctic Structures Standard ...... 351 Richard McKenna, Walter Spring, Graham Thomas

LOGISTICS AND MARINE TRANSPORT: VESSELS

Drillship Heating and Ventilating Challenges in Arctic Environments ...... 359 Scott Brittin, Alan Browning, Aaron M. Barr, Joe Davis, Charles J. McHardy, Keumdae Choo

Design Considerations for an Arctic Intervention Vessel...... 387 Tor Einar Berg, Bjorn O. Berge, Saara Hanninen, Reko-Antti Suojanen

Experience from Vessels Operating in Ice in the Double Acting Principle...... 395 Maximilian Vocke, Erkki Ranki, Arto Uuskallio, Mikko Niini

Preparations Required for Switching to Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel in Marine Propulsion and Onboard Auxiliary Engines ...... 405 Braxton Scherz, Eivind Flagstad-Andersen, Christian Fjell, Brian Ackeman

PRODUCTION DRILLING, FACILITIES AND EXPORT: PIPELINES I

Qualification of Fiber Wrapped Steel Pipe for High Pressure Arctic Pipeline...... 412 Mamdouh M. Salama

Arctic and Harsh Environment Pipeline Trenching Technologies and Challenges ...... 424 Paul Jukes, Shawn Kenny, Upali Panapitiya, Syed Jafri, Ayman Eltaher

Small- and Full-Scale Testing of Flexible Pipes in Cold Environment for Arctic Use ...... 436 Christelle Gabet, Stephanie Chicheportiche, Romain Vivet, Olivier Mesnage, Carol Taravel Condat

Pipeline Routing and Burial Depth Analysis Using GIS Software ...... 445 Tony King, Ryan Phillips, Christian Johansen

Considerations in the Application of Horizontal Directional Drilling to Pipeline Construction in the Arctic ...... 456 John D. Hair

Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Pipe (RTCP) for High Pressure Gas/Liquid Arctic Pipelines - A Viable Alternative to Steel? ...... 462 Steve C. Catha, Earle V. Ausman, Kyle Bethel, Melvin F. Kanninen, Randall B. Stonesifer

Analysis and Solutions for Warm-Up of Insulated Offshore Arctic Pipelines During Winter Construction...... 471 Benjamin Eisler, Mac Mckee

EXPLORATION DRILLING: DRILLING

Deepwater Drilling for Arctic Oil and Gas Resources Development: A Conceptual Study in the Beaufort Sea...... 487 Nicolas Pilisi, Marc A. Maes, David B. Lewis

Drilling Rigs in Arctic Deep Temperature Eenvironments - Design and Operation Challenges ...... 499 Thomas Kipker

Diagenetic Methane Hydrate Formation in Permafrost: A New Gas Play? ...... 507 Arthur Johnson, Michael D. Max

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: ICE LOADS

Influence of Structural Geometry on the Ice Pressure Distribution on Vertical Structures ...... 514 Bjørnar Sand, Lennart Fransson

Continuum Modelling of Ice Gouge Events...... 524 Kenton P. Pike, Ali Fatemi, Chris Rossiter, Donghee Seo, Shawn Kenny

Three-Dimensional FE Model for Pipeline in Permafrost with Thermosyphon Protection ...... 535 Jianfeng Xu, Ayman Eltaher, Paul Jukes

First-Year Ridge Loads on Moored Offshore Structures...... 545 D. Molyneux, A. Derradji-Aouat, J.M. Cholley

Approach to Performance, Operability and Risk Assessment of the Shtokman Floating Platform in Ice...... 558 Pavel Liferov, Guillaume Le Marechal, Marc Albertini, Michel Metge, Erik ter Brake

VOLUME 2

Numerical Simulations of Ice Interaction with a Moored Structure...... 568 Mohamed Sayed, Anne Barker

Allowable Drill Rig Wheel Loads on Frozen Muskeg...... 578 James Oswell, Stan Stancliffe, Vik Karambelkar, Ron Coutts, Mark Wood

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: ICE MANAGEMENT

State of the Art in Satellite Surveillance of Icebergs and Sea Ice ...... 588 Desmond Power, Pradeep Bobby, Carl Howell, Freeman Ralph, Charles Randell

Ice and Iceberg Management for Shtokman Field...... 600 Edmond Coche, Pavel Liferov, Michel Metge

Near Real Time Iceberg Detection and Sea Ice Classification Using Satellites – Status, Potential and Limitations for the Offshore Industry ...... 609 Klaus Harnvig, Leif Toudal Pedersen

Ice Management for Support of Arctic Floating Operations ...... 615 Jed M. Hamilton, Curtis Holub, Douglas A. Mitchell, Theodore Kokkinis

Real-Time Pack Ice Monitoring Systems – Identification of Hazardous Sea Ice Using Upward Looking Sonars for Tactical Support of Offshore Oil and Gas Projects...... 627 David Fissel, Todd Mudge, Rene Chave, Matt Stone, Anudeep Kanwar, Adam Bard, Jan Buermans

Green Ice Management - Enabling Arctic Exploration and Reducing its Environmental Impact ...... 636 Ake Rohlen, Ulf Hedman, Ake Rohlen

Waves, Ice Draft and Floe Size in the Arctic Ocean Using Bottom-Mounted Acoustic Profilers ...... 639 Bruce A. Magnell, Leonid Ivanov, David B. Driver

PRODUCTION DRILLING, FACILITIES AND EXPORT: PIPELINES II

3-D Continuum Simulations to Determine Pipeline Strain Demand Due to Ice-Gouge Hazards...... 650 Suvrat P. Lele, Jed M. Hamilton, Michele Panico, Haydar Arslan, Karel Minnaar

Alaskan Beaufort Sea Pipeline Design, Installation and Operation ...... 658 Glenn A. Lanan, Todd Cowin, David K. Johnston

Well, You’ve Drilled ‘em. Now Can You Produce ‘em? Panarctic Oils Ltd’s Test Program—The Drake F-76 Project ...... 667 John G. Bomba, R. J. Brown

Leak Detection in the Arctic – How it’s Different...... 677 Edward J. Farmer

Reliability of Power Supply in Remote BGV/RGV Stations along the Pipeline - A Key Factor for Arctic Pipelines Operation...... 687 Jean Gropper

10 Years of Sub Arctic Subsea Projects - Stepping Stones for Arctic Development ...... 696 Sam Allen

PRODUCTION DRILLING, FACILITIES AND EXPORT: AUVS

Risk Management for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Operating Under Ice...... 706 Gwyn Griffiths, Mario P. Brito

HUGIN 1000 Arctic Class AUV...... 714 Einar Gustafson, Chris Hancock, Øystein Engelhardtsen, Bjørn Jalving

AUV- and Satellite Imagery-Based Ice Management around Critical Infrastructure...... 722 Einar Gustafson, Chris Hancock, Richard Hall

Robust Robots for Arctic Exploration ...... 731 T. Voegele, J. Albiez, M. Hildebrand, S. Joyeux, F. Kirchner

Ice Class Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Development ...... 738 Art Kleiner, Jamie Cheramie, Robert Raye, Jeremy Dean

REGULATORY, ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS

Using Exercises to Advance Approaches to Response for Oil in Ice Environments...... 747 Kurt Hansen, Marion Lewandowski

Numerical Prediction of Spilled Oil Behavior in the Sea of Okhotsk under Sea Ice Condition...... 752 Hajime Yamaguchi, Keiichiro Ohshima, Naoki Nakazawa

Developing Treatment Products for Increased Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Oil Spills across Open-Water Surfaces ...... 760 Grethe Kjeilen-Eilertsen, Josep Jersak, Stig Westerlund

Development of High-Speed Aerial Ignition Techniques for in Situ Burning ...... 769 Tom A. Preli, A. A. Allen, Dave Glenn

Behavior of Oil Spills in Ice and Implications for Spill Response...... 779 David Dickins

Application of New Radar Sensor Technology for Enhanced Safety and Oil Spill Detection through All Phases of Operations in the Arctic Environment...... 794 Arnstein Havro, Per-Arne Isaksen

Understanding and Mitigation of Underwater Sound in the Arctic ...... 811 John M. Ward

PRODUCTION DRILLING, FACILITIES AND EXPORT: OPERATIONS

Umbilical Technology for Arctic Projects...... 820 David Fogg

Offloading from Arctic Terminals...... 827 Bill Maddock, Bernard Foote

Well Architecture and Well Operating Procedures on Khariaga Field, Russia ...... 836 Yannick Boyer, Cynil Szakolczai

Leak Detection Systems and Challenges for Arctic Subsea Pipelines ...... 847 Benjamin Eisler

Explosion Safety in Arctic Environment...... 858 Joar Dalheim, Sverre Nodland

PRODUCTION DRILLING, FACILITIES AND EXPORT: STRUCTURES I

Using Resistance Heating to Create Full-Scale API RP2Z CTOD Samples ...... 863 M.L. Gallagher, J.E. Gould, S.S. Babu

Circular FPSO for Arctic Deepwater...... 871 Nagan Srinivasan, Meena S. Sridhar

Alternative Concepts to Gloryholes for Protection of Subsea Infrastructure in Ice-Prone Regions ...... 890 Freeman Ralph, Tony King, Arash Zakeri

Properties of Steels and Weldments for Low Temperature Applications...... 901 Morten Karlsen, Inge Morten Kulbotten, Kjell Arild Bakken, E. Stikestad

Disconnectable Arctic Spar...... 906 Anil Sablok, Manoj Ramachandran, Jang Whan Kim

LOGISTICS AND MARINE TRANSPORT: ICEBREAKING AND SHIPPING

The Use of PC Ice Rules in Azimuth Thruster Engineering ...... 925 Kurt R. Lindborg, Timo Rauti

Arctic Bathymetry by Airborne LiDAR for Maritime Operations and Planning...... 938 J. C. Wilson, N. Townsend, H. Parker, H. Olynyk

Global Warming and Globalisation – The North East Passage (NEP) - A Viable Shipping Alternative between Europe and Asia! ...... 943 Morten H. Westvik, Beate Kvamstad, Haakon Lindstad, Even A. Holte

EXPLORATION DRILLING: ONSHORE: GAS HYDRATES

Evaluation of Long-term Gas Hydrate Production Testing Locations on the Alaska North Slope ...... 955 Timothy Collett, Ray Boswell, Myung Lee, Brian Anderson, Kelly Rose, K. Lewis

Methane Gas Production from a Mount Elbert Core Sample: Experimental Observations and Numerical Simulations ...... 984 Timothy J. Kneafsey, George J. Moridis

Impact of Exchange Kinetics on the Injectivity of Liquid CO2 into Arctic Hydrates...... 996 Mark D. White, Suntichai Silpngarmlert

Evaluation of the Hydrate Deposit at the PBU L-106 Site, North Slope, Alaska,for a Long-Term Test of Gas Production ...... 1007 George J. Moridis, Matthew T. Reagan, Michael Kowalsky, Katie Boyle, Keni Zhang

Simulation of Arctic Gas Hydrate Dissociation in Response to Climate Change ...... 1038 Matthew T. Reagan, George J. Moridis, Scott M. Elliott, Mathew Maltrud

Geomechanical Performance Analysis of Potential Long-term Tests of Gas Production from Hydrate Deposits in North Slope, Alaska ...... 1052 Jonny Rutqvist, G.S. Moridis, Jihoon Kim, Matthew T. Reagan, Daegil Yang

PRODUCTION DRILLING, FACILITIES AND EXPORT: STRUCTURES II

Multi-Year Ice Model Tests on Caissons with Downward Breaking Cones ...... 1062 Daniel Fenz, John Ding, Theodore Kokkinis, C.R. Brinkmann

Efficient Combination of Numerical Simulations and Ice Basin Testing in the Design Process of Moored Structures in Ice ...... 1071 Arnor Jensen, Basile Bonnemaire, T. Lundamo, Ola Ravndal

Cathodic Protection Design Consideration for Offshore Structures in the Arctic Environment...... 1081 Clark P. Weldon

Sensitivity Considerations for Overturning Moment Calculations in the High Arctic, Deep Water Offshore Environment...... 1091 Joshua Blunt, Victor Garas, D.G. Matskevitch, Oleg Esenkov

Development of Performance-Based Testing Specifications for the Arkutun-Dagi Friction Pendulum Bearings...... 1109 Daniel Fenz, R. Reed, S. Slatnik, H.R. Stewart, M. C. Constantinou

Design of a Floating Platform Hull for Arctic Conditions in the Barents Sea ...... 1120 Guillaume Le Marechal, Philippe Anslot, Pavel Liferov, Stephane Le Guennec, Zoran Mravak

Author Index