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Research JAMA | Original Investigation Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy Giacomo Grasselli, MD; Alberto Zangrillo, MD; Alberto Zanella, MD; Massimo Antonelli, MD; Luca Cabrini, MD; Antonio Castelli, MD; Danilo Cereda, MD; Antonio Coluccello, MD; Giuseppe Foti, MD; Roberto Fumagalli, MD; Giorgio Iotti, MD; Nicola Latronico, MD; Luca Lorini, MD; Stefano Merler, MS; Giuseppe Natalini, MD; Alessandra Piatti, MD; Marco Vito Ranieri, MD; Anna Mara Scandroglio, MD; Enrico Storti, MD; Maurizio Cecconi, MD; Antonio Pesenti, MD; for the COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network Viewpoint and Editorial IMPORTANCE In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coro- Video navirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) emerged in China and has spread globally, creating a pandemic. Informa- tion about the clinical characteristics of infected patients who require intensive care is limited. OBJECTIVE To characterize patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requiring treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU) in the Lombardy region of Italy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective case series of 1591 consecutive patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 referred for ICU admission to the coordinator center (Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy) of the COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network and treated at one of the ICUs of the 72 hospitals in this network between February 20 and March 18, 2020. Date of final follow-up was March 25, 2020. EXPOSURES SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal and pharyngeal swabs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Demographic and clinical data were collected, including data on clinical management, respiratory failure, and patient mortality. Data were recorded by the coordinator center on an electronic worksheet during telephone calls by the staff of the COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network. RESULTS Of the 1591 patients included in the study, the median (IQR) age was 63 (56-70) years and 1304 (82%) were male. Of the 1043 patients with available data, 709 (68%) had at least 1 comorbidity and 509 (49%) had hypertension. Among 1300 patients with available respiratory support data, 1287 (99% [95% CI, 98%-99%]) needed respiratory support, including 1150 (88% [95% CI, 87%-90%]) who received mechanical ventilation and 137 (11% [95% CI, 9%-12%]) who received noninvasive ventilation. The median positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was 14 (IQR, 12-16) cm H2O, and FIO2 was greater than 50% in 89% of patients. The median PaO2/FIO2 was 160 (IQR, 114-220). The median PEEP level was not different between younger patients (n = 503 aged Յ63 years) and older patients (n = 514 Ն aged 64 years) (14 [IQR, 12-15] vs 14 [IQR, 12-16] cm H2O, respectively; median difference, 0 [95% CI, 0-0]; P = .94). Median FIO2 was lower in younger patients: 60% (IQR, 50%-80%) vs 70% (IQR, 50%-80%) (median difference, −10% [95% CI, −14% to 6%]; P = .006), and median PaO2/FIO2 was higher in younger patients: 163.5 (IQR, 120-230) vs 156 (IQR, 110-205) (median difference, 7 [95% CI, −8 to 22]; P = .02). Patients with hypertension (n = 509) were older than those without hypertension (n = 526) (median [IQR] age, 66 years [60-72] vs 62 years [54-68]; P < .001) and had lower PaO2/FIO2 (median [IQR], 146 [105-214] vs 173 [120-222]; median difference, −27 [95% CI, −42 to −12]; P = .005). Among the 1581 patients with ICU disposition data available as of March 25, 2020, 920 patients (58% [95% CI, 56%-61%]) were still in the ICU, 256 (16% [95% CI, 14%-18%]) were discharged from the ICU, Author Affiliations: Author affiliations are listed at the end of this and 405 (26% [95% CI, 23%-28%]) had died in the ICU. Older patients (n = 786; age Ն64 article. years) had higher mortality than younger patients (n = 795; age Յ63 years) (36% vs 15%; Group Information: The COVID-19 difference, 21% [95% CI, 17%-26%]; P < .001). Lombardy ICU Network members appear at the end of the article. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this case series of critically ill patients with Corresponding Author: Maurizio laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to ICUs in Lombardy, Italy, the majority were older Cecconi, MD, Department of men, a large proportion required mechanical ventilation and high levels of PEEP, and ICU Anaesthesia and Intensive Care mortality was 26%. Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre-IRCCS, Via Manzoni JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5394 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy Published online April 6, 2020. ([email protected]). (Reprinted) E1 © 2020 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ by a JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY User on 04/06/2020 Research Original Investigation Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs in Italy n March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the severe acute respiratory syndrome coro- Key Points navirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak a pandemic due to the O Question What are the baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1 constantly increasing number of cases outside China. Pa- patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory tients with SARS-CoV-2 infection can develop coronavirus dis- syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection admitted to ease 2019 (COVID-19), which has resulted in high rates of hos- intensive care units (ICUs) in Lombardy, Italy? pitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admission.2 Findings In this retrospective case series that involved 1591 On February 20, 2020, the first patient diagnosed with critically ill patients admitted from February 20 to March 18, 2020, COVID-19 in Italy developed respiratory failure and was 99% (1287 of 1300 patients) required respiratory support, admitted to one of the ICUs of Lombardy, a region of north- including endotracheal intubation in 88% and noninvasive ern Italy. Since then, the increasing number of cases recorded ventilation in 11%; ICU mortality was 26%. in Lombardy, and subsequently throughout the country, led Meaning In this case series of critically ill patients admitted to Italy to be the second most affected country in the world, ICUs in Lombardy, Italy, with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus after the US, as of March 27, 2020.3 Local health and govern- disease 2019 (COVID-19), a high proportion required mechanical ment officials in Lombardy responded to the outbreak by cre- ventilation and ICU mortality was 26% as of March 25, 2020. ating a network of ICUs (COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network) coordinated by Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan. This network has managed an Data were recorded by staff of the coordinator center on exponential surge of patients requiring ICU admission for an electronic worksheet during daily telephone calls per- respiratory support.2 formed by intensivists of the hospitals of the COVID-19 Up through March 18, 2020, a total of 17 713 people Lombardy ICU Network. had tested positive for the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in Lombardy and 1593 (9%) had been admitted to the ICU. Data Collection Information on the incidence and clinical characteristics of Clinical data reported in this study were collected by phone critically ill patients diagnosed with COVID-19 is still lim- within the first 6 to 24 hours following ICU admission. The re- ited. Among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in China, corded data included the following: age, sex, medical comor- the percentage of patients who required ICU care has varied bidities, mode of respiratory support (invasive mechanical ven- from 5% to 32%.4,5 tilation, noninvasive mechanical ventilation, oxygen mask), The availability of ICU beds and the provision of inten- level of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), fraction of in- 6 sive care varies among countries. Knowledge of the baseline spired oxygen (FIO2), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients is cru- PaO2/FIO2 ratio, the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygen- cial for health and government officials engaged in planning ation (ECMO), and prone positioning. The number of patients efforts to address local outbreaks. This case series describes who had died, had been discharged, and were still admitted the clinical characteristics of patients with laboratory- in the ICU as of March 25, 2020, were recorded, and ICU length confirmed COVID-19 admitted to ICUs of the COVID-19 Lom- of stay also was determined. bardy ICU Network in northern Italy. Statistical Analysis No statistical sample size calculation was performed a priori, Methods and sample size was equal to the number of patients treated during the study period. Continuous variables are presented This retrospective observational study was performed at the as median and interquartile range (IQR) with 95% CIs. Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Categorical variables are expressed as number of patients (per- Milan, which was the regional coordinating center for the centage) with 95% CIs. Differences in distributions of patient COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network. All consecutive patients characteristics by median age subgroups and by presence/ with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, referred to absence of hypertension are reported using differences with Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, and subsequently admitted to 95% CIs. Percentages of available data for the overall popula- one of the ICUs among 72 hospitals in the network between tion are based on the total number of patients included in the February 20 and March 18, 2020, were enrolled. The institu- study, distribution of available data over the age subgroups are tional ethics board of Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale based on the available data for that variable, and the other per- Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, approved this study and due to centages are calculated using the number of available data for the nature of retrospective chart review, waived the need for that subgroup.