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Guide to Expanding Mitigation CONNECTING WITH AGRICULTURE AND SYSTEMS REGION 10 The Guide to Expanding Mitigation: Connecting with Agriculture and Food Systems can help community officials create effective connections with individuals and in this critical sector. The guide is designed to improve understanding, preparation and planning for hazard events by local officials.

This guide also gives community and tribal leaders information Local, fresh food is a priority in this region. Restaurants boast -to- they need to: table entrees. Weekly markets pop up throughout rural and urban • Begin conversations. neighborhoods. Dockside fish markets dot our coastlines. The agriculture and food sector is important to local . Food is essential, yet • Build partnerships. communities in Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and often overlook • Plan for and invest in mitigation projects. risks affecting the local when they plan for natural hazards.

These steps can increase the resilience of local and regional Acting to mitigate the risks of future disaster events increases community food systems. resilience. It can also protect the vital local resources where people farm, , fish, hunt and gather food. Communities and tribes should include members of the food systems network in their hazard mitigation planning process to better understand and address this sector’s key challenges through resilience-based efforts.

CONTENTS Agriculture and Food Production in Our Region ...... 3 WHAT ARE FOOD SYSTEMS? Engaging Agriculture and Food Production Partners in Mitigation Planning .... 6 According to the American Planning Association, they are a geographically Food System Risk and Vulnerability Analysis ...... 12 integrated chain of activities that connect the production, processing, distribution Agriculture and Working Enhance Resilience ...... 16 and consumption of food. Funding Mitigation Projects ...... 20 While food systems are discussed throughout, this guide mainly focuses on Resources for Food Systems and Hazard Mitigation Efforts ...... 22 agriculture and food production. This is used as an umbrella term to refer to both commercial and subsistence-based farming, ranching, fishing, Funding Resources ...... 23 and gathering activities (see page 3 for more information on common types of References ...... 24 agriculture and food production in our region). Acknowledgements ...... 25 Learn more about food systems at: https://www.planning.org/knowledgebase/food/.

2 1 AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN OUR REGION

HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING PROCESS Protecting local resources and products from natural hazard events can , local, tribal and territorial use hazard mitigation support and enrich local and global food . This, in turn, strengthens planning to identify their risks and vulnerabilities to natural disasters. the local . Planning includes developing long-term strategies for protecting people Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington offer a wide variety of goods. Wine, fish, and property from future hazard events (FEMA.gov). FEMA requires produce, and are just a sample. In this region, rural communities hazard mitigation plans for certain grants and non-disaster programs. also rely heavily on independent growing, gathering, hunting and fishing to survive. When we consider the variety of wild and farmed resources, the number of people the sector employs, our dependency on these resources for food, and the economic impact of losing them, it is clear that mitigating the effects of hazardous events is essential. Capacity Organizing Building the Planning Process & Resources

Adopt & HAZARD WHAT IS ? Implement In brief, it is a community’s ability to access (physically and economically) MITGATION PLAN Assess a Plan 5-YEAR CYCLE enough safe and nutritious food. For more information on how the United Risks & States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is working toward global food Capabilities security, visit: https://www.usda.gov/topics/food-and-nutrition/food-security.

Public Comment Develop a Mitgation Strategy COMMON TYPES OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN OUR REGION

Agriculture The science or practice of farming, including growing and raising animals to produce food, fiber, and other products.

Aquaculture (also referred to as aquafarming) Cultivating aquatic animals and , such as shrimp, fish, oysters, clams and seaweed. This farming can use either inland (freshwater) or coastal (brackish or seawater) areas.

Subsistence-Based Activities Hunting, fishing, gathering and farming for food and goods that are mostly consumed by the farm family, with little surplus for sale or trade. The used for hunting, fishing and gathering are managed to support the reproduction of target species.

2 3 REGIONAL AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION

Farmers use ALASKA and nurseries to extend the OREGON short growing season— Subsistence-based use making this the second Oregon is the nation’s Agriculture makes of fish and game for largest agricultural sector top producer of hazelnuts, up nearly 11% of the consumption is prioritized in the state (by dollar rhubarb and blueberries. state’s exports. first in Alaska. value), after .

Rural subsistence users The state exports around More than 60% Diverse growing regions an estimated 80% of its agricultural of the commercial and access to the 36.9 million products (to seafood harvested in Pacific Ocean result in pounds of wild other states the U.S. comes from here. over 220 . each year. or countries).

IDAHO WASHINGTON Agriculture, the largest Coastal areas , provides Potato crops here Washington grows include thriving 20% of the gross state account for 30% of 70% of all port locations and product each year. the nation’s total. in the U.S. markets for seafood.

Idaho is the top producer The state is the number of and trout, the Steelhead trout and one producer of apples, Up to 85% of the number two producer of salmon are blueberries, pears, hops, world’s sweet corn hops and sugar beets and cooperatively managed by seed is grown here. spearmint oil and sweet third producer of cheese the state and local tribes. cherries in the U.S. and milk in the U.S.

Alaska Data Sources: Farm Flavor; NASS (National Agricultural Statistics Service), USDA; Bureau of Oregon Data Sources: Farm Flavor; NASS, USDA; Oregon Department of Agriculture, 2019 Report from the 4 Management; Alaska Department of Fish and Game State Board of Agriculture, Oregon Fresh 5 Idaho Data Sources: Farm Flavor; NASS, USDA; Idaho Department of Agriculture Washington Data Sources: Farm Flavor; NASS, USDA; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife ENGAGING AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION Identify Complementary Plans PARTNERS IN MITIGATION PLANNING Complementary plans, like the Agriculture Resilience Plan highlighted on page 6, can help inform the hazard mitigation planning process. These plans can reveal How can we make our communities’ agriculture and food production more shared objectives and provide a record of past and ongoing activities. Collaborating disaster resilient? Involve farmers, ranchers, fishers and subsistence users on separate planning efforts can also identify existing abilities to plan for and apply in hazard mitigation planning. Bringing these key parties into the planning mitigation activities. Integrating planning efforts can help communities prepare for process will help a community or tribe understand the crucial role of this natural hazard events and speed their recovery. sector and its potential vulnerabilities. It will also reveal new ways to reduce risk and create resilience. In addition, the people who own, manage and live Actively Pursue Collaboration off will become partners in enhancing its resiliency. There are four Enlist agricultural partners in planning. Inviting farmers, fishers, ranchers, key ways to foster these types of meaningful partnerships: subsistence users and others to participate can help identify vulnerabilities and • Identify complementary plans. mitigation opportunities. Their involvement in planning can align the community’s understanding of its hazards of concern, the tolls of past events, potential impacts • Actively pursue collaboration. of future events and ways to reduce risks. • Support and connect with your partners. • Look for partners outside the immediate community. Support and Connect Your Partners Involving groups from the agriculture and food production sector in mitigation planning may also benefit other areas of emergency management. Cultivating ENGAGING WITH FARMERS TO DEVELOP these connections can lead to new or strengthened partnerships. Involving private AN AGRICULTURE RESILIENCE PLAN businesses and subsistence-based community groups in hazard mitigation planning can build stronger relationships between the agriculture and food In Washington, the Snohomish County Conservation District (SCD) formed a production sector and local governments. When various organizations collaborate, steering committee of 11 local farmers. The members represented a variety the plan can result in mitigation projects that benefit multiple partners. of farm types, sizes and locations around the county. This group provided the SCD with valuable insights into questions and issues Look for Partners Outside the Immediate Community raised by local farmers. They discussed resilience planning, , growth and salmon . This collaboration resulted in realistic, actionable, There are many opportunities for partnerships. Consider organizations and and effective assessment tools, including a Flooding Prediction Tool and a agencies at the federal, state, regional and local levels. They may support local Climate Visualization Tool. Their partnership produced mitigation and adaptation agriculture, food producers or subsistence users. For example, USDA’s Natural strategies that specifically address climate change, flooding, ground water levels, Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) partners with local communities, Tribal impacts from warmer weather and more. Conservation Districts, nonprofit organizations such as the Alaska Villages Initiative and others. They to protect rural landscapes and native lands and By partnering with experts in agriculture, the SCD strengthened its planning expand agriculture and fisheries. Many of their projects relate to mitigation and process and built relationships. It also added the needs of those in fishing and resilience. In one case in Alaska, NRCS worked with native villages to install all- farming to the balance. terrain trails and walkways. The trails reduce and protect habitat To learn more about the Agriculture Resilience Plan, visit: http://www. to conserve critical hunting and fishing grounds. floodplainsbydesign.org/stories/featured/agricultural-resilience/. 6 7 PARTNERSHIP TO AID FIRE CYCLE In 2016, the Bureau of partnered with local ranchers, the Idaho Department of Lands, Home Fire Protection Association and the Idaho Department of Transportation. They began a 10-year project to build a system of roadside fuel breaks. This project will create 356 miles of breaks between Boise and Glenns Ferry to help stop the fire cycle in Idaho. For more information, visit: https://idrange.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/05/paradigm-feature.pdf.

PARTNERSHIP IN MITIGATION Public Utility District No. 1 of Whatcom County, Washington received a grant from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to develop a Drought Contingency Plan. • The plan was finalized in 2019. It includes detailed mitigation and response actions for a range of stakeholders and sectors, including agriculture, and aquaculture. • The Public Utility District developed the plan with staff from the county, and tribes within the county, the State Department of , the Ag Water Board and others. To learn more: https://www.pudwhatcom.org/resource-management/ drought-contingency-plan/.

8 9 SAMPLE PARTNERS TO CONSIDER LOCAL • Agricultural Advisory Committees Specific organizations and partners invited to the planning process will • Agriculture and Feed Supply Stores vary based on location. Here is a list of typical partners to consider from • Agriculture Development Boards the food systems sector. • Board of Fisheries • Board of Game • Certified Organic Growers Association • County Boards of Agriculture FEDERAL • National Institute of Food and Agriculture • Development Departments • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration • Farm Bureaus • Department of Agriculture • Farmers Markets - USDA Farm Service Agency • Food Policy Councils - USDA Natural Resources Conservation Services • Grocery Stores - USDA Northwest Climate Hub • Nonprofit Associations - USDA • Production Facilities - USDA Risk Management Agencies • and Water Conservation Districts • Trucking and Transportation Facilities/Partners • U.S. Army Corps of Silver Jackets • U.S. Department of Interior – Bureau of Indian Affairs TRIBAL • Departments • Fish and Game Enforcement Departments REGIONAL • Climate Impacts Groups • Fisheries Departments • Tribal Agriculture Councils • Harvest Management Departments STATE • Academic Institutions • Natural Resources Departments • Cooperative Extensions • Shellfish Hatchery Departments • State Departments of Fish and Wildlife • Tribal Councils • State Departments of Agriculture • Wildlife Programs Departments

10 11 FOOD SYSTEM RISK AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS • How have rain patterns changed in the past decade? How might those patterns continue to change? Naming the vulnerabilities, needs and mitigation options is the first step • Is there land downstream from a burn scar or an area vulnerable to wildfire in effective planning. How might we protect the infrastructure and other that could be vulnerable to post-wildfire flooding? services that are vital to this sector? Think in terms of emergency managers, How does flooding affect land used for agriculture and livestock? community planners and subsistence users. • • Is coastal and riverine fishing affected by high tides and flood events? • Has building in local caused more agriculture fields to become sites during flooding events? Overview of Hazards and Key Considerations

• H ow are and local lands affected by drought each year? • Are the potential effects of well understood and anticipated? • H as drought affected natural growing patterns and food • Which farms and hunting and gathering locations are at risk from availability in past years? future flooding? • W hat can be done to mitigate the impacts of drought in agriculture? DROUGHT SEA LEVEL • Will saltwater change the water table that farmers rely on or affect sites • A re drought-resistant crops available? RISE in other ways? • Will fisheries and ports be affected?

• What effects might an earthquake have on farms that rely on well water? Even moderate earthquakes can disable water wells. Many natural hazards can cause accidental toxic spills, seeping • What effects might an earthquake have on transportation or other changes to the natural soil. routes for goods and services? EARTHQUAKE • Are landslides a concern in this area? • Can areas where commodities and livestock are kept and SOIL • How have prior hazards affected local soil? stored withstand an earthquake event? HAZARDS • What nearby industries or facilities may be of concern? • How might a large offshore earthquake and accompanying tsunami affect coastal food production and ports? TSUNAMI • How could this affect supply and distribution channels? can be especially dangerous for , livestock, and lands managed for subsistence-based uses. It can cause health issues in the animals that survive and financial losses from ruined crops, altered • Have increasing land and sea temperatures been an issue landscapes and other damages. Impacts from wildfires may have long- WILDFIRE in the past 10 years? lasting affects: changes caused to the can increase the risk of flooding, erosion and mudflow. • How have unusually high temperatures affected annual yields of crops and animals? What effect could they have in the future? • How has wildfire affected past production and harvest seasons? EXTREME HEAT • Have higher temperatures made the melt faster? If so, • How does wildfire smoke affect production and livestock health? what are the local effects? • Are measures in place to mitigate the impacts of post-wildfire flooding • How does heat affect production, harvest and other activities? for landowners, managers and users? • How has wildfire affected gathering and hunting activities?

12 13 • How are livestock affected by severe ? • Are structures such as wind breaks needed to shelter animals? • How are crops and yields being stored? Are they protected SEVERE from the most extreme elements? STORMS • Have severe storms caused limited access or reduced safety (Winter, Wind, for hunting and gathering? Lightning)

• Are protections in place to keep a pandemic or epidemic from disrupting the supply chain? • Are necessary provisions, such as sanitization stations, available to maintain health and safety? PANDEMIC/ EPIDEMIC • Is personal protective equipment readily available for and producers?

• To what degree are farms, ranches and hunting and gathering lands vulnerable to changes from development, erosion, controls, land management practices and nonpoint source pollution? ADDITIONAL • Are changing weather patterns affecting hunting and CONSIDERATIONS gathering seasons or the availability of local resources? • What are the special needs of subsistence growers, gatherers and fishers? • Do farmers/producers have an evacuation plan for themselves and their livestock in case of a natural hazard event?

DID YOU KNOW? Climate change affects natural hazards. Rising temperatures, precipitation changes, events, season changes, lower livestock productivity and sea level rise may all threaten food systems in our region.

For information on how Washington is preparing for climate change, view the 2012 strategy document Preparing for a Changing Climate at: https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/1201004.pdf. Chapter 8 discusses agriculture.

14 15 AGRICULTURAL AND WORKING and local groups that support agriculture and food production play an LANDSCAPES ENHANCE RESILIENCE important role in advancing hazard mitigation in working landscapes. • Soil and Water Conservation Districts, state governments and local NRCS and Local emergency managers, planners and officials should consider how to use FSA offices work with farmers and landowners to enhance resilience, both working landscapes as part of an overall hazard mitigation strategy. Seasonal before and after hazard events. or planned farming in floodplains can keep higher risk properties and • Programs such as NRCS’ Emergency Watershed Protection Program and FSA’s structures from being built there. Farmland preservation programs can keep Emergency Conservation Program help communities with response and recovery these lands agricultural. These programs may use contracts or conservation efforts to protect natural resources and land. easements that pay farmers to keep using the land for agriculture. Many private land trusts, as well as state and federal programs such as the Natural • County and tribal districts work with individual farmers and landowners to keep Resources Conservation Services (NRCS), work to preserve farmlands. agriculture sustainable and lands resilient. • NRCS and FSA offer financial assistance for landowners to offset the cost of Many soil health practices by individual farmers can reduce drought conditions, projects that improve private properties. erosion and flood hazard risks downstream. No-till planting, the use of cover crops or perennial crops, like alfalfa, and sustained can reduce Through the mitigation planning process, communities and tribes can explore erosion and flooding. They do this by holding the soil in place and raising the these complementary funding sources as mitigation strategies. level of moisture the soil can absorb. According to the Union of Concerned , these soil health practices can reduce water runoff from extreme weather events by up to 20%. As well as protecting downstream properties, this replenishes the natural water table. Planting vegetative buffers are another useful and low-cost tool to reduce risk. They protect the streams they border. Federal funds to share the cost of creating these buffers are available through USDA programs such as NRCS’ Environmental Quality Incentives Program and Farm Service Agency’s (FSA) Conservation Reserve Program.

AGRICULTURE AS A PREFERRED IN A The Flood Mitigation Policies of the Lummi Nation in Washington states that land uses that “preserve the natural flood storage and conveyance functions of the floodplain,” including agriculture, are preferred. To review the Lummi Nation Hazard Mitigation Plan, visit: https://www. lummi-nsn.gov/userfiles/79_MHMP%202015%20Update%20FINAL%20 wAPPENDICES.pdf.

COVER CROPS USED TO PREVENT The winter of 2017 brought record rainfall and severe snow and ice storms to the Willamette in Oregon. Many farms in the region struggled with soil erosion. Ioka Farms, a 120- hazelnut in Silverton, persevered due to its planted between the hazelnuts. For more information, visit: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/ detail/or/newsroom/stories/?cid=nrcseprd1332825. 16 17 MOTIVATING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PRESERVING NATURAL RESOURCES TO PROTECT AND MITIGATION THROUGH SMALL GRANTS SUBSISTENCE-BASED ACTIVITIES In Washington, the Whatcom County Conservation District helps local In Alaska, the Tyonek Tribal Conservation District (TTCD) covers 6.6 million acres. Its farmers develop livestock farm plans to increase farming , mission is to conserve, enhance and encourage the wise use of natural resources. efficiency and profitability. • Preserving subsistence resources—fishing, hunting, gathering—nourishes the • The planning process aligns farming practices with the Whatcom County tribe’s and heritage, as well as their physical needs. Critical Areas Ordinance (CAO). • TTCD works with the Native Village of Tyonek, the Tyonek Native Corporation, • Farmers who plan to use critical areas on their property (defined by the NRCS, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, the Alaska Department of Fish & Game CAO as wetlands, streams and critical recharge areas) must have an and others to monitor, preserve and restore habitat. approved farm plan on file with the county. • Its projects have included removing barriers to safe fish passage (such as undersized • Farmers are eligible for a small grant that supports minor improvements, or poorly placed culverts) to ensure salmon have access to their spawning like adding fencing to keep animals out of waterways to prevent water grounds. Other projects create fire breaks to mitigate the impacts of wildfires. pollution or gutters on farm buildings to prevent runoff. For more information, visit: https://ttcd.org/. More information on the Small Farm Program can be found here: https://www.whatcomcd.org/small-farm. PRACTICES THAT MONITOR FOREST HEALTH AND ENHANCE RESILIENCE In Alaska, the Hoonah Native Forest Partnership brought together federal, state, local and tribal governments and nonprofit groups. They used and surveys to assess the region’s forest health and value for subsistence hunting and gathering. Based on this data, the partnership targeted conservation and resilience practices. Learn more at: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/ b14cc554ba9b400cb60c14184ed41c11.

18 19 FUNDING MITIGATION PROJECTS

Bringing in partners who understand the available funding is an important part of planning. Many funding opportunities will support plan building and PANDEMIC RESPONSE AND PROTECTION mitigation efforts for the food systems sector. These include funds from the COVID-19 resulted in housing and transportation restrictions and enhanced USDA, their NRCS branch, the FSA and many others. These agencies help sanitization measures for agricultural workers. In response, the Oregon private owners increase the resilience of their land by offsetting the cost of Department of Agriculture and Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board joined reducing impacts from natural hazards. forces to create the Food Security and Farmworker Safety Program (FSFS). Leveraging COVID-19 relief funds, FSFS aimed to secure Oregon’s food FEMA does not directly fund private sector projects nor agricultural mitigation chain supply and protect essential producers and farmworkers through a projects. However, FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Assistance grants can support reimbursement-oriented grant program. projects to mitigate hazards—like drought and flooding—that affect food systems. FEMA’s Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) Farm owners were eligible to be reimbursed for expenses incurred to protect program emphasizes investing through innovative partnerships. It has an added their workforce. These included adjusting housing structure, installing plexiglass focus on infrastructure projects and community lifelines, which include “food, and more sanitization stations and portable toilets, increasing transportation to water and shelter.” allow for social distancing and more. • To learn more about FEMA’s community lifelines, visit: https://www.fema. Those involved in the FSFS program identified key takeaways that can be widely gov/emergency-managers/practitioners/lifelines. applied to natural hazard mitigation and response. • For more funding opportunities, see our resources section on page 23 • Look to uncommon relationships. Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board’s of this booklet. expertise in grant management and experience in developing robust documentation structures made them an —if unexpected—partner for Oregon’s Department of Agriculture. • Word of mouth is an asset, and early and transparent outreach is key. When engaging with another sector, avoid the spread of misinformation by reaching out to provide accurate information and resources. • Response cannot take place in a vacuum. For individuals, disaster and natural hazard events are not isolated—consider how such events overlap. Anticipate cascading impacts. Prepare to be flexible. • Reduce surprises. It is hard to prepare for a pandemic since the effects are not always understood. Think through the various ways a virus might spread (and the impacts other hazards may cause) to identify the right precautions to apply. • Establish a financial support system. Food producers often operate with low profit margins and thin budgets. Large spikes in cost have direct, negative impacts. Setting up a financial support system to apply the mitigation is critical to success and important for the community being helped.

20 21 RESOURCES FOR FOOD SYSTEMS FUNDING RESOURCES AND HAZARD MITIGATION EFFORTS Bureau of Reclamation WaterSMART Drought Response Program Extension Disaster Network https://www.usbr.gov/drought/ https://eden.lsu.edu/ Disaster-specific courses, exercises, and resources from educators FEMA’s BRIC Resources https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/building-resilient-infrastructure-communities in extension programs.

FEMA Guidance: Floodplain Management Requirements U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit - Funding Opportunities for Agricultural and Accessory Structures https://toolkit.climate.gov/content/funding-opportunities https://www.fema.gov/media-collection/floodplain-management-requirements- USDA-Farm Service Agency Disaster Resources agricultural-and-accessory-structures • https://www.farmers.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/FSA_DisasterAssistance_ Guidance bulletin that clarifies and refines the requirements that apply at_a_glance_brochure_.pdf?utm_source=landing&utm_medium=spotlight&utm_ to certain agricultural structures in Special Flood Hazard Areas. content=spot8&utm_campaign=fsadisastersglance FEMA Hazard Mitigation Planning • https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/disaster-assistance-program/index https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/risk-management/hazard- mitigation-planning/create-hazard-plan USDA Grants & Loans https://www.usda.gov/topics/farming/grants-and-loans Standards and guidance for the planning process.

Fourth National Climate Assessment USDA Conservation Service Funding Opportunities https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/ https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/10/ programs/?&cid=stelprdb1048817 The effects of climate change on agricultural productivity, the health of people and , and the vulnerability of rural communities.

U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit – Tribal Resilience Resource Guide https://toolkit.climate.gov/tool/tribal-resilience-resource-guide Provides resources for tribal resilience to aid agencies or organizations who provide tribal and/or resilience support.

USDA Climate Hubs https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/actions-and-resources/programs A compilation of all USDA programs and resources that assist with the adaptation and mitigation of climate change.

USDA Disaster Resource Center https://www.usda.gov/topics/disaster Information about USDA and other assistance for recovering from disasters and building resilience.

WaterSMART Data Visualization Tool https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index. html?appid=043fe91887ac4ddc92a4c0f427e38ab0 An interactive map with information on water conservation projects aimed at mitigating the effects of drought.

22 23 REFERENCES

Adelsman, H., and Ekrem, J. (2012, April). Preparing for a Changing Climate: Washington State’s Integrated Climate Response Strategy. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from adaptationclearinghouse.org/resources/preparing-for-a-changing-climate- washington-state-s-integrated-climate-response-strategy.html

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. (n.d.). Retrieved July 2, 2020, from adfg.alaska.gov/

Idaho State Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Retrieved July 8, 2020, from agri.idaho.gov/main/

Maroney, R., and Robillard, T. (n.d.). Growing Partnerships with Alaska Native Producers. Retrieved July 6, 2020, from nrcs.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/ index.html?appid=8a31ba8ad0c841a9a9497bf2f9e9de55

Stuebner, S. (2017, May). BLM Paradigm project seeks to break repeated fire cycle in Idaho with aggressive fire breaks plan. Retrieved July 6, 2020, from idrange.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/paradigm-feature.pdf

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Food Security. Retrieved July 8, 2020, from usda.gov/topics/food-and-nutrition/food-security

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Local Food Directories: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS National Farmers Market Directory. Retrieved July 2, 2020, from ams.usda.gov/local-food-directories/farmersmarkets Project Team: FEMA Region 10: John McCandless, Kyle McCormick, John Schelling; Resilience Action Partners: Christine Caggiano, Skye King, U.S. Department of the Interior: Bureau of Land Management. (n.d.). Megan Main, Leanne Rutland, Gabriella Spitzer. Natural Resources: Subsistence. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from blm.gov/programs/natural-resources/subsistence Special thanks to FEMA Region 2 for developing the Guides to Expanding Mitigation on which this work was based. To learn more, find the series here: Union of Concerned Scientists. 2017. “Turning into Sponges: https://www.fema.gov/about/organization/region-2/guides-expanding-mitigation. How Farmers Can Fight and .” Retrieved from ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/ attach/2017/08/turning-soils-into-sponges- summary-august2017.pdf We would also like to thank the following partners who contributed their time Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. (n.d.). to advance our understanding of agriculture, food production and mitigation. Tribal Fishing: Fishing and Shellfishing. Retrieved July 6, 2020, from wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/tribal/co-management

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