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Mohd. Kamil Usmani [Entomology, Insect ] Dr. Arun M. Chilke [Biochemistry, Enzymology, Histochemistry] Aligarh Muslim university, Aligarh, india. Shree Shivaji Arts, Commerce & Science College, India.

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Vaclav Vetvicka [Immunomodulators and Breast Cancer] Nasroallah Moradi Kor [Animal ScScience]ience] University of Louisville, Kentucky. Razi University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran

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Dr. Kalyan Chakraborti [Agriculture, Pomology, horticulture] Dr. Satish Ambadas Bhalerao [E[Environmentalnvironmental Botany] AICRP on Sub-Tropical Fruits, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Wilson College, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Rafael Gomez Kosky [Plant Biotechnology] Dr. Monanjali Bandyopadhyay [Farmlore, Traditional anandd indigenous Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central de Las Villas ractices, Ethno botany] V. C., Vidyasagar University, Midnapore. Eudriano Costa [Aquatic Bioecology] IOUSP - Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil M.Sugumaran [Phytochemistry] Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur, Kancheepuram District. M. Bubesh Guptha [Wildlife Biologist] Wildlife Management Circle (WLMC), India Prashanth N S [Public health, Medicine] Institute of Public Health Bangalore Rajib Roychowdhury [Plant science] Institute of Public Health, Bangalore. Rajib Roychowdhury [Plant science] Centre for biotechnology visva-bharati, India. Tariq Aftab Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. Dr. S.M.Gopinath [E nvironmental Biotechnology] Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore. Manzoor Ahmad Shah Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. Dr. U.S. Mahadeva Rao [Bio Chemistry] Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia. Syampungani Stephen

School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia. UnespHérida - ReginaUniversidade Nunes Estadual Salgado Paulista, [Pharmacist] Brazil Iheanyi Omezuruike OKONKO Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Lead City University, Mandava Venkata Basaveswara Rao [Chemistry] Ibadan, Nigeria. Krishna University, India.

Sharangouda Patil Dr. Mostafa Mohamed Rady [Agricultural Sciences] Toxicology Laboratory, Bioenergetics & Environmental Sciences Division, Fayoum University, Egypt. National Institue of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP, ICAR), Adugodi, Bangalore. Dr. Hazim Jabbar Shah Ali [Poult[Poultryry Science] College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad , Iraq. Jayapal Nandyal, Kurnool, AndraAndrapradesh,pradesh, India..India rizi [Plant Biotechnology, Plant Breeding,Genetics] Agronomy and Plant Breeding Dept., Razi University, Iran T.S. Pathan [Aquatic toxicology and Fish biology] Department of Zoology, Kalikadevi Senior College, Shirur, India. Dr. Houhun LI [S[Systematicsystematics of Microlepidoptera, ZoogeZoogeography,ography, Coevolution,Coevolution, protection] Aparna SarkSarkarar [Physiology and biochemistry]biochemistry] College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China. Amity Institute of Physiotherapy, Amity campus, Noida, INDIA. María de la Concepción García Aguilar [Biology] Dr. Amit Bandyopadhyay [Sports & Exercise Physiology] Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada, B. C., Mexico Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, INDIA . Fernando Reboredo [Archaeobotany, Forestry, EcopEcophysihysiology]ology] Maruthi [Plant Biotechnology] New University of LiLisbon,sbon, Caparica, PortugalgalPortu Dept of Biotechnology, SDM College (Autonomous), Ujire Dakshina Kannada, India. Dr. Pritam Chattopadhyay [Agricultural Biotech, Food Biotech, Plant Biotech] Visva-Bharati (a Central University), India Veeranna [Biotechnology] Dept of Biotechnology, SDM College (Autonomous), Dr. Preetham Elumalai [Biochemistry and Immunology] Institute for Ujire Dakshina Kannada, India. Immunology Uniklinikum, Regensburg, Germany

RAVI [Biotechnology & BioiBioinformatics]nformatics] Dr. Mrs. Sreeja Lakshmi PV [Biochemistry and Cell BiBiolology]ogy] Department of Botany, Government Arts College, Coimbatore, India. University of Regensburg, Germany

Sadanand Mallappa Yamakanamardi [Zoology] Dr. Alma Rus [Experimental BioloBiology]gy] Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore, India. University of jaén, Spain.

Anoop Das [Ornithologist] Dr. Milan S. Stanković [Biology, Plant Science] Research Department of Zoology, MES Mampad College, , India. University of Kragujevac, Serbia.

Dr. Manoranjan chakraborty [Mycology and plant pathology]pathology] Bishnupur ramananda college, India.

Table of Contents (Volume 3 - IIssuessue 7)

Serial No Accession No Title of the article Page NoNo

11RA0387 Population density of Indian giant Ratufa indica centralis (Ryley, 1086-1092

1913) in Satpura National Park, , India.

Raju Lal Gurjar, Amol S. Kumbhar, Jyotirmay Jena, Jaya Kumar Yogesh,

Chittaranjan Dave, Ramesh Pratap Singh and Ashok Mishra.

22 RA0376 Puntius viridis (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), a new fish species from 1093-1104 22 RA0376 Puntius viridis (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), a new fish species frfromom 1093 1104

Kerala, India.

Mathews Plamoottil and Nelson P. Abraham.

33 RA0377 A new species of Agatho Agathoxylonxylon Hartig from the Sriperumbudur 1105-1110

formation, , India.

Kumarasamy D.

44 RA0420 An assessment of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in some 1182-1194

tropical legumes, seeds, fruits and spices.

Dilworth LL, Brown KJ, Wright RJ, Oliver MS and Asemota HN.

55 RA0411 Characterization of silica nanoporous structures of freshwater diatom 1195-1200

frustules.

Dharitri Borgohain and Bhaben Tanti.

66 RA0413 Saprobic status and Bioindicators of the river SutlSutlej.ej. 1201-1208

Sharma C and Uday Bhan Singh.

Journal of Research in iology An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Population density of Ratufa indica centralis (Ryley, 1913) in Satpura National Park, Madhya Pradesh, IndIndiaia

y Authors: ABSTRACT:ABSTRACT: Raju Lal Gurjar1, g Amol .S. Kumbhar1*, 1 Jyotirmay Jena , Information on population and distributional status of Indian giant squirrel o Jaya Kumar Yogesh1, l 1 Ratufa indica centralis is poorly known from central Indian hills. The species is Chittaranjan Dave , endemic to India and widely distributed in , and Central Ramesh Pratap Singh2, o India. In this study using line transect distance sampling we estimated population i Ashok Mishra2. density of giant squirrel in Satpura Reserve (STR), which is a major biosphere reserve in central India that harbors wide variety of rare endemic and endangered B Institution: 1. WWF - India, Nisha species. Density estimate with total effort of 276km line transect shows 5.5 (± 0.82) 22 n B ildi N F t /Km This study provides first baseline information on ecological density n Building, Near Forest squirrels/Km . This study provides first baseline ininformationformation on ecological density i Barrier, Katra, Mandla, estimate of Ratufa indica centralis in central Indian landscape. Reduction of Madhya Pradesh, India. anthropogenic pressure should be the first priority for park managers in . h 2. Field Director Office, Satpura Tiger Reserve, c , Madhya r Pradesh, India. a Corresponding author: Keywords: e Amol S. Kumbhar Central Indian landscape, Distance sampling, density estimation, Ratufa s indica centralis.. e R f o l a n r Email Id: Article Citation: u R aju Lal Gurjar, Amol S. Kumbhar, Jyotirmay Jena, Jaya Kumar Yogesh, o Chittaranjan Dave, Ramesh Pratap Singh and Ashok Mishra. Population density of Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica centralis (Ryley, 1913) in J Satpura National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(7): 1086-1092 Dates: Web Address: Received: 08 Oct 20132013 Accepted: 08 Nov 20132013 Published: 25 Nov 2013 http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0387.pdf. This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1086-1092| JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 7 Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal www.jresearchbiology.com

Gurjar et al ., 2013

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Habitat fragmentation is cited one of the major Study area reason for the decrease in abundance of arboreal The Satpura Tiger Reserve (22°19’ -- 22° 30’N and isolation of many species into small and 77° 56’ -- 78° 20’E) covers an area of 1427.87 km 22 population (Umapathy and Kumar, 2000). Indian Giant (Figure 1) in south east border of Madhya Pradesh state, Squirrel Ratufa indica centralis is a maroon and it extends from east to west in the southern part of the colour and is endemic to India with four sub-species.sub-species. The district Hoshangabad in Satpura ranges of Central Indian conservation status of Indian giant squirrel (IGS) is the landscape. The forest types of satpura tiger reserve “least concern” category of IUCN, Appendix II of consist of southern moist mixed deciduous forest, CITES and Schedule II (part II) of Indian Wildlife southern dry mixed deciduous forest and dry peninsulas (Protection) Act 1972 (Molur et al ., 2005). Giant Sal forest (Champion and Seth, 1968). The terrain of squirrels occur across a wide range of natural . park is hilly and hhighlyighly undulating, with dominated tree They have been reported from moist deciduous, dry species such as Tectona grandis,, , deciduous and riparian forests (Datta and Goyal, 1996; Buchanania latifolia, Terminalia arjuna, Emblica Baskaran et al ., 2011; Kanoje, 2008; Jathanna officinalis, Madhuca indica and Rauwolfia serpentina. et al ., 2008; Srinivas et al ., 2008), old mature forests The faunal diversity comprises of major carnivore such (Ramachandran, 1988) and teak-mixed forests (Kumara as Tiger ( Panthera tigris), ( Panthera pardus),), and Singh, 2006). Habitat fragmentation is one of the (Cuon alpines) and other small carnivores major threats which influence giant squirrel population including Jungle cat ( Felis chaus ), Palm civet due to its arboreal nature. Throughout India several (( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) as well as ungulates such investigators already studied on population status of as Spotted deer ( Axis axis), Sambar (Cervus unicolor ),), Malabar giant squirrel in Western Ghats (Baskaran et al .,., (Sus scrofa), Barking deer ( Muntiacus 2011; Ramachandran, 1988; Ganesh and Davidar, 1999; muntjak ), Rhesus macaque (( Macaca mulatta ) and Madhusudan and Karanth, 2002; Kumara and Singh, Common langur (Semnopithecus entellus). In satpura 2006; Jathanna et al ., 2008; Ramesh et al ., 2009; birds of prey like crested hawk eagle, and Umapathy and Kumar, 2000). In central India though crested serpent eagle were major predators of Ratufa there are studies available on ecobiology of Ratufa indica centralis (Datta, 1999; Kumbhar et al ., 2012). indica centralis (Datta, 1993, 1998, 1999; Datta and Also Mehta (1997) reported leopard attempted to prey on Goyal, 1996; Kanoje, 2008; Kumbhar et al ., 2012; giant squirrel. Pradhan et al ., 2012; Rout and Swain, 2006) but there is Sampling no study available on status and population density of Line transect methodology was adopted this species from central Indian landscape. (Buckland et al ., 2001; Jathanna et al ., 2008) and In the current study we tried to estimate distance sampling methodology was used to estimate population densities ofof Ratufa indica centralis by line population density of giant squirrel in our study area. transect distance sampling (Jathanna et al ., 2008) in Field sampling was carried out in the months of Satpura Tiger Reserve of central India. It believes that December to February 2011 – – 2012. During this period this kind of effort will help forest department to take 39 permanent transects were established in different better managememanagementnt and conservationconservation strategies. habitat types including riparian patches. Each transect was surveyed thrice by well trained observer between

1087 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(7): 1086-1092

Gurjar et al ., 2013 Figure 1: Location of Satpura Tiger Reserve in India.

0600 – – 0900 hr. Each transects differed in length, the total efforts of 276km. Analysis were done by fitting average transect length was 2km to 4km. Every time the different detection functions to the observed data for the species was detected group size, sighting distance and estimation of density. Based on minimum AIC value angle of sighting were recorded. Sighting distances were (94.9), half – – normal with cosine proved to be the best fit measured using lesser rangefinder and the angle of for giant squirrel data. As giant squirrel is a arboreal sighting was recorded using a liquid filled compass. The species its visibility is very high when we compare it field protocols were followed described in Jhala et al .,., with other terrestrial so detection in uniform (2009). The density of Indian giant squirrel (IGS) was manner is normal, AIC value also supports the model calculated using DISTANCE program version 6.0 (Laake selection. The encounter rate was 0.12 ± 0.06/km et al ., 1994). The best model was selected on the basis of walked, IGS known to be a solitary animal, maximum the lowest Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) (Burnham two individuals were recorded in a group and mean et al ., 1980; Buckland et al ., 1993). group size was calculated as 1.2 ± 0.6 in Satpura Tiger Reserve. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Studies conducted elsewhere on Indian Giant A total of 35 Giant squirrel sights comprising Squirrel (IGS) have shown different estimates of 42 individuals were recorded during the study period in population density (Table. 2). The variation in different

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(7): 1086-1092 1088

Gurjar et al ., 2013

y y i i t t i i l l b a a b o o r r P n n o o t t i i c c t t e e e e D

Perpendicular distance in meters

Figure 2: Result of model fitted in the DISTANCE to estimate detection probability and effective strip width of giant squirrel in Satpura Tiger Reserve.

estimates in different studies could be due to the different nesting (Kumbhar et al ., 2012). Maximum IGS sightings habitat types in the different study areas; also seasonal were recorded in riparian patches of churna, moist and annual variation and observer differences put limits of dry deciduous forest of watch tower and semi-evergreen comparison. The present study is the first attempt to forest of Nimghan to . A viable population is

provide baseline informatioinformationn on ecological density status one that maintains its genetic vigor and potential for fIdi i iliC lIdi ld l i d i (K ll 2007) h f of Indian giant squirrel in Central Indian landscape evolutionary adaptation (Kumar et al ., 2007), therefore (Table. 1). IGS distribution in STR was observed in continuous monitoring of the population status of this Terminalia arjuna,, and Tectona lesser-known in central India should be given grandis. These trees are mostly used for feeding and high conservation priority. Excessive amount of

Table 1: Population density and average group size of Indian Giant Squirrel (density /Km22) estimated in Satpura Tiger Reserve.

Parameter Point Estimate Standard Error Percentage Coefficient 95% Confidence Interval of variation DS 4.786 0.66 13.83 3.62 6.31 E(S) 1.169 0.59 5.05 1.05 1.29

D 5.595 0.82 14.73 4.17 7.49 N 6.000 0.88 14.73 4.00 7.00

Note: DS- eestimatestimate aveaveragerage group size; E(S) – – estimate expected value of cluster size; D – – estimate of density of animal; N – – estimate no. of animals in specified area; Chi-square value P – – 0.969.

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Table 2: Density of Indian Giant Squirrel (individual/Km22) from other part of India.

Study site Density of IGS /Sqkm Authors Anamalai Hills 11.4 - 64 Umapathy and Kumar 2000 NP 0.25 Madhusudan and Karanth 2002 Bandipur TR 2.36 Nalkeri 4.55 Sunkadakatte 4.86 Jathanna et al ., 2008 Muthodi 10.19 Lakkavalli 12.25 2.9 Baskaran et al ., 2011 Madumalai TR 1.6 Ramesh et al .,2009 Kalakad-MudantKalakad-Mudanthuraihurai TR 1.7 Ramesh et al ., 2012 Kakachi 1.42 Ganesh and Davidar 1999 12.4 Borges et al .,1999 Bhimashankar W Sanctuary 15.89 Mehta et al .,2012 poaching pressure and habitat fragmentatiofragmentationn has been Madhya Pradesh for give permission to conduct reported in Orissa (Pradha(Pradhann et al ., 2012) which can leads phase-IV monitoring of predators and their prey inin to population decline. We hope this baseline study will Satpura Tiger Reserve. We would like to acknowledge encourage long-term study, which includes on nesting frontline staff of Satpura tiger reserve, Ratnesh and breeding habits and resource availability of IGS Kamal Thakur for their extensive help in field work. populations in Central Indian Forest. Further Further research study about population status for this species and REFERENCES: conservation strategies in the central Indian landscape Baskaran N, Venkatesan S, Mani J, Srivastava SK are recommended. and Desai AA. 2011. Some aspects of the ecology of the Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica (Erxleben, 1777) in

CONCLUSION: the tropical forests of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, The present population density of Indian giant southern India and their conservation squirrel 5.5 ± 0.8 / Sq Km in Satpura tiger reserve in implications. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 3(7): 1899 – – central Indian forest is very important as it is first density 1908. estimates from any central Indian forest and will provide estimates from any central Indian forest and will provide Borges R, Mali RS and Somanathan H. 1999. The baseline data for future study. Present study is address status, ecology and conservation of the Malabar Giant the issue of urgent need of survey the status, distribution Squirrel Ratufa indica. Final report. United States Fish and abundance of Indian giant squirrel in central Indian and Wildlife Service and Wildlife Institute of India. landscape. Borges R. 1989. Resource heterogeneity and the ACKNOWLEDGE: foraging ecology of the Malabar Giant Squirrel ( Ratufa We are really grateful to Ravi Singh, Secretary indica). PhD Thesis, University of Miami, Florida. General and CEO, WWF-India and Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife), Chief Wildlife Warden,

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Ramachandran KK. 1988. Ecology and Behaviour of Submit your ararticlesticles online at www.jresearwww.jresearchbiology.comchbiology.com Malabar Giant Squirrel, Ratufa indica maxima Advantages (Schreber), Kerala Forest Research Institute, P 18. Easy online submission Complete Peer review Rout SD. and Swain D. 2006. The Giant Squirrel ffordable Charges (( Ratufa indica) in Similipal Tiger ReserveReserve,, Orissa, India. Quick processing Extensive indexing Tiger paper. 33(4): 24-27. You retain your copyright

Srinivas V, Venugopal PD and Ram S. 2008. Site [email protected] www.jresearchbiology.com/Submit.php .. occupancy of the Indian giant squirrel Ratufa indica (Erxleben) in Kalakad – – Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(7): 1086-1092 1092

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Original Research

Puntius viridis (Cyprinifor(Cypriniformes,mes, Cyprinidae), a new fish species from Kerala, India

Authors: ABSTRACT: y Mathews Plamoottil and Nelson P. Abraham. Taxonomic analysis of eight specimens of a cyprinid fish collected from g Manimala River, Kerala, India revealed that they present several morphological o differences from their congenerscongeners.. The new specspecies,ies, Puntius viridis, is diagnosed by a l combination of the following characters: eyes clearly visible from below ventral side; Institution: head depth lesser; one row of prominent elongated black spots on the middle of o 1. Government College, dorsal fin; a black band formed of dark spots present outer to operculum. 25-26 i Chavara, Kollam Dt, Kerala. lateral line scales; 4½- 5½ scales between lateral line and dorsal fin; moderate scales Pin code: 691583. B on the breast region 2. St.Thomas College, Kozhencherry, Kerala. n Keywords: i Fish, New species, Puntius parrah, Manimala River, Kallumkal. h Corresponding author: http://zoobank.org / urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F091CFE1-4510-419E-89B4-EBE147BFD9D6 c Mathews Plamoottil. http://zoobank.org / urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7569C0D4-1236-473F-AE67-541C6A4C9A10 a r e s e R f o l a n r u Email Id: Article Citation: o Mathews Plamoottil and Nelson P. Abraham. J Puntius viridis (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), a new fish species from Kerala, India. Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(7): 1093-1104

Dates: Web Address: Received: 14 Aug 20132013 Accepted: 02 Dec 20132013 Published: 18 Jan 2014 http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0376.pdf. This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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INTRODUCTION practices. In the tatableble values of holotypeholotype as percentages The tropical Asian cyprinid genus Puntius are given first, then ranges (holotype + paratypes) as contains 120 valid species (Pethiyagoda et al., 2012). percentages followed by ththeireir mean values. Body depth The genus aass currently known (Pethiyagoda et al., 2012) and body width were measured both at dorsal-fin origin is characterized by the absence of rostral barbels, last and anus, vertically from dorsal-fin origin to belly, and unbranched dorsal fin ray smooth, dorsal fin with 3-4 from anus to dorsum, respectiverespectively.ly. unbranched and eight branched rays, anal fin with three Abbreviations unbranched and five branched rays, lateral line complete ZSI/WGRC/IR-Identified Register, Zoological with 22- 28 pored scales, presence of free uroneural, Survey of India, Western Ghats Regional Centre, simple and acuminate gill rakers and presence of a post- Kozhikode; ZSI/SRC-Zoological Survey of India, epiphysial fontanelle. Southern Regional Centre, Chennai; ZSI- Zoological Jayaram (1991) revised the fishes of the genus Survey of India, Kolkata; UOK/AQB- University of Puntius from the Indian region. He classified different Kerala, Department of Aquatic Biology, Kariavattom, species of Puntius into 10 groups with 14 complexes. Thiruvananthapuram; CRG-SAC- Conservation But it is now understood that five lineages are present Research Group, St. Albert’s College, Kochi; STC/DOZ-- within South Asian genus Puntius, which are recognized St. Thomas College, Kozhencherry, Department of as distinct genera namely Puntius, Systomus, Dawkinsia, Zoology; BDD- Body Depth at Dorsal origin; BDA- Haludaria and Pethia.( (Pethiyagoda et al., 2012; Body Depth at Anal origin; BWD- Body Width at Dorsal Pethiyagoda, 2013); of these Puntius and Dawkinsia are origin; BWA- Body Width at Anal origin; PROD-Pre the common cyprinid fishes ofof the country. In Kerala Occipital Distance; D-OD- Distance from Occiput to different species of Puntius preponderate in number than Dorsal fin origin; LCP- Length of Caudal Peduncle; DCP any other scaled fresh water fishes. - Depth of Caudal Peduncle; DP-PL- Distance from Since the presently described specimens from Pectoral fin to Pelvic fin; DPL-A- Distance from Pelvic Manimala River did not have rostral barbels, possession fin to Anal fin; DA-C- Distance from Anal fin to Caudal of smooth last unbranched dorsal ray and was similar in fin; DAV- Distance from Anal to Vent; DVV- Distance morphology to the genus Puntius (sensu stricto), the from Ventral to Vent; LMB- Length of Maxillary authors compared the specimens with comparative Barbels; LLS- Lateral Line Scales; PDS- Pre Dorsal materials of the currently known species in that genus Scales; PRPLS- Pre Pelvic Scales; PRAS- Pre Anal and found that the new species differs in enough Scales; CPS- Circum Peduncular Scales; LL/D- Scales

characters to distinguish it from other similar fishes of Between Lateral Line and Dorsal fin; LL/V- Scales the genus. So it is described here as a new species between Lateral Line and Ventral fin; LL/A- Scales Puntius viridis. The descriptions are based on eight between Lateral Line and Anal fin; L/TR- Lateral specimens collected from main stream of Manimala Transverse Scales; D- Dorsal fin; P- Pectoral fin; V- River at Kallumkal. Ventral fin; A- Anal fin; C- Caudal fin; HT- Holotype; PT- Paratype. MATERIALS AND METHODS Puntius viridis, sp. nov., Fishes were collected using cast nets and http://zoobank.ohttp://zoobank.orgrg / urn:lsid:zourn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7569C0Dobank.org:act:7569C0D4-4- preserved in 10% formalin. Methods used are those ofof 1236-473F-AE67-541C6A4C9A10 Jayaram (2002) and measurements follow standard (Figures 1-4, 5. F & Tables 1 & 2)

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T t i l i d RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Type materials examined RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Holotype Diagnosis: ZSI/ WGRC/IR/2382, 81 mm SL, Kallumkal, Puntius viridis can be differentiated from Manimala River, Kerala, India, 9˚20’0’’N, 76˚30’0’’E, P. dorsalis in having a terminal mouth (vs. sub terminal collected by Mathews Plamoottil, 21.08.2011. mouth), a cocomparativelymparatively short snoutsnout (22.7- 31.8 vs. 31.8 Paratypes - 37.1 in % of HL), LL/V 3½ (vs. 2½) and caudal fin ZSI FF 4932, 2 examples, 63- 74 mm SL, with 18- 19 rays (vs.17). The new specspeciesies differs from Manimala River at Kallumkal, Kerala, India, collected Puntius sophore in having 10- 12 pre anal scales (vs. 13 by Mathews Plamoottil, 10. 10. 2012. pre anal scales in P. sophore), 3½ scales between lateral ZSI/ WGRC/ IR/2383, 5 examples, 72- 76 mm SL, line and anal fin (vs. 4½), a black band present outer to Kallumkal, Manimala River, Kerala, India, coll. operculum (vs. black band absent), a black blotch presentpresent Mathews Plamoottil, 21.08.2011. in front of occiput (vs. black blotch absent) and absence of spot on the base of dorsal fin (vs. black spot present at the base of dorsal fin), body depth at dorsal origin 31.5-

Figure 1: Puntiu Puntiuss viridis, sp. nov, (fresh specimen), Paratype, 76 mm SL, ZSI/WGRC/IR/2383.

Figure 2: Puntius viridis, sp. nov, (preserved in formalin), Holotype, 81 mm SL, ZSI/ WGRC/IR/2382.

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Plamoottil and Abraham, 2013 Figure 3: Dorsal fin of Puntiu Puntiuss viridis Figure 4: Head region of Puntius viridis

33.8 in % of SL (vs. 36.2- 37.3), eye diameter 26.126.1-- 31.6 down very slightly goes straight to snout tip; post dorsal in % of HL (vs. 34.7- 36.0) and head depth 68.2- 80.0 in region slightly concave. Eyes situated considerably % of HL (vs. 80.3- 86.7). The new species differs from behind and above the angle ooff jaws, protruding aboveabove the Puntius parrah in having nine pre dorsal scales (vs. 8 in surface of head and distinctly visible from below the P. parrah), a deep black caudal spot (vs. diffused caudal ventral side; inter orbital region slightly convex; nostrils spot), green dorsal and caudal fin (vs. dusky dorsal and situated nearer to eyes than to snout tip and covered by a caudal fin), longer head, 26.4- 31.1 % of SL (vs. 25.6- flap originating from the anterior end; jaws equal, upper 26.0), shorter caudal peduncle, 16.3- 17.8 % of SL (vs. jaw broader than lower jaw; tip of upper jaw a little 19.1- 21.2) and shorter head depth (68.2-80.0 vs. 84.2- bulging and so can be easily demarcated from the restrest ofof 89.5 % of HL); the new species differs from Puntius it; barbels one pair maxillaries only, shorter than orbit, madhusoodani in having 4½- 5½ scales between lateral feeble and never reach the eyes or nostrils; mouth line and dorsal fin (vs. 4 scales), 8 branched rays in terminal, slightly upturned and protruding; width of gagapepe dorsal fin (vs. 7), 5 branched rays in anal fin (vs. 6), a of mouth shorter than inter narial distance; operculum deep black caudal spot (vs. diffused caudal spot) and rigid and moderately hard. lesser body depth at dorsal fin origin (31.5- 33.8 vs. 34.5 Dorsal fin originates considerably behind the - 36.2); the new species can be differentiated from pectoral tip and a little behind the ventral origin, upper Puntius chola in having 8 anal fin rays (vs. 7 in P. P. margin fairly concave, first ray very minute, soft and chola), 10-12 pre anal scales (vs. 12-13), 9- 10 seemingly absent, commonly fused to second ray which circumpeduncular scales (vs. 11- 12), protrusible mouth is slightly osseous, soft, tip a little filamentous, form a (vs. non- protrusible mouth) and a row of black spots little less than ½ and above 1/3 of the third ray; third ray present in the middle of dorsaldorsal fin (vs. absent).absent). osseous but not much strong, tip filamentous, inner Description: margin slightly roughened but not seserrated.rrated. Last dorsadorsall General body shape and appearance is shown in ray branched to root and so consideconsideredred as one. Pectoral Figures 1- 4. MorphometriMorphometricc data as iinn Table 1 and tip just reaches or reach nearer to ventral origin; its upper meristic counts as in Table 2. Body laterally margin convex. Ventral originates just in frontfront of dorsal compressed; dorsal and ventral profiles convex; region origin and a little behind pectoral tip; its tip never from dorsal front to occiput a little bent, after sinking reaching anal origin, but only reaching the vent; upper

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Plamoottil and Abraham, 2013 Figure 5: General bodybody shape and appearance of Puntiu Puntiuss viridis and relative species. Puntius dorsalis ZSI/F 2730 (coll. Francis Day) B. P. parrah ZSI/F 2718 (coll. Francis Day) C. P. P. chola ZSI/F 2804 D. P. madhusoodani Paratype CRG-SAC 457 E. Puntiu Puntiuss sophore ZSI/F 13827 F. P. viridis Holotype, SL, ZSI/ WGRC/IR/2382.

margin of ventral fin convex; two scales present on either Coloration: side of base of ventral, one above the other, of this the Fresh specimens: upper one soft and delicate, lower one more fleshy, form Dorsal and dorso lateral sides green to silvery 2½ of the lelengthngth of veventral.ntral. Anal roughly rectangular, green; ventro lateral sides silvery green; eyes greenish upper margin fairly concave, originates a little in front of blue; a prominent yellowyellowishish green rectangular spot onon dorsal tip, considerably behind the ventral tip and a little opercle; a black band formed of dark spots present outer behind anal opening; its tip never reach caudal base; nono to operculum; a black blotch present just in front of prominent ridge on the base of anal; considerable occiput, in the middle of it present a small elongated distance in between anal fin origin and vent; first anal depression; dorsal and caudal fins light green, pectoral ray small; unbranched rays are slightly osseous; last anal and anal light green to hyaline, distal end of anal black; ray not divided to root. Caudal lobeslobes equal. ventral hyaline to white. A row of distinctdistinct black spots Scales relatively large, not easily deciduous and present on the middle of dorsal fin; a deep black caudal clearly countable; scales on the breast region moderate. blotch present well behind anal tip on 20-22 or 21-23 or Lateral line passes through lower half of the body and 23-25 scales; 2- 3 rows of mid lateral scales have dark fairly distinct throughout. spots at its base, so appear to have 2-3 broken lines on mid lateral side.

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Table 1: Morphometric characters of Puntiu Puntiuss viridis and its relative species from Kerala

Puntius viridiviridiss sp. ov. SL.N0. Characters Mean SD P. parrah P. madhusoodani HT Range HT+PT ZSI/F2718,4934 CRG/SAC 456- 459 (n=8) (n=5) (n=4)

1 1 Total length (mm) 103.0 91.2 -103.0 96.5 4.04 86.5 - 102.0 90.5 - 118.3

2 2 Standard Length (mm) 81.0 72.0 - 81.0 74.9 3.26 65.5 - 78.0 67.6 - 91.4

% SL

3 3 Head length 28.4 26.4 - 31.1 28.7 1.75 25.6 - 26.0 27.5 - 29.5

4 4 Head depth 22.2 19.7 - 22.9 21.6 1.13 21.6 - 24.0 20.7- 23.1

5 5 Head width 16.7 15.8 - 17.8 17.1 0.45 15.4 - 17.6 15.0 - 16.7

6 BDBDDD 33.3 31.5 - 33.8 32.9 0.94 32.1 - 33.1 34.5 - 36.2 7 7 BDA 22.2 21.1 - 23.9 22.6 0.98 23.7 - 24.4 22.1 - 23.7

8 BWBWDD 18.5 16.2 - 19.1 17.7 1.16 17.3 - 19.7 17.6 - 19.1

9 9 BWA 12.3 10.8 - 13.2 12.2 0.88 13.4 - 15.2 11.7 - 14.5

10 PROD 19.1 18.9 - 23.0 20.9 1.22 20.5 - 24.3 18.9 - 22.9

11 D-OD 30.6 30.4 - 31.7 30.9 0.31 24.3 - 29.8 29.0 - 32.9

12 Pre-dorsal length 50.6 48.2 - 54.8 52.2 1.61 50.0 - 52.1 49.3 - 50.6

13 Post-dorsal length 50.6 48.2 - 54.8 52.2 1.61 48.7 - 53.5 50.2 - 58.6

14 Pre-pectoral length 27.2 25.8 - 29.7 28.3 0.92 27.0 - 28.2 26.2 - 28.9

15 Pre-pelvic length 49.4 47.9 - 50.0 49.0 0.73 47.2 - 51.3 46.5 - 50.3

16 Pre-anal length 72.2 72.2 - 76.6 73.3 1.68 70.3 - 74.4 67.6 - 74.3

17 Length of dorsal fin 23.5 22.4 - 26.5 24.2 1.58 22.1 - 24.4 25.2 - 28.7

18 Length of pectoral fin 17.3 16.7 - 19.7 18.5 1.19 17.6 - 19.8 17.7 - 19.1

19 Length of pelvic fin 17.3 17.3 - 20.3 19.0 1.13 20.3 - 21.4 20.7 - 21.1

20 Length of anal fin 14.8 14.8 - 18.9 17.4 1.58 13.3 - 16.8 19.2 - 21.5

21 Length of caudal fin 29.5 29.3 - 30.0 29.6 0.20 28.4 - 32.1 24.8 - 27.0

22 Length of base of dorsal fin 18.5 17.6 - 19.2 18.5 0.60 18.0 - 21.0 19.0 - 20.0

23 Length of base of anal fin 9.8 9.8 - 11.1 10.7 0.43 12.0 - 15.4 9.0 - 12.0

24 Length of base of pectoral fin 4.3 4.1 - 5.3 4. 4.55 0.48 3.3 - 4.2 3.7 - 4.1

25 Length of base of pelvic fin 5.2 5.0 - 6.9 5.9 0.77 4.2 - 5.45.4 6.0 - 7.1

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26 Length of base of caudal 13.6 13.5 - 14.2 13.8 0.34 12.2 - 14.1 12.4 - 13.8

27 Length of caudal peduncle 17.3 16.3 - 17.8 17.0 0.62 19.1 - 21.2 12.6 - 17.5

28 Depth of caudal peduncle 13.6 13.5 - 14.5 13.8 0.37 12.9 - 13.5 12.8 - 14.6

29 LCP//DCP 78.6 77.0 - 88.0 81.2 3.20 63.6 - 74.3 73.1 - 84.6

30 Width of caudal peduncle 7.4 5.5 - 7.4 6.5 0.77 4.1 - 5.4 6.2 - 6.66.6

31 DP- PL 21.0 21.0 - 21.6 21.4 0.20 20.4 - 20.9 22.8 - 25.0

32 DPL-A 24.2 23.8 - 25.0 24.3 0.60 24.3 - 26.8 25.0 - 28.9

33 DA-C 26.0 25.9 - 27.5 26.6 0.51 27.7 - 29.6 25.5 - 27.0

34 DAV 3.7 2.6 - 4.1 3.2 0.61 _ 4.8 - 6.66.6

35 DVV 22.8 19.1 - 22.8 21.2 1.29 23.0 - 25.6 22.4 - 23.4

% HL

36 Head depth 78.3 68.2 - 80.0 74.3 4.26 84.2 - 89.5 95.0 - 100.0

37 Head width 58.7 56.5 - 63.2 59.8 2.52 60.0 - 68.4 55.0 - 61.9

38 Eye diameter 30.4 26.1 - 31.6 29.6 2.07 32.5 - 36.8 27.5 - 33.3

3939Inter orbital width 39 1 31 6 --4040 9 37 5 3 3742 1 --4242 537 5 --41 9 39 Inter orbital width 39.1 31.6 40.9 37.5 3.37 42.1 42.5 37.5 41.9

40 Inter narial width 28.3 23.9 - 28.9 26.8 1.95 23.5 - 30.0 25.0 - 28.6

41 Snout length 30.4 22.7 - 31.8 29.1 3.39 26.3 - 30.0 28.6 - 30.0

Width of gape of mouth 4242 26.1 23.0 - 27.3 25.5 1.53 28.9 - 30.0 25.0 - 27.6

43 LMB 17.4 13.0 - 21.1 17.8 3.69 15.0 - 17.6 14.3 - 15.0

Preserved specimens: deposits. The depth and width of the channel at Dorsal and upper lateral sides blackish green, Kallumkal ranges from 1 to 10 and 30 to 85 m lower lateral and ventral sides whitish yellow; spot on respectively. The reach has a bank height of 1 to 2 m the operculum becomes brownish black colored; a from tthehe general wwaterater level. Riparian vegetativegetationon isis greenish line present above the ventral origin to caudal moderate. Dominant flora include Bambusa bambos ,, spot which is distinct in some specimens in preserved B. vulgaris ,, Hibiscus tiliaceus and Ochreinauclea condition; pectoral, pelvic and anal becomes hyaline, missionis. The other species include Thespesia populnea,, dorsal and caudal become dirty black, base of caudal Artocarpus heterophyllus,, Areca catechu ,, Anacardium turns to black. occidentale,, Aporosa lindleyana andand Ficus exasperata.. Distribution: Cynodon dactylon and Cymbopogon flexuosus are major Puntius viridis sp. nov is presently known only grass species in this area. Rasbora daniconius, from Manimala River, Kerala, India. Osteobrama bakeri, Amblypharyngodon microlepis, Habitat: Dawkinsia filamentosafilamentosa,, Haludaria fasciatus, Puntius Manimala River at Kallumkal the type locality of pa parrrrahah,, SySyststomomusus susubnbnasasututusus,, Pet hihiaa tictic toto,, P. viridis is blblanketedanketed by mud dominant sediments. Sand Gonoproktopterus kurali, Catla catla, Labeo rohita, occurs as discrete patches within the mud dominant Labeo dussumieri, Cirrhinus mrigala, C. cirrhosus,

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Table 2: Meristic Counts of Puntius virviridisidis sp.nov and its relative species

SLSL Counts Puntius viriviridisdis (n=8) P.parrah ZSI/ P. madhusoodani P. chola P. dorsalis ZSI/ P. sophore ZSI/ F2718, STC/ CRG/SAC 456- 459 ZSI/F2203, F2730,ZSI/ F13827, STC/ NoNo Holotype Range DOZ 20 (n=5) STC/DOZ 21(n=6) 4009(n=2) SRC4954 (n=3) DOZ 22 (n=3)

Scale Counts LLS 11 25 25 - 26 25 25 - 26 26 - 28 25 - 26 2525

PDS 22 9 9 8 9 9 9 99

PRPLS 33 5 5 6 6 5 - 6 5 - 6 55

PRAS 44 11 10 - 12 14 14 12 - 13 11 - 13 1313

CPS 55 10 9 - 10 10 10 11 - 12 9 - 10 1010

LL/D 66 4½ 4½ - 5½ 5½ 4 4½ - 5 4 ½ - 5 ½ 5½5½

LL/V 77 3½ 3½ 3½ 3 3 - 3½ 2 ½ 3½3½

88 LL/A 3½ 3½ 3½ 3½ 3½ 3 ½ 4½4½

L/TR 99 5 ½ / 3½ 5 -5½ /3½ 5/4 5 / 3½ 5½ / 4½ 5 ½ / 2½ 5½ / 4½4½

Fin Ray Counts DD 1010 iii , 8 iii , 8 iii , 8 iii , 7 iii , 8 iii , 8 ii iiii , 88

PP 1111 i , 14 i , 14 i , 14 i , 1414 i , 13-16 i , 14-15 i , 13-14

VV 1212 i , 8 i , 8 i , 8 ii , 8 i , 8 i , 7 i , 88

AA 1313 iii , 5 iii , 5 ii , 5 ii , 6 iii , 5 iii , 5 iii , 55

CC 1414 18 18 - 19 19 19 19 17 1818 Horabagrus brachysoma, H. melanosoma Mystus present species), mouth sub terminal (vs. mouth indicus, Wallago attu etc are some of the co- occurring terminal), dorsal fin inserted nearer to caudal fin base species. than tip of snout (vs. dorsal fin inserted in the middle Etymology: between snout tip and caudal base), 2½ scales present in Species name comes from the Latin word viridis between lateral line and pelvic fin (vs. 3½3½ scales ), meaning green, an adjective, given here in reference to caudal fin with 17 rays (vs. 18 or 19 caudal rays) and greenish colored body and fins of ththee new species. snout length 31.8-37.1 (vs. 22.7- 31.8) in percent of head Comparisons: length, dorsal fin inserted in front of ventral (vs. dorsal Puntius viridis is related to Puntius parrah, originates a little behindbehind ventral fin) aandnd black spots P. madhusoodani, P. dorsalis, P. chola and P. sophore absent in the middle of dorsal fin (vs. one row of (Figure 5). Puntius dorsalis (Jerdon, 1849) [Figure.5 A] prominent elongated bblacklack spots presepresentnt on the middle of was described from the fresh water bodies of Madras dorsal fin). (Jayaram, 1991; Talwar & Jhingran, 1991; Pethiyagoda Puntius parrah Day (1865, 1878 and 1889) et al., 2008). It differs from the new species in many [Figure. 5. B] of Karavannoor River of Kerala shows meristic and morphometric characters (Table 2). In distindistinctct differences to the new species. InIn P. parrah, aa Puntius dorsalis a black spot present at the posterior dark bluish line present along mid lateral line, which is portion of the base of dorsal fin (vs. no black spot in the more distinct in preserved state (vs. dark bluish line

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absent in fresh or preserved condition in the new width of gape of mouth 19.0- 23.0 (vs. 23.0- 27.3), eyes species), eyes golden (vs. greenish blue), pectoral, not visible from below the ventral side (vs. eyes ventral and anal tinged with yellow (vs. pectoral andand anal protruding above ththee surface of head and distinctly seen light green to hyaline, ventral hyaline to white), dorsal from below ventral side), mouth not protrusible (vs. and caudal are dusky (vs. dorsal and caudal are green), 8 mouth fairly protruding), no black band present outer to pre dorsal scales (vs. 9), 6 pre pelvic scales (vs. 5), 1414 operculum (vs. a black band present outer to operculum), pre anal scales (vs. 10-12), dorsal fin originate just over no black blotch in front of occiput (vs. a black blotch ventral fin (vs. dorsal fin originate a little behind ventral present in front of occiput) and no black spots present in origin), caudal spot diffused (vs. caudal spot deep black), the middle of dorsal fin (vs. a row of distinct black spots smaller head (25.6- 26.0 % ooff SL vs. 26.4- 31.1 % offo present in the middle of dodorsalrsal fin). SL), greater head depth at occiput, 84.2- 89.5 % of HL The new species can also be easily distinguished (vs. 68.2- 80.0 % of HL), longer anal fin base (12.(12.0-0- 15.4 from Puntius madhusoodani [Figure.5. D] described by % of SL vs. 8.8- 11.1), longer caudal peduncle (19.1- Kumar et al., (2011) from Manimala River. In 21.2 % of SL vs. 16.3- 17.8) and greater distance P. madhusoodani , 4 scales present between dorsal fin between ventral to vent (23.0- 25.6 % of SL vs. 19.1- and lateral line (vs. 4½- 5½ scales in the new species), 22.8). Above all, in the present species, just in front of dorsal side dusky black (vs. dorsal side greenish), dorsal occiput a black blotch present, in the middle of which is fin with seven branched rays (vs. dorsal fin with eight a small elongated depression, a black band present outer branched rays), ventral fin with two unbranched and to operculum, 2-3 broken lines on mid lateral side, a row eight branched rays (vs. ventral fin with one unbranched of elongated green dots on dorsal fin and a row of and eight branched rays), anal with two unbranched and distinct black spots present in the middle of the anal six branched rays (vs. anal fin with three unbranched and which are all absent in P. parrah.. five branched rays), branched rays of dorsal and anal Puntius viridis sp. nov resembles Puntius chola rays black (vs. branched rays of dorsal and anal not (Hamilton) [Figure. 5. C] of Gangetic plains in having a black), absence of spots except at caudal base (vs. blotch on caudal base, possession possession of a single pair ofof presence of spots other than on caudal base such as aa maxillary barbels and in the number of ventral fin rays black blotch just in front of occiput, a thin dark band (Hamilton, 1822; McClelland, 1839; Nath & Dey, 2000); present outer to operculum and a row of green dots however, the new species shows differences to P. chola present in the middle of dorsal fin), mouth sub terminal in a numbnumberer of characters.characters. InIn P. chola anal fin has seven (vs. mouth terminal), pelvic fin slightly posterior to rays (vs. eight rays in new species), no scale like dorsal origin (vs. pelvic origin just in front of dorsal appendants above ventral fins (vs. an axillary ventral origin), body depth at dorsal origin 34.5- 36.2 (vs. 31.5- scale present), a slight ridge present along the middle of 33.8) and length of anal 19.2- 21.5 (vs. 14.8- 18.9) in lower jaw (vs. no ridge along the middle of lower jaw), percent of stastandardndard length. arch of the back rising abruptly from the nape to the base Puntius sophore (Hamilton), [Figure. 5. E] of the dorsal (vs. arch of back rising gradually from the described from Gangetic provinces shows many nape to the base of dorsal), a dark mark present along the similarities to present species in meristic and base of anterior dorsal ray (vs. dark mark abseabsentnt ), lateral morphometric features (Misra, 1962; Rema devi, 1992; line scales are 26- 28 (vs. 25- 26), pre anal scales 12- 13 Datta & Srivastava, 1988; Talwar and Jhingran, 1991; (vs. 10-12), circum peduncular scales 11- 12 (vs. 9-10), Jayaram, 2010). InIn P. sophore, a black spot present at

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the root of the dorsal fin (vs. black spot absent at the root west of Pondicherry, ZSI/F 2801, coll. A.G.K. Menon; of dorsal fin in the new species), barbels absent (vs. one 16.02. 1996, 2 examples, 52- 53 mm SL, Sethumadai pair of maxillariesmaxillaries present), a faint band present on thethe canal, Indira Gandhi Wild Life sanctuary, Tamil nadu, lateral side (vs. lateral band absent), no black band ZSI/SRC/F 4954, coll. M.B. Reghunathan; undated, 1 present outer to operculum (vs. a black band present example, Madras, ZSI/F 2730, coll. Francis Day; outer to operculum), no black blotch in front of occiput undated, 1 example, 53 mm SL, Tunga River at (vs. a black blotch present in front of occiput , in the Shimoga, ZSI/F 12320/1, coll. H.S. Rao; undated, 5 middle of which a small elongated depression), no black examples, 55- 62 mm SL, Cauvery River, Coorg, spots present in the middle of dorsal fin (vs. a row of KarnataKarnataka,ka, ZZSI/FSI/F 12319/112319/1,, coll. C.R. Narayan Rao; distinct black spots present in the middle of dorsal fin), Puntius parrah: 10.01. 2012, 4 examples, 65.5- body depth at dorsal origin 36.2- 37.3 (vs. 31.5- 33.8), 78.0 mm SL, Arattupuzha, Karavannoor River, pre anal length 71.2- 72.2 (vs. 72.3- 76.6), length ofof Iringalakuda, Kerala, ZSI FF 4934, coll. Mathews pelvic fin 20.7- 22.0 (vs. 17.3- 20.3) and distance from Plamoottil; 15.12.1994; 1 example, 60 mm SL, Kuruva pelvic to anal fifinn 25.8- 27.6 (vs. 23.8- 25.0) all in percent Island, Wayanad, ZSI/WGRC/IR/742, coll. C. of SL; head depth at occiput 80.3- 86.7 in % of HL (vs. Radhakrishnan; 24.03.1997, 1 example, 44 mm SL, 68.2- 80.0) and eye diameter 34.7- 36.0 in % of HL (vs. Parambikulam WLS, ZSI/WGRC/IR/10696, coll. K. C. 26.1- 31.6). Gopi; 10.8.2010.8.2001,01, 2 examples, 100.0- 103.0 mm SL,,SL Achankoil River, UOK/AQB/F/ 102, coll. Bijukumar; CONCLUSION undated, 1 example, Kariavannoor River, Kerala, ZSI/F Puntius viridis is a barb usually caught along 2718 Syntype, coll. Francis Day; 08.05. 1977, 6 with Puntius mahecola and Dawkinsia filamentosa. It is examples, 71 mm- 94 mm SL, Cauvery River at an edible fish can usually be collected by small- meshed Chunchinagatte, ZSI/SRC Uncat, coll. K. C. Jayaram. gill nets. They show similarities with Puntius parrah Puntius ccholahola:: 08.11.1939, 1 example, 41.5 mm and P. madhusoodani of Kerala, P. dorsalis of Madras SL, Soni Gaon Bheel, Lokpa, Batipara, , ZSI/F and Puntius chola ofof northern parts of India. They can 2203, coll. S.L. Hora; 1963, 1 example, 54 mm SL, be easily identified from their congeners in having aa Sukla Talai, Jhalwar, , ZSI/F 4009/2, coll. N. black band formed of dark spots present outer toto Majumdar & R.N. Bhargava; 18.03.1958, 2 examples, operculum and a row of distinct black spots present on 32.5- 55 mm SL, Raxanal, , ZSI/F/2804/2, coll. the middle of dorsal fin. They have also a less deep Keval Singh; 3 eexamples,xamples, 50- 62 mm SL, Rajastan, head. It is expected that further research works may ZSI/F/4379/2, coll. Birla college, Pilani; 1 example, 71 unveil its more biological aspects. mm SL, Irrigation Canal, Rudri, Orissa, ZSI/F ComparativComparativee material 13082/1, coll. H.S. Rao. Puntius dorsalis: 27.10.95, 1 example, 62 mm Puntius madhusoodani:: 17.11.2010, Holotype, SL, Thunakadavu dam, Parambikulam wild life 91.43mm SL, Manimala River, near Thirumoolapuram, sanctuary, Kerala, ZSI/WGRC/IR 8466, coll. P.M. ThiruvallThiruvalla,a, Kerala, CRG-SAC 456, coll. K.K. Sureshan, identified by K. C. Gopi; 23.2.2000, 2 Krishnakumar; 17. 11. 2010, 3 examples, 67.6 - examples, 56- 63 mm SL, Pampa River at Parumala, 80.91mm SL, Manimala River, near Thirumoolapuram, Kerala, ZSI/WGRC/IR/10379, coll. K. C. Gopi; 11.02. Thiruvalla, Pattanamthitta District, CRG-SAC 457 – – 459 58; 1 example, 53 mm SL, Usteri tank, 7 miles north paratypes, cocoll.ll. K. KrishnakumarKrishnakumar and Benno Pereira.Pereira.

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Puntius sophore: 10.05.2012, 2 examples, 58- 59 Jayaram KC. 1991. Revision of the genus Puntius mm SL, Serrampore, River Ganges, Kolkata, ZSI FF Hamilton from tthehe Indian region. RecoRecordsrds of Zoological 4938, Coll. Mathews Plamoottil; 20.06. 1963, 44 Survey of India, Occasional Paper No. 135, 178. examples, 62.5- 70.0 mm SL, Sukla Talai, Jhalawar, Rajasthan, ZSI/F 4008/2, coll. N. Majumdar & R. N. Jayaram KC. 2002. Fundamentals of Fish Taxonomy. Narendra PublisPublishinghing House, DeDelhi.lhi. 53-65. Bhargava; 24.10.1924.10.1939,39, 1 example, 40 mm SL, Siwane River, east of Hazaribagh Barthi Road, ZSI/F 13827, Jayaram KC. The Freshwater fishes of the Indian H.S. Rao; 22.06.1963, 4 examples, 66- 102 mm SL, region. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi.; 118-134. Gadhuli Talai, Shergarh, Rajasthan, ZSI/F 4023, SE Jerdon TC. 2010. On the freshwater fishes of southern Rajastan Survey of ZSI; 30.06.1983, 4 examples, 58.0- India. Madras Journal of Literature and Sciencece, 15 (2): 67.5 mm SL, Talbi, N. of Bimmal Railway station, ZSI/F 302- 346. 4029/2, S. E. Rajasthan Survey of ZSI. Kumar KK, Pereira FGB and Radhakrishnan KV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2011. Puntius madhusoodani (Teleosti: Cyprinidae), a First author acknowleacknowledgesdges ththee University Grants new species of barb from Manimala River, Kerala, South Commission of India for sanctioning Faculty India. BiosysteBiosystematica,matica, 5 (2); 31- 37.37. DevelopmenDevelopmentt Programme to undergo research. Both thethe McClelland J. Indian Cyprinidae. 1839. Cosmo authors acknowledge the Principal, St. Thomas College, Publications , , New DeDelhi,lhi, 246. Kozhencherry for providing the facilities. Misra KS. 1962. An aid to the identification of the REFERENCES common commercial fishes of India & Pakistan. Datta MJS, Srivastava MP. 1998. Natural history of Records of Indian Museum, 57(1-4): 320. fishes and systematics of fresh water fishes of India. Nath P, Dey SC. 2000. Fish and fisheries of North Narendra PubPublishinglishing HoHouseuse , , Delhi, 178-196.. Eastern India (). Narendra Publishing Day F. 1865. The Fishes of Malabar. Bernard Quaritch, House, Delhi, 39-43.

London., 208-211. Pethiyagoda R, Silva A, Maduwage K and Day F. 1878.. The fishes of India: being a natural history Meegaskumbura M. 2008. Puntius kelumi, a new of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters species of cyprinid fish from Sri Lanka (Teleostei: of India, Burma, and Ceylon. William Dawson & Sons, Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, London, 556-574. 19 (3): 201- 214.

Day F. 1889. Fauna of British India including Ceylon Pethiyagoda R, Meegaskumbura M and Maduwage and Burma. Fishes. I, Taylor and Francis, London, 209- K. 2012. A synopsis of ththee South Asian fishes referred to 334. Puntius (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 23 (1): 69-95. Hamilton F. 1822. An account of fishes found in the River Ganges and its branches. Edinburgh Hurst, Pethiyagoda R. 2013. Haludaria, a replacement

Robinson & Co, London, 312-389. generic name for Dravidia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae).

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Zootaxa, 3646 (2): 199.

Remadevi K. 1993. On a small collection of fish from Javadi hills, North Arcot district, Tamil Nadu. Records of Zoological Survey of India.; 91(3-4): 353-360.

Talwar PK, Jhingran A. 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, Delhi, 250-286.

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Original Research

A new speciespeciess of Agath Agathoxylonoxylon Hartig from the Sriperumbudur formation, Tamil Nadu, India

Authors: Abstract: y Kumarasamy D. Sriperumbudur Formation is one of the Upper Gondwana rock Formations g found along the Palar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. The rock units found in this Formation o are arenaceous and argillaceous, consists of green shales, clays and sandstones with l Institution: limestone intercalations. These shales contain animal and plant remains of Upper Department of Botany, Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous age. The present work is about a piece of petrified Annamalai University, o secondary wood of conifer having affinity with Araucariaceae. Based on the i Annamalainagar 608 002, anatomical characters the present wood is identified as a new species of Agathoxylon Tamil Nadu, India. B Hartig.

n Corresponding author: Keywords: i Kumarasamy D. Agathoxylon, Sriperumbudur Formation, Upp. Jurassic-Low Cretaceous.Cretaceous. h c a r e s e R f o l a n r u o Email: Article Citation: J Kumarasamy D. A new species of Agathoxylo Agathoxylonn Hartig from the Sriperumbudur formation, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(7): 1105-1110

Dates: Received: 14 Aug 20132013 Accepted: 21 Sep 20132013 Published: 18 Jan 2014 Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ documents/RA0377.pdf. licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Journal of Research in Biology 1105-1110 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 7 An International Scientific Research Journal www.jresearchbiology.com

Kumarasamy, 2013

INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS The out crops of sedimentary rocks exposed in The present observation is about a piece of petrified patches all along the eastern shorelishorelinene of Indian secondary wood (SPR/VK/52) collected from Vallakottai, a Peninsula starting from Cuttack in Orissa to Sivagangin village near Sriperumbudur (Formation named after this Tamil Nadu are collectively referred to as the East Coast town). The specimen was sectioned using rock cutting Gondwanas. These exposures occur along the MahanadhMahanadhii and grinding machine. Thin sections (TS, TLS and RLS) basin, the Krishna-GodavKrishna-Godavariari basin, the Palar basin and were prepared and observed under light microscope. the Cauvery basin. The upper Gondwana exposures Photomicrographs were prepared using Olympus digital found along the Palar basin are divided into the lower camera attached with Olympus microscope. Sriperumbudur Formation and the upper Satyavedu Agathoxylon aptiaaptianana sp. nov. Formation. EquEquivalentivalent to these two FormationsFormations there is a Holotype : Specimen-SPR/VK/52 Specimen-SPR/VK/52 marine Formation known as Avadi Formation Slides : SPR/VK/52/1, 2, 3 and 44 (Kumaraguru,1991). Type locality : Vallakottai The Upper Gondwana rocks exposed near Stratigraphic horizon : Sriperumbudur Sriperumbudur Formation, Upper Sriperumbudur are part of a large Sriperumbudur Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Formation found along the Palar basin (Kumarasamy andand Etymology : Named after the probable Jeyasingh, 1995). The rock units fofoundund in this formationnformatio age (Aptian) of the sediment are arenaceous and argillaceous, consist of green shales, from where the specimen was

clays and sandstones with limestone intercalations.ns.intercalatio picked up. These shales contain both marine animal and Description ((Fig.Fig. 1-a,b,c,d and e) e) plant remains of Upper Jurassic-Lower Jurassic-Lower CretaceoCretaceousus age. The study is based on a single piece of These fossilferous shales are covered by the recent decorticated pycnoxylic wood, measuring 5 cm long aandnd lateritic and alluvial Formations.Formations. 4 cm wide. The specimen is impregnated with ferrous Plant fossils found in this Formation includes compounds. Growth rings distinct, almost straight, impressions of leaves of petridophytes and gymnosperms almost equal, 600-710 mm (26-33 cells) wide. All and petrifield woods of gymnosperms. Many growth rings have more of early wood than late wood publications came out regarding the fossils found in this (four rows of tracheids in average). Tracheids are Formation, they are Feistmantel, 1879; Seward and regularly arranged in radial rows. Transition from early Sahni, 1920; Sahni, 1928 and 1931; Suryanarayana, 1953 wood to late wood gradual. No reaction wood and false

and 1954; Ramanujam and Srisailam, 1974; Ramanujam ring. Early wood tracheids 2.0-3.3 mm long, radially and Varma, 1977 and 1981; Varma, 1983 and 1984; 15-50 µm (average 24.7 µm) wide, rectangular to Varma and Ramanujam, 1984; Jeyasingh and circular. Radial wall pits mostly uniseriate, in some KumarasamyKumarasamy, 1, 1994a,994a, 1994b and 1995; Kumarasamy and places it is biseriate, alternate; pits bordered, circular,, circular Jeyasingh, 1995, 2004 and 2007. The present work is contiguous, 12.5 µm in size. Aperture elliptic, crossed, about the observation of a new species of Agathoxylon,, 6.25 µm long and 2.5 µm wide. Tracheids per mm 22 from this Formation. are 1599. Late wood tracheids 10.0-23.7 µm (average 11.1 µm) in radial diameter. Rays uniseriate, a few are partially biseriate, 1-19 (average 6) cells high, homocellular, cells 22.3 µm long and 17.5 µm wide.

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Kumarasamy, 2013 100μm a 100μm b

50μm c 5μm d 5μm e

Fig. 1. Agathoxylon aaptiana.ptiana. a) transverse section showing growth ring, b) tangential longitudinal section showing uniseriate rays, c) radial longitudinal section showing alternate pitting, d) tracheid radial wall pits showing crossed apertures and e) gross field pits.

Both tangential and horizontal walls are smooth. Radial The present wood shows alternate, uni-biseriate wall pits 3-9, circular, bordered, 7.5 µm wide, tightly pits (araucarioid pitting) on the radial wall of thethe packed. Aperture circular, ray cells spanning 2½-3 tracheids, uniseriate rays, and 3-9 pits per cross field.

tracheids, end walls vertical. Vertical parenchyma, resin These characters indicate that the present wood having tracheids or resin canals araree completely absent. affinity with AraucariacAraucariaceae.eae. Diagnosis Wood pycnoxylic, growth rings distinct. Only DISCUSSION radial wall of the tracheids are pitted. Radial wwallall pits There are sixteen morphogenera of fossil plants uni-biseriate, alternate, contiguous, circular with have araucarian affinity. They are Agathoxylon Hartig, elliptical crossed apertures, cross field pits 3-9, circular Araucariopsis Caspary, Araucarioxylon Kraus in and contiguous. Rays simple, uniseriate, 1-19 cells high; Schimper, Araucarites Endlicher Sensu Goppert, xylem parenchyma and resin tracheids are absent. Baieroxylon Greguss, Cedroxylon Kraus in Schimper,

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Cordaioxylon Lignier, Cordaioxylon Lignier, coromandelianum Sahni (1931), M. thithirumrumangaangalenslensee Cormaraucarioxylon Lignier, Dadoxylon Endlicher, Suryanarayana (1953), Dado Dadoxyloxylonn rajmahalhalense rajma ense Dammaroxylon Schultze-Motel, Palaeoxylon Brongniart, Suryanarayana (1954), Araucarioxylon rajivii Jeyasingh Peuce Lindley and Hutton, Pinites Witham, and Kumarasamy (1994a), A. giftii Jeyasingh and Platyspiroxylon Greguss, Simplicioxylon Andreanzsky. Kumarasamy (1994a), A.A.mosurense Jeyasingh and Platyspiroxylon Greguss, Simplicioxylon Andreanzsky. Kumarasamy (1994a), A. mosurense Jeyasingh and Among these names Araucarioxylon and Dadoxylon are Kumarasamy (1995), Cupressinoxylon gondwanensis considered to be invalid names. Agathoxylon Hartig is Kumarasamy and Jeyasingh (2004) and Sahnioxylon the earliest validly published name that can be used to savitrii Kumarasamy and Jeyasingh (2007) have been name fossil woods with an Araucarioxylon-type anatomy reported from this foformation.rmation. Apart from tthesehese petrified (Philippe, 1993 and 2011) woods, many impression fossils of petridophytes and So far, there are three species Araucarioxylon gymnosperms were reported from this Formation reported from this formation namely (Jeyasingh and Kumarasamy, 1994b; Kumarasamy and A. rajivii (Jeyasingh and Kumarasamy (1994a)), Jeyasingh, 1995). A. giftii (Jeyasingh and Kumarasamy (1994a)) and Recently a species of Agathoxylon was also A. mosurense (Jeyasin(Jeyasinghgh and Kumarasamy (1995)(1995)).). The reported from this FFormationormation (Kumarasamy, 2013). This present fossfossilil wood differ from A. rajivii in having species ( Agathoxylon gondwanensis) differs from the 3-9 cross field pits, whereas in the latter wood there are present species in having one pit per cross field and long 1-2 cross field pits per field, similarly in A. giftii thethe xylem rays (1-39 cells high). cross field pits are 1-3. InIn A. mosurense the rays are In general the overall climate during the 1-3 seriate, where as in the present wood the rays are deposition of the sedimentary rocks in the Palar basin exclusiveexclusivelyly uniseriate. should have been warm, humid and uniform. This is The present specimen superficially resembles indicated by the abundance of cycodophyte foliage in Araucarioxylon bikanerense reported by Harsh and these sediments. However, there must have been yearly, Sharma (1988) from the tertiary deposits of Rajasthan seasonal variations as evident from the distinct growth and A. agathioides reported by Krausel and Jain (1964) rings found in all the secondary wood pieces coming from the Rajmahal hills. But the present specimen differs from this formation. Most of the wood pieces show ‘C’ from A. bikanerense in having uniseriate pits on the type growth-rings (as per Creber and Chaloner, 1984) in radial walls of the tracheids, whereas in A. bikanerense which the early wood is more than the late wood and the the radial wall pits upto triseriate. A. agathioides differs transition from the early wood to late wood is gradual. from the present specimen is having frequent resin These features indicate that the climate of this region was tracheids but in the present specimen there are no resin almost uniform through the growing season except at its tracheids at all. close. In the presence of biseriate radial wall pits with elliptical, crossed apertures, 3-9 cross field pits per field REFERENCES and the complete absence of xylem parenchyma and Creber GT and Chaloner WG. 1984. Influence of resin tracheids, the present specimen stands apart from environmental factors on the wood structure of living all other species, so it is assigned to a new species. and fossil trees. Bot. Rev., 50(4): 357 – – 448. So far, many species of fossil conifer woods reported from this formation viz. Cupressinoxylon

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Feistmantel O. 1879. The fossil flora of the Upper Kumarasamy D and Jeyasingh DEP. 2007. Gondwana: Outliers on the Madras coast. Mem. geol. Sahnioxylon (Sahni) Bose and Sah from the Surv. India, Palaeont. indica. Ser., 2,2, 1(4): 191 – – 224. Sriperumbudur Formation, Tamil Nadu, India. Phytomorphology , , 57: 5 – – 12.12. Harsh R and Sharma BD. 1988. Araucarioxylon bikanerense sp. nov. from the Tertiary of Bikaner, Philippe M. 1993. Nomenclature generique des Rajasthan, India. PhytomorphologyPhytomorphology,, 38: 111-115. tracheidoxyles fossiles Mesozoiques a Champs araucarioides. Taxon., 42(1):74-80. JeyasiJeyasinghngh DEP and Kumarasamy D. 1994a. Araucarioxylon from the Sriperumbudur Formation, Philippe M. 2011. HowHow many species ofof Ara Araucarucarioxyioxylon?lon? Upper Gondwana, Tamil Nadu, India. Geophytology, 24 Pal Palevol.evol. Fasicule. 10( 2-3): 201-208. (1): 43 – – 48.48. Ramanujam CGK and SrisailamSrisailam K. 1974. Palynology Jeyasingh DEP and Kumarasamy D. 1994b. of the carbonaceous shales from a bore hole at Occurrence of Pityospermum Nathorst in the Kattavakkam near Conjeevaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Sriperumbudur Formation, Tamil Nadu. Curr. Sci.,., 6767 Pollen et Spores, 16(1), 67 – – 102. (5): 305. Ramanujam CGK and Varma YNR. 1977. Jeyasingh DEP and Kumarasamy D. 1995. An unusual Palynological evidence for the age of Sriperumbudur pycnoxylic wood from a new Upper Gondwana locality beds encountered in a bore hole at Orikkai near in Tamil Nadu, India. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol.,., Conjeevaram, Tamil Nadu. J. Geol. Soc. India, 18(8): 85(3-4): 341-350. 429 – – 435.

Kräusel R and Jain KP. 1964. New fossil coniferous Ramanujam CGK and Varma YNR. 1981. Hillate woods from the Rajmahal hills, Bihar, India. spores from the Upper Gondwana deposits of Palar basin, PalaeobotanistPalaeobotanist,, 12(1): 5995 – – 67.67. Tamil Nadu. Palaeobotanist, 28-29, 308 – – 315.

Kumaraguru P. 1991. Stratigraphic drilling in palar Sahni B. 1928. Revision of Indian fossil plants: part I – – Basin, Tamil Nadu.Rec.geol.Surv.INadu.Rec.geol.Surv.Ind.,124(5):139-143.nd.,124(5):139-143. Coniferals (a. Impressions and Incrustations). Mem. geol. Surv. India, Palaeont, indica n. ser., 11: 1 – – 49.49. Kumarasamy D. 2013. A fossil araucarian woodwood from the Sriperumbudur formation, Tamil Nadu, India. Inter. Sahni B. 1931. Revision of Indian fossil plants: part II – – J. Plant Animal Environ. Sci., 3(1): 50 – – 55.55. Coniferals (b. Petrifactions). Mem. geol. Surv. india, Palaeont. Indica n. ser., 11: 51 – – 124. Kumarasamy D and Jeyasingh DEP. 1995. Some fossil pteridophytic foliage from the Sriperumbudur Seward AC and Sahni B. 1920. Indian Gondwana Formation, Tamil Nadu, India. Phytomorphology , , plants: a revision. Mem. geol. Surv. India, Palaeont. 45 (3 and 4): 175 – – 183. indica n. ser., 7(1): 1 – – 41.41.

Kumarasamy D and JeyasingJeyasinghh DEP. 2004. A new Suryanarayana K. 1953. Me sese mbmb riri oxox yylolonn species of Cupressinoxylon Göeppert from the tirumangalense, a new species from the Sriperumbudur Sriperumbudur Formation, India. Phytomorphology, 54: group near Madras. J. Indian bot. Soc., 3232(4):(4): 159 – – 164. 9797 – – 104.

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Suryanarayana K. 1954. Fossil plants from the Jurassic rocks of the Madras coast, India. Palaeobotanist, 3: 87 – – 90.90.

Varma YNR. 1983. Erlansonisporites potonie,, megaspores from the Sriperumbudur beds of Palar basin, Tamil Nadu. Geophytology, 13(2): 235 – – 236.

Varma YNR. 1984. Gymnospermous palynomorphs from the Upper Gondwana of India. Indian J. Bot.,., 7(2): 190 – – 197.

Varma YNR and Ramanujam CGK. 1984. Palynology of some Upper Gondwana deposits of Palar basin, Tamil Nadu India Palaeontographica B Tamil Nadu, India. Palaeontographica B. 190 (1-3): 37 – – 86.86.

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1110 Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(7): 1105-1110

Journal of Research in iology An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

An assessmeassessmentnt of bioactivebioactive compoundscompounds and antioxidantsantioxidants in some ttropicalropical legumes, seeds, fruits and spices

Authors: ABSTRACT:ABSTRACT: * y Dilworth LL , Brown KJ, Objective:

g Wright RJ, Oliver MS and The main objective of this research was to assess bioactive compounds, Asemota HN. antioxidant potential and mineral concentration of commonly consumed foods as well o as underutilized ones for improved health and food security. l Methods: o Twelve food samples were assessed for minerals, flavonoids, IP66, total i polyphenols and antioxidant activity. IP66 was determined by anion exchange chromatography while flavonoids, polyophenols, minerals and antioxidant activity B were determined by standard methods. Results: n The highest concentrations of IP66 were recorded in legumes and corn while i appreciable levels were also found in golden apple and sorrel samples. The highest concentrations of flavonoids and total polyphenols were found in non- leguminaceaous samples. Pimento and ginger samples recorded highest antioxidant h Institution: activity (p<0.05) with values comparable to the standard ascorbic acid while pumpkin c Department of Basic Medical Sciences, seeds and onion samples recorded lowest antioxidant activities. Mineral r U i it f th W t concentrations varied with the samples of pimento golden apple and sorrel having r University of the West concentrations varied with the samples of pimento, golden apple and sorrel having a Indies, Mona campus. highest calcium concentrations. Sorrel, ginger and pimento recorded highest iron concentrations, while zinc levels were as highest in both hulled and unhulled pumpkin e seed samples. Okra samples recorded the highest copcopperper concentrations. s Conclusion: Food samples analysed are rich in minerals, bioactive compounds and e antioxidants hence their increased exploitation for nutraceutical and nutritional R benefits are advocatedadvocated.. Data from this study arguesargues well for increased prodproductionuction aandnd consumption of rarely consumed pumpkin and seeds in light of their f nutritional profile and antioxidant activity. Most samples assessed are valuable in o supplementing nutrient-poor diets. l Corresponding author: Keywords: a Dilworth LL. Antioxidants, bioactive compounds, spices, legumes, seeds n r

u Article Citation: Email Id: o Dilworth LL, Brown KJ, Wright RJ, Oliver MS and Asemota HN. An assessment of bioactive compounds and antioxidants in some tropical legumes, J seeds, fruits and spices. Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 3(7): 1182-1194 Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ Dates: documents/RA0420.pdf. Received: 31 Jan 20142014 Accepted: 17 Feb 20142014 Published: 28 Feb 2014

This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1182-1194 | JRB | 2014 | Vol 3 | No 7 Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal www.jresearchbiology.com

Dilworth et al.,, 2014

INTRODUCTION jackfruit seeds, pigeon peas, broad beans, kidney beanssbean

In light of concerns regarding food security and as well as golden apple (Hanson et al ., 2014; Swami quality, there is great interest in ascertaining the et al ., 2012; Kalogeropoulos et al ., 2013; Islam et al .,., nutritional benefits of foods commonly consumed 2013). Some of these foods are commonly consumed andand throughout the tropics. Functional food researchers are reported to have a myriad of health benefits while generally agree that in addition to macronutrients, it is others are not commonly consumed but are easily also important to assess minerals as well as levels of available and also have health promoting properties bioactive compounds that may contribute to the overall which should be explored. The health benefits and quality and health benefits of foods consumed by a wide reported underutilizatiounderutilizationn of somesome samples along with the cross section of people in different geographical potential economic benefits of their incorporation incorporation into locations. To that effect, assessing the antioxidant mainstream consumption prompted research interest in activities of food samples is also important as it indicates the food samples selected. their ability to counteract the effects of free radicals. Free Since antioxidants are shown to significantly radicals are independently existing atoms or molecules delay or prevent the oxidation of easily oxidizable that have one or more unpaired electrons (Williams substances, there is now an increased interest in the role et al ., 2006). They are generated daily in living systems of natural antioxidants from different food sources.

arising from the metabolic processes that form a part of IInositolnositol hexakisphosphate or IP66 (also known as phytic normal aerobic metabolism (Saha et al ., 2008). The acid or phytate when in salt form), is also thought to play

increased incidences of many diseases including cell a role in antioxidant activity of cells. IP66 is the principal tumours, type II diabetes mellitus and coronary heart storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, tissues, diseases are attributed to the effects of highly active free especiallyespecially bran branand seeds, seeds, where it exhibits antioxidant radicals (Marino a t ltl 2005; Olajire t ltl 2011) properties iaia chelation ofof h dro l radicals (Graf and radicals (Marinova et al ., 2005; Olajire et al ., 2011). properties via chelation of hydroxyl radicals (Graf and

Throughout the Caribbean, there are many food Eaton, 1990; Johnson et al ., 2000). IP66 concentrations in crops which are believed to possess therapeutic most of the food samples previously mentioned are not properties. These beliefs are largely based on traditionn traditio known and therefothereforere warrant investigation. and have resulted in increased interest in the area of Minerals are an important contributor to the ethnopharmacology. It is now theorized that traditional nutritional value of foods as they play significant roles in medicine has immense value and the therapeutic many essential metabolic processes. They are importantimportant properties of foods may be due in part to the presence of in cognitive development, function as enzyme cofactors, bioactive compounds (Sreeramulu (Sreeramulu et al ., 2013). The and play important roles in structural and epithelial development of an industry from this knowledge is integrity among numerous other functions. Reduced considered an important contributor to economic growth levels and bioavailability of minerals is thought to be a in the tropics (Dilworth et al ., 2013). Some of the foods major health challenge in developing countries. There is of interest are spices and condiments including pimento, however, a paucity of information regarding overall ginger, onions, okra and sorrel that are reported to antioxidant properties and health benefits of many possess important health benefits (Rubio et al ., 2013; commonly eaten foods. In light of the current boom in Kaefer and Milner, 2008; Tsai et al ., 2014; Pérez- the nutraceutical industry, it is important to assess their Gregorio et al ., 2014). Other foods of interest include antioxidant properties since this will positively legumes and seeds including corn, pumpkin seeds, contribute to their marketability. This will also enhance

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the commercial viability of the region since specific METHODS foods and their value added products can be marketed for Determination of Minerals

economic development. The minerals calcium, copper, zinc and iron were This study was geared at assessing the nutritional determined by standard methods (AOAC, 2005). A value of foods delivered to the market for consumption specified amount of ground sample was completely by the local populatiopopulation,n, since the average consumer ashed followed by acid digestion and dilution with purchases food from tthehe market and not directly ffromrom the deionized water. Samples were read using a Unicam 939 farm. Checks were done to ensure that all samples were atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with delivered to the market directly from the farm within background correction and cathode lamps. Accuracy ofof three days or less since older samples may have reduced the analytical method was confirmed through a series of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity owing toto certified analyses on reference materials. Appropriate improper storage. This research was aimed at spikes were added to specific samples for recovery ascertaining antioxidant properties, bioactive ccompompoundsounds determinations.

and mineral concentration of commonly consumed foods Total phenol while assessing some other uncommon foods for Total phenol levels were determined by a incorporation into mainstream consumption or for use as modification of the Folin-Ciocalteu assay method as nutraceuticals. described by Sun et al ., (2006) and Prasad et al ., (2010). Following methanol extraction, 0.5 mL of Folin reagent

METHODOLOGY was added to samples and then Na22CO33 was also added.. MATERIALS: Samples were vortexed and incubated, diluted with Chemicals and Reagents were purchased from deionized water, centrifuged and absorbance read at Sigma-Aldrich Co. (MO, USA). 725 nm. A standard curve for gallic acid was done based Samples on a similar procedure as outlined above. Extrapolations A wide variety of commonly eaten foods for total polyphenol concentration were then carried out including tuber crops, fruits, vegetables, condiments and from the curve and values given as mean ± SD mg gallic spices were selected fforor analyses. They wwereere as ffollows:ollows: acid equivalents/mLequivalents/mL.. spices were selected fforor analyses. They wwereere as ffollows:ollows: acid equivalents/mLequivalents/mL.. Kidney bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris), Butter bean DPPH radical scavenging activity: (( Phaseolus lunatus), Pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan), Okra DPPH radical scavenging activity was (( Hibiscus esculentus), golden apple (Spondias dulcis),), determined by slight modifications of methods outlined Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus), Sorrel ( Hibiscus by Matkowski et al ., (2008), Veeru et al ., (2009) and sabdariffa), Onion ( Allium cepa ), Ginger ( Zingiber Hasan et al ., (2006). Plant extracts were double extracted officinale), Pimento ( Pimenta dioica ) and Corn ( Zea with methanol for 24 hours then rotor evaporated to mays). Samples were collected from the main market in dryness and the DPPH assay was carried out to the city of Kingston, Jamaica, then taken to the determine the concentration of each extract required to laboratory, washed and oven dried to a constant weight. cause 50% inhibition. Samples were read at 517 nm Samples were then crushed in a General electric motor against a pure methanol blank in duplicates and and industrial system laboratory mill with the mesh size the percentage inhibition was determined according to

of 0.2 mm and stored frozen for further use. the equation below. IC5050 values were determined from the graph of the percentage inhibition

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against extract concentration. IPIP66

abs of control – – abs of sample Assessment of IP66 was done by a method % % inhibitioinhibitionn = x 100 previously descdescribedribed by Siddhuraju andand Becker (2001). IItt abs control involved a colorimetric method in addition to ion Flavonoids exchange purification. Duplicate ground samples were Total flavonoid content was assessed by the stirred with HCl at room temperature followed by aluminum chloride colorimetric assay as previously centrifugation. Aliquots were diluted with distilled water reported (Marinova et al ., 2005). An aliquot of the and the pH was adjusted to 6. The diluted extract was methanolic extract was centrifugated and added to quantitatively transferred to a column with anioinic

deionized water, sodium nitrateand aluminium chloride.. exchange resin. Inorganic phosphate was eluted with 0.1

Sodium hydroxide was then added and the volume made M NaCl while IP66 was eluted with 1M NaCl and up to 10 mL with deionized water. Solutions were mixed collected. The purified extract, standards and water were thoroughly and the absorbance was read at 510 nm added to the modified Wade reagent. It was vortexed for against a reagent blank. Total flavonoid content was 5 seconds and the absorbance was read immediately at

expressed as catechin equivalents (CE)/100 g dry mass. 500 nm.

Table 1.0: IP6, Flavoniods and total phenolics in legumes, seeds and spices

Samples IP6 (µg/g) Flavonoids (CE/100 mg) Total phenolics (mg/100 g)g)

kidney bean 2750.20 ± 9.02aa 145.21 ± 5.03 dd 16.38 ± 1.40 a a

broad bean 1466.67 ± 15.15abab 90.61 ± 20.21dd 5.61 ± 1.79dd

Pigeon peas 2483.67 ± 13.21aa 119.91 ± 2.09 dd 11.63 ± 0.72 a a

Jackfruit seeds 462.50 ± 62.51cc 105.65 ± 34.07dd 22.38 ± 1.73abab

Pimento 1183.33 ± 16.66 bc bc 2685.68 ± 15.30aa 2.87 ± 0.17d

Pumpkin seeds (h) 2558.21 ± 18.67aa 60.93 ± 3.21dd 8.23 ± 3.41dd

Pumpkin seeds (u) 2554.67 ± 20.59aa 95.64 ± 24.55dd 21.32 ± 1.57 ab ab

Corn 2025.52 ± 75.83aa 50.11 ± 2.54dd 80.21 ± 2.14cc Okra 700.21 ± 17.21cc 595.91 ± 85.53cc 27.95 ± 2.67 b b

Sorrel 1520.83 ± 23.52dd 1665.64 ± 18.81 b b 5.30 ± 1.30 b b

Onion 941.66 ± 16.67 bc bc 85.86 ± 5.34dd 36.72 ± 1.29 b b

Ginger 441.67 ± 25.25cc 470.86 ± 50.34cc 87.99 ± 4.05cc

Golden apple 1945.83 ± 20.83abab 325.66 ± 35.35cc 28.25 ± 1.70 b b

Values in the same column with different letter subscripts are significantly different p<0.05. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM.

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Statistical analyses had lower IP66 compared to leguminaceous crops, they Data were finally expressed as means ± SEM. still had appreciable levels that can be exploited for Analysis of variance was used to ascertain differences anticarcinogenic and antioxidant properties. Other spices

among different samples by using the Statistical package including ginger, onion and okra recorded low IP66

for the social sciences software version 16.0. concentrations. Differences among means were assessed by the It is important to assess ways in which food

Duncan’s multiple range test where significance was samples with high IP66 concentrations can be exploited confirmed by a cutoff p value <0.05, (Sokal and Rohlf, since this bioactive compound is shown to be effective in 1969). reducing the incidences and complications of numerous metabolic disorders including hyperlipidaemias,hyperlipidaemias, diabetes RESULTS AND DISCUSSION mellitus and some cancers (Lee et al ., 2007; Lehtihet

IPIP66 et al ., 2004; Kumar et al ., 2010; Vucenik and

Since IP66 is found mostly in the aleurone layer of Shamsuddin, 2006). While increased consumption of cereals and grains we would expect highest levels in these foods are encouraged, purified extracts can also be grain and seed samples. This was generally observed in prepared and marketed for their reported health benefits

the samples of kidney beans (2750.20 ± 9.02 µg/g), Table 2.0: Free radical scavenging activity of pigeon peas (2483.67 ± 13.21 µg/g), broad bean methanolic extracts of legumes seeds and spices

(1466.67 ± 15.15 µg/g), pumpkin seeds (2558.21 ± 18.67 Samples % DPPH Inhibition** IC50 (mg/mL)

µg/g) and corn (2025.52 ± 75.83 µg/g) with significantlysignificantly Ascorbic acid 97.42 ± 0.41aa 0.018

higher IP66 concentration compared to other samples Kidney bean 50.85 ± 0.13 b b 0.781 (Table 1). Golden apple also recorded similar IP66 content cc (1945.83 ± 20.83 µg/g) but this was unexpected as Broad Bean 9.21 ± 2.60 8.976

analyses were carried out on the fruit itself and not on the Pigeon Peas 9.17 ± 0.86cc 5.413 seed portion. This is of significance as golden apple Jackfruit seeds 21.01 ± 0.55dd 2.052 (referred to as Jew plum in some countries), is one of the Pimento 95.54 ± 0.18aa 0.021 most commonly consumed fruits in the Pacific and

cc Tropical regions. Its high IP66 levels therefore warrant Pumpkin seeds (u) 4.67 ± 0.11 8.844 further investigations since this research suggests that Pumpkin seeds (h) 4.63 ± 0.42cc 7.618

high IP66 concentrations may be found in the parts of Okra 23.51 ± 4.30dd 2.385 foods other than seeds. Jackfruit seeds recorded lower Sorrel 59.52 ± 0.87 b b 0.391 IPIP66 concentrations than other seed samples and this was unexpected. Bioavailability of minerals from this food Onion 8.67 ± 0.44 c c 5.779 source may therefore be higher than that of other seed Ginger 92.16 ± 0.52aa 0.050 foods, since IP66 may act as a divalent mineral chelator CC 28 68 0 15dd 1 410 Corn 28.68 ± 0.15dd 1.410 especially in low mineral nutrient states. This need to be further explored since food quality is adversely affected Golden apple 19.93 ± 0.23dd 1.779 by low mineral bioavailabitybioavailabity.. Pimento and sorrel areare **The % DPPH inhibition represents the mean ± SD. versatile foods as they are used as condiments, spices ++ IC50 values were calculated based on duplicate analysis and for preparing various drinks. While these samples of each plant sample.

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as nutraceuticals. This assessment of IP66 in a wide DPPH inhibition. Pimento and ginger samples (with variety of beans, seeds condiments and fruits provides us values of 95.54 ± 0.18 % and 92.16 ± 0.52 % inhibition) with new knowledge from which further studies can be recorded significantly increased antioxidant activity carried out. This work indicates immense potential for compared to other samples with IC50 values comparable increased crop production along with preparation and to the ascorbic acid standard (table 2). This observatobservationion

promotion of beneficial nutrnutraceuticalaceutical products.ts.produc is corroborated by other studies (Padmakumari et al .,.,

It was observed thatfor some samples, IP66 2011; Ghasemzadeh et al ., 2011). These two food concentration deviated widely from other reported samples along with others are used widely in various values. Differences may however be due to variations in traditional preparations as treatment for various ailments the assessment methods used since some methods may including cancers and inflammatory diseases (Tsai et al .,., measure all phosphate containing compounds within the 2005; Marzouk et al ., 2007). Data on flavonoid content

sample resulting in the overestimation of IP66 of similar foods from the literature is sparse, however concentrations. foods with high flavonoid content are reported to have Bioactive compounds and Antioxidant activity antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and The DPPH assay is used as an indication of the contribute positively to cardiovascular health (Verena free radical scavenging activity of various samples and et al ., 2006). The ability of ginger and ppimentoimento to reducereduce

as such may identify potentially beneficial antioxidant inflammatioinflammation,n, among other health benefits may therefore components. It measures the ability of the extracts to be due in part to the high levels of flavonoids (which donate an H++ ion to DPPH effectively for reducing it. contribute to total polyphenolic compounds) and other Screening foods for bioactive compounds may lead to phytochemicals that contribute to their overall the discovery of highly active compounds with antioxidant status and reported therapeutic benefits.its.benef significant health benefits. Secondary metabolites Samples of corn and ginger had significantly

including flavonoids, IP66 and total phenolics contribute higher phenolic content than other samples assessed with to overall antioxidant activity which was assessed by values of 80.21 ± 2.14 mg/100 g and 87.99 ± 4.05

Fig 1. Calcium concentration in legumes, seeds and spices. Columns with different assigned letter superscripts are significantly different, (P<0.05). Six sample replicates were used to assess significant diff difference among groups.

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mg/100 g respectively, while appreciable levels of water extraction. The resulting solution which has a deep polyphenols were also recorded for samples of onion red colour is reported to be high in nutrients and (36.72 ± 1.29 mg/100 g), okra (27.95 ± 2.67 mg/100 g) antioxidants and has hypolipidaemic properties (Ochani and golden apple (28.25± 1.70 mg/100 g) (Table 1). We and D'Mello, 2009; Bako et al ., 2009). Other research therefore theorize that other compounds in addition to also suggest a role for sorrel in modulating blood polyphenols may be contributing to antioxidant activity pressure in hypertensive patients, with flavonoids and

of some samples since some samples with high other phytochemicals thought to be the beneficial polyphenol concentratioconcentrationsns did notnot show high antioxidant compounds in this regard (McKay et al ., 2010). Our

activities. High values for DPPH inhibition were also results show appreciable antioxidant activity and IP66 inin obtained for kidney bean and sorrel samples suggesting sorrel samples with only pimento samples having higher that extracts from these foods are high in antioxidants. flavonoid concentrations. Further studies should be This research suggests that these food samples in conducted and geared at identifying the specific addition to ginger and pimento, may be useful in compound or compounds responsible for the reported lowering the incidences of some inflammatory diseases health benefits in this food sample. This data argues well since foods that display high anantioxidanttioxidant are shown to be for continued consumption and study of pimento, ginger beneficial in this regard (Wang et al ., 2010; Ramadan and sorrel with the aim of correlating therapeutic benefits et al ., 2011). based on traditiotraditionalnal knowledge wwithith scientific data.

In light of these results, other plant preparations Minerals with similar therapeutic benefits should be assessed for Pimento samples displayed significantly higher overall antioxidant activity with the aim of producing calcium concentrations than other samples assessed with nutraceutically beneficial and commercially viable 8055.31 ± 347.60 mg/Kg as shownshown in Figure 1.1. Data proprietary preparations. Sorrel for example, matures from the literature on mineral content of this spice is during the winter months and the calyces of the flower sparse, however this research indicates that with such are traditionally used to prepare a drink following hot high calcium concentrations, pimento seeds are an

Fig 2. Iron concentration in legumes, seeds and spices. Columns with different assigned letter superscripts are significantly different, (P<0.05). Six sample replicates were used to assess significant difference among groups.

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explorable source of dietary calcium. This may prove calcium sources, increased intake of these high calcium important especially in aging populations in which foods identified by this study is recommended. Overall, calcium availability and assimilation is a problem. this research shows that in addition to having high Golden apple samples have displayed high calcium antioxidant activity, sorrel and pimento samples are also levels with a value of 2236.48 ± 140.91 mg/Kg, however good sources of calcium. Increased utilization of these the literature reports higher calcium concentrations for foods to supplement the diet will therefore contribute sorrel compared to our data (Glew et al ., 2010). Little significantly to satisfy the rrecommendedecommended daily alloallowancewance

data is aavailablevailable from the literature on mineral cocontentntent of of 100 mg for calcium. golden apple samples however the level of minerals Samples of sorrel, ginger and pimento had present in this ffruitruit makes it a primeprime candidate forfor further significantly higher iron content than all other samples studies. All other samplessamples recorecordedrded calcium values ofof analysed with pimento samples recording the highest less than 1000 mg/Kg. Calcium, copper and iron content concentrations (Figure 2). Appreciable levels of iron of jackfruit seeds are lower than recorded elsewhere, were also found in the samples of kidney bean, broad however higher levels of zinc were found in samples bean and hhulledulled pumpkin seeds. The values recorded for from this study compared to another recent study (Ocloo iron content of pimento were notably higher than et al ., 2010). recorded elsewhere, indicating that levels of these Calcium is important for skeletal development minerals vary with geographical location and cultivation and integrity while also playing key roles in muscle methods (Aberoumand, 2011).

function and transmission of neuronal impulses. Iron is an essential micronutrient with adequate Adequate intake is therefore recommended throughout levels needed for preventing anaemia. It also has life. Reduced calcium intake is of special concern in important functions in cellular redox reactions. As a vulnerable populations including the young, the elderly result foods with high levels of this mineral are tthereforeherefore and in populations with below average food intake. In highly desirable. High iron content of some samples addition to supplementing the diet with traditional analysed make them prime candidates for micronutrient

Fig 3. Copper concentration in legumes, seeds and spices. Columns with different assigned letter superscripts are significantly different, (P<0.05). Six sample replicates were used to assess significant difference among groups.

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supplementation especially in mineral deficient diets. In 2003). Our research shows that pumpkin seeds are an this regard sorrel was shown to be an important excellent source of this micronutrient (43.23 ± 0.62 mg/ micronutrient source as its addition to cakes as Kg) with significantly higher concentration than other supplements improved calcium and iron content samples assessed (Figure 4). This some significantly (Almana, 2001). significance as in many countries, pumpkin seeds are not In addition to high iron concentrations in sorrel normally consumed but are instead discarded. This work (of 64.29 ± 1.06 mg/Kg), ginger (62.84 ± 1.19 mg/Kg), therefore adds to the growing body of advocating and pimento samples (75.25 ± 11.68 mg/Kg), we arguments for increased promotion and processing of

theorize that iron from these samples may also be readily pumpkin seeds, thereby makingmaking them suitable for wide available for metabolism owing to relatively low levels scale consumption. The high zinc content of pumpkin of mineral chelating agents in these samples compared to seeds may also be a reason for its reported positive legumes and seeds. Further studies assessing in vitro effects on prostate health, since adequate zinc is rrequiredequired bioavailability of iron are howeverhowever nneededeeded since not allall for normal prostate functioning and reduced incidences forms of iron present in foods are available for of prostate cancer – – specific mortality (Epstein et al .,., absorption and utilization by the body. This was 2011). Pigeon peas, jackfruit seeds, okra and sorrel highlighted in previous studies where low iron samples also had high levels of zinc and may also be bioavailability wwasas observed in some tuber samples with useful in this regard. Jackfruit seeds are also not high overall iron content (Dilworth et al ., 2007). normally consumed but can be made edible after Zinc has many important functions including cooking. Seeds from both pumpkin and jackfruit samples

maintenance of epithelial structures, neuronal which are not normally consumed should therefore be development and immune cell functioning (Haase and promoted for their high zinc content. These are dynamic Rink, 2009). It is therefore important that adequate food samples which can be prepared as snacks, amounts are ingested since zinc deficiency is thought to appetizers or as ingredients in baked products. be a widespread but under reported problem (Prasad,

Fig 4. Zinc concentration in legumes, seeds and spices. Columns with different assigned letter superscripts are significantly different, (P<0.05). Six sample replicates were used to assess significant difference among groups.

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The highest copper concentratioconcentrationsns were observeddobserve CONCLUSIONS in okra samples with values of 9.09 ± 1.57 mg/Kg This research shows that some food samples (Figure 3). There were no significasignificantnt variationsvariations in copper derived from tropical and temperate plants are high in levels in approximately 50% of samples analyzed essential minerals and bioactive compounds. Some however, the levels found in corn, onion and ginger samples displayed high antioxidant activities which may samples were significantly lower than all other samples be a contributory factor to their reported therapeutic analysed. Copper is important for electron transport and benefits as seen by their extensive use in traditiotraditionalnal and oxygen transportation and serve as a catalyst to homeopathic medicine. This work indicates that these numerous enzymes, therefore, intake of a small amount foods should be promoted for their health benefits while

is iindicatndicateded (RDA(RDA of 1.5-3 mg). Most ofo tf thehe food further research should be geared at developing samples analysed are therefore good sources of dietary nutraceutical products from them. This work also copper. provides evidence for increased production, preparation Although zinc and copper are important from a and consumption of some underutilized highly nutritious nutritional and biochemical standpoint, national food food samples including jackfruit and pumpkin seeds in surveys have revealed marginal to moderately low order to supplement general or otherwise nutrient poor contents of both nutrients in the typical American diet diets. Since preserved samples were used in this study, (Ma and Betts, 2000). From a health perspective, this is further comparative work should be carried out with significant since there is a direct correlation between the farm fresh samples. dietary Zn/Cu ratio and incidence of cardiovascular diseases (Cabrera et al ., 2003). Supplementing the diet ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

with foods having sufficient zinc and copper should The authors are grateful to the Postgraduate therefore contribute significantly to the nutritional Research and Publications committee at UWI Mona for efficacy of the typical diet and may lead to reduced providing financial support for this research. Authors are incidences of cardiovascular diseases. also indebted to Sannette Hall for her editorial input. This research which provides information on mineral contents and other nutritional properties of food DECLARATION :: samples consumed frequently and infrequently, argues The authors declare no conflict of interest. well for their increased consumption. The results of this study bears significance for the food industry, that some REFERENCES rarely consumed foods and food products e.g. jackfruit Aberoumand A. 2011. Screening of Less known Two and pumpkin seeds should be incorporated into Food Plants for Comparison of Nutrient Contents:

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Original Research

Characterization of silica nanoporous structures of freshwater diatom frustules

Authors: ABSTRACT:ABSTRACT: y Dharitri Borgohain and g Bhaben Tanti*. A phytoplanktonic unicellular alga known as diatoms belonging to the class Bacillariophyceae, possess a distinct, highly ornamented siliceous cell wall consisting o of two overlapping halves. Diatoms are found both in marine and freshwater l environment and also in moist habitats. A study was designed to assess and examine o the morphology of diatoms in Chapanala and Jiajuri , two silica rich sites in Nagaon i district of Assam as reported by Geological Survey of India. Samples were collected from aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats of the study sites and immediately transferred B Institution: to Diatom specific Media. The samples were then subjected to acid wash treatment Department of Botany, for detailed microscopic observations. Nanoporous structures of freshwater diatom Gauhati University, frustules have been well characterized through extensiveextensive SEM analysis. The pprominentrominent i n Guwahati - 781014, Assam, forms include - Pinnularia sp., Navicula spsp., Achnanthidium spsp..,, Nitzschia spsp.. and India. Eunotia sp. The SEM micrographs very clearly showed the presence of fine h nanostructure pores, the valve view and distinct raphe of the diatoms. In the present study, the sizes of nanoporous silica were found in the range of ~60-170 nm under c SEM observations, suggesting the potentiality to use the diatoms in various r nanotechnological applications.

a Corresponding author: Keywords: e Bhaben Tanti. Freshwater diatom, Frustule, Silica, SEM, Geological Survey of India. s e R