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Home , Art Babbitt, Ben Sharpsteen, Billy Bletcher, Bill Peet, Bill Tytla, Clarence Nash

August 27, 2019 (XXXIX: 1) Hamileton Luske and (supervising directors): (1940, 88m) The version of this Goldenrod Handout sent out in our Monday mailing, and the one online, has hot links. Spelling and Style—use of italics, quotation marks or nothing at all for titles, e.g.—follows the form of the sources.

DIRECTORS Sequence directors: Norman Ferguson, T. Hee, , , Bill Roberts; supervising directors: and Ben Sharpsteen

WRITING: Based on the story by ; adapted by , Otto Englander, Webb Smith, William Cottrell, Joseph Sabo, Erdman Penner, Aurelius Battaglia, and

PRODUCED BY

ART DIRECTION , Hugh Hennesy, , Dick Kelsey, Kendall O'Connor, Charles Philippi, Thor Putnam, Terrell Stapp, ...'Giddy' Gideon (hiccup) / Cleo McLaren Stewart, and Al Zinnen Billy Bletcher...Donkeys Don Brodie...Carnival Barker MUSIC and Paul J. Smith Stuart Buchanan...Carnival Barker Walter Catlett...J. Worthington Foulfellow DIRECTORS: , Milt Marion Darlington...Birds Kahl, , , , Frankie Darro...Lampwick , ... Dickie Jones...Pinocchio / Alexander AWARDS: Charles Judels...Stromboli / The Coachman In 1941, the won two for Best John McLeish...Carnival Barker Music, Original Song (Leigh Harline and Ned Jack Mercer...Carnival Barker Washington) for "When You Wish Upon a Star" and ...Figaro /Rough House Animatronic / Best Music, Original Score (Leigh Harline, Paul J. Donkeys Smith, and ). In 1994, it was selected Patricia Page...Marionettes by the National Film Preservation Board to enter the ...Monstro the Whale . Christian Rub... Evelyn Venable...The Blue Fairy CAST (all uncredited): Jack Bailey...Carnival Barker Luske & Sharpsteen—PINOCCHIO—2

action shorts, such as: (1932), Three Little Pigs (1933), The Tortoise and the Hare (1935), Three Orphan Kittens (1935), (1936), (1937), Ferdinand the Bull (1938), Ugly Duckling (1939), (1941), Der Fuehrer's Face (1942), Seal Island (1948), Nature's Half Acre (1951), (1952), The Alaskan Eskimo (1953), Bear Country (1953), Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953), (1955), Grand Canyon (1958), Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968), as well as feature documentaries, such as: (1953) and (1954). He also won several honorary Oscars for landmark feature animated , such as and the (1937) and (1940), the “creation of WALT DISNEY (b. December 5, 1901 in , ” in 1932 and the Irving G. Thalberg Illinois—d. December 15, 1966 (age 65) in Los Memorial Award a decade later. Though primarily a Angeles, ) studied art as a boy and landed a producer (671 credits), he also directed 122 and wrote job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. 16 films. (For more on Walt Disney, see the excellent Moving to California in the early 1920s, he set up the Wikipedia entry on him.) Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy. With , Disney developed one of the most iconic EVELYN VENABLE (b. October 18, 1913 in characters of the twentieth-century, Mickey Mouse, in Cincinnati, Ohio—d. November 15, 1993 (age 80) in 1928, whom he voiced until the 1950s. As the studio Coeur d'Alene, Idaho) was an American actress. In grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing addition to starring in several films in the 1930s and synchronized sound, full-color three-strip 1940s, she was also the voice and model for the Blue , feature-length cartoons and technical Fairy in Walt Disney's Pinocchio (1940). She was the developments in cameras. The results, seen in features original model for the personification of Columbia in such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), the logo. She acted in 27 films, Pinocchio, Fantasia (both 1940), (1941), and including: Cradle Song (1933), David Harum (1934), (1942), furthered the development of animated (1934), Double Door (1934), film. Disney’s name has become synonymous with a Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch (1934), The County popular notion of fantasy and the magical in American Chairman (1935), The Little Colonel (1935), mass culture. , known to a Vagabond Lady (1935), Alice Adams (1935), global audience spanning generations as simply Harmony Lane (1935), Streamline Express (1935), “Disney,” built a reputation on adapting European Star for a Night (1936), North of Nome (1936), fairy tales and children’s stories, often with an Happy-Go-Lucky (1936), Racketeers in Exile (1937), optimistic interpretation very conversant with My Old Kentucky Home (1938), Stadium twentieth-century American ideals. This sense of Mystery (1938), Female Fugitive (1938), The Disney’s impact has been intensified by the physical Frontiersmen (1938), Heritage of the Desert (1939), realization of his vision in spaces such as Disney Lucky Cisco Kid (1940), and He Hired the Boss World in Orlando, Florida. It is telling that the recent (1943). independent film The Florida Project (2017) depicted abject poverty by showing characters who live just (Wikipedia) outside of Disney World, never able to access it The multiplane camera is a motion- directly. As a film producer, Disney holds the record picture camera used in the for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, process that moves a number of pieces of artwork past having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He, the camera at various speeds and at various distances primarily, won Oscars for both animated and live Luske & Sharpsteen—PINOCCHIO—3 from one another. This creates a sense the onscreen credits do not specify which of parallax or depth. worked on which characters, these credits were Various parts of the artwork layers are obtained from a 4 Mar 1940 ad in HR , in which left transparent to allow other layers to be seen behind producer Walt Disney thanks his staff. It is possible them. The movements are calculated and that animators credited with work on specific photographed frame by frame, with the result being an characters also worked on other animation for the illusion of depth by having several layers of artwork film. The onscreen credits list Leigh Harline, Ned moving at different speeds: the further away from the Washington and Paul J. Smith as writing the music camera, the slower the speed. The multiplane effect is and lyrics, although contemporary sources indicate sometimes referred to as a parallax process. that Harline and Washington collaborated on the An interesting variation is to have the songs while Smith wrote the film's score. background and foreground move in opposite According to contemporary sources, work directions. This creates an effect of rotation. An early on Pinocchio , which was Disney's second feature- example is the scene in Walt Disney's Snow White and length cartoon, began while Snow White and the the Seven Dwarfs where the drinks her Seven Dwarfs was being completed in 1937. A 6 Mar potion, and the surroundings appear to spin around 1938 NYT article noted that Pinocchio had been "held her…. up by story difficulties," and therefore Bambi , which The most famous multiplane camera was was also in production, would probably be released invented by William Garity for the Walt Disney Studios to be used in the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.[3] The camera was completed in early 1937 and tested in a called The Old Mill, which won the 1937 Academy Award for Animated Short Film.[4] Disney's multiplane camera, which used up to seven layers of artwork (painted in oils on glass) shot under a vertical and moveable camera,[3] allowed for more sophisticated uses than the Iwerks or Fleischer versions, and was used prominently in Disney films such as Pinocchio, Fantasia, Bambi, The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad, , Alice in Wonderland, , Sleeping Beauty and The Jungle Book. first. ( Bambi was ultimately not released until 1942, ….Before the multiplane camera, animators due partially to the difficulty of drawing the animals found it difficult to create a successful tracking shot realistically.) A 12 Jun 1938 NYT article reported that using traditional animation methods. Furthermore, the Disney "had just discarded 2,300 feet of act of animating the forward motion was becoming Pinocchio because it had missed the feeling he had in increasingly costly and time-consuming. The mind." According to a modern source, this footage multiplane camera answered this problem by creating was the result of at least five months of work. Another a realistic sense of three dimensional depth in a modern source asserts that this footage was supervised cartoon setting. The multiplane camera also made way by , who did not receive onscreen credit for new types of special effects in animated films, but is credited in the HR ad mentioned above. such as moving water and flickering light. [7] According to contemporary sources, a large part of the problem was the characterization and "look" of AFI Catalog of Feature Films: The First 100 Years Pinocchio, who in the original stories was not a very 1893—Pinocchio (1940) appealing hero. Disney and his staff gave the puppet a According to material contained in the more sympathetic personality, and the depiction of production file for this film at the AMPAS Library, him progressed from an angular stick-like figure to a the original Carlo Collodi story was written in more rounded, "cute" shape. One NYT article stated installments for an Italian weekly magazine. Although that when they first began work on the production, Luske & Sharpsteen—PINOCCHIO—4

Disney artists used the drawings of Attilio Massino, pictures to fit." According to a 1984 LAT article on which accompanied Collodi's story, as a basis for , who was the voice of Pinocchio, "the Pinocchio. According to modern sources, children's facial expressions and lip movements of Jones and the book illustrator drew the initial other actors were shot on 8-millimeter film as a sketches and paintings that inspired the picture's reference for the animators." Jones also dressed as the "European storybook flavor." Tenggren left the character and acted out various scenes. A 7 Apr project before it was completed, however, and did not 1940 NYT article on sequence director T. (Thornton) receive onscreen credit for his work. A 20 May Hee, reported that Hee "donned a Stromboli costume, 1938 HR news item noted got up in front of Walt that the studio had created a [Disney] and the other story new department to design men, spoke the dialogue and and manufacture character acted exactly as Stromboli models, and that Disney had would." Other contemporary placed Bob Jones in charge sources also note that the of the department. According animators often acted out to the 1985 reminiscences of scenes for each other for visual Jones, located in the Disney references on expressions and Archives, "at least 12 Disney movements. Marjorie Bell, artists struggled over an 18 who was also known as Marge month period--each Belcher and , contributing their own ideas- was the model for Snow White -before the design [for as well as The Blue Fairy, and Pinocchio] was finalized." Jones states that Joe was married to animation director Art Babbitt at the Grant was in charge of the character model time of production. A 25 Feb 1940 NYT article noted department, which produced models of all of the that although Walter Catlettprovided the voice of J. characters and "scenic 'props' such as unusual Worthington Foulfellow, "the characterization was furniture, tools, toys, clock, and other items for based upon a couple of famous actor brothers whose Geppetto's workshop and anything else that needed last name begins with B." It is likely that the article is designing." In addition to the character designers and referring to Lionel and John Barrymore. animators listed above, Jones states that the following A contemporary study guide for the picture stated people helped to create the designs and that 2,000,000 drawings were created, of which models: Charles Cristadoro, Teddy Kline, Helen 300,000 were used in the final film. The studio's use McIntosh, Shirley Sodaholm, Duke Russell and Wah of the multiplane camera helped create the realism and Ming Chang. detail lauded in contemporary reviews. The As Pinocchio's features were refined, Disney multiplane camera was first used in the 1937 Disney decided to include the cricket character from Collodi's short The Old Mill , and Disney's first feature, Snow story (although in Collodi's version, the puppet kills White and the Seven Dwarfs . According the cricket). Naming him Jiminy, Disney asked his to Life and NYT , the picture cost $2.5 million, and artists to create a cricket who looked "like a human modern sources note that much of this cost went into being" and "talked and wore clothes." Also according the scenes filmed by the multiplane camera, single to a NYT article, Cliff Edwards, who provided the sequences of which cost up to $48,000. According to voice of Jiminy, was originally tested for the voice of a 1940 NYT article written by Disney, the cameras Pinocchio, "but Disney had turned him down because were much improved from those used previously. there was a 'drop of adult' in his voice." According to Disney stated: "Among the most important [new a 11 Mar 1940 Life article, the "voice actors" worked development] is a type of universal camera crane, a intermittently for nineteen months "projecting development whereby instead of using a vertical dialogue and song into a microfone [sic] for transfer method of shooting, as on the original Disney to a sound track. When this track was broken down multiplane camera, the camera dollies into a scene or into charts allotting footage for every vowel, away from it, on the same principle as motion-picture consonant and syllable, Disney animators drew photography in a live action studio. The backgrounds Luske & Sharpsteen—PINOCCHIO—5 which we were able to use on this camera ever accorded a motion picture was given Walt for Pinocchio were twice as big as those which fitted Disney's Pinocchio ....At least ten times during the into the original multiplane set-up used in Snow running of the picture the audience broke into White ." For more information on the multiplane applause, and the close was cheered for several camera, please see the entry below for Snow White . minutes." Another advance Disney describes in the NYT article According to articles in MPH , publicity stunts for is "the blend," a "technique which gives roundness the picture included mayors in , Buffalo and dimensions to the characters." "The blend" was and Niagara Falls proclaiming the opening day of the accomplished by twelve film "Pinocchio Day," and ink and paint "girls," who in numerous cities, leading would use a variety of citizens bought theater special paints and rouge tickets for underprivileged to add depth, roundness and handicapped children and highlights to the to attend the show. RCA scenes. The example Victor released a three- Disney gives is the scene record set of songs and in which Geppetto, selected scenes from the thinking that someone has film, which were recorded broken into his workshop, "exactly as in the picture." looks around while According to information holding a candle. The in the film's file at the highlights on his turning AMPAS Library, Paolo head and body as Lorenzini, author Collodi's reflected by the candle are a result of "the blend." nephew, asked the Italian ministry of popular culture The film had its world premiere in New York at to sue Disney because he distorted the character of the Center theatre on 7 Feb 1940. A HR news item Pinocchio to make him seem more American. noted that the picture had "one of the biggest and most Lorenzini stated that "Pinocchio's adventures are an widespread exploitation and merchandising Italian work of art and must not be distorted to make it campaigns seen in years." According to the news American." No indication that action was taken on his item, stories and pictures about Pinocchio had complaint has been found. A modern source states appeared in sixty-three national magazines and that the character of Gideon, who is mute in the film, hundreds of newspapers. A 10 Feb 1940 MPH article was originally conceived as a chatterbox, and that Mel reported that "The Pinocchio opening...received one Blanc recorded his dialogue. After Gideon's of the largest foreign coverages in motion picture personality was changed, all that remained in the history. Sixty-seven representatives of foreign finished film of Blanc's work was two hiccups. publications, news syndicates and wire services, In a 3 Nov 1940 NYT article, Disney "dismissed covering thirty-eight countries with a total population as 'false rumor' the report that he suffered a severe of more than one billion attended. The notices by the financial jolt because Pinocchio was a dud." foreign writers are expected to be read by over one Contemporary sources noted that the picture did not million persons in seventeen different gross as much money as did Snow White , only languages." MPH also reported that "art shows have because of war conditions ( NYT stated that "Disney's been arranged in three New York galleries, including European market fell 80 percent with the of the a special exhibit of three Walt Disney originals at the war"), and that Pinocchio was only translated into two Brooklyn Museum. A comprehensive display showing foreign languages, Spanish and Portuguese, whereas a Disney film in the various stages of production is on the earlier film had been translated into many more. view at the New York Museum of Science and Although some modern sources state that the film did Industry in Radio City. Two hundred original not make a profit in its initial release, others say that it paintings from Pinocchio are displayed inside the made a profit of approximately $1,000,000. Center theatre." The day after the According to a modern source, RKO, which premiere, HR reported: "One of the greatest ovations distributed the picture, actually lost $94,000, but was Luske & Sharpsteen—PINOCCHIO—6 nonetheless pleased because the quality of the product Jr., which ran for 130 episodes beginning 25 Sep enhanced RKO's standing with exhibitors. The picture 1961; and a live-action Hallmark Hall of won an Academy Award for Best Original Score, and Fame presentation on 8 Dec 1968 that was directed by Leigh Harline and Ned Washington won an Academy Sid Smith and starred Burl Ives and Peter Noone. Award for their song "When You Wish Upon a Star," which has since become a signature Disney song. Roger Ebert: “Pinocchio” John Garfield performed in a version of Pinocchio , When the Russian director Sergei Eisenstein inspired by the yet-to-be released Disney film, for saw Disney's "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," he the Lux Radio Theatre , broadcast on 25 Dec 1939. called it the greatest film ever made. High praise from The film was re-issued in Oct 1945, Feb 1954, Jan a man whose "Battleship Potemkin" then topped lists 1962, Jul 1971, Dec 1978, of great films. In "Snow Dec 1984 and Jun 1992. It White" (1937), Eisenstein was released on video in saw a new cinematic July 1985, and appeared on freedom: Cartoons could cable television on The represent any visual an Disney Channel Sep--Oct artist could imagine. 1986. According to modern They were no longer sources, a 16-millimeter shorts for kids, but extract from the picture, worthy to stand beside entitled Pinocchio: A realistic feature films. Lesson in Honesty, was In 1940, Disney made released for use in schools. its second and third Modern sources also note cartoon features, that Jiminy Cricket is one "Fantasia" and of the few characters from "Pinocchio," and they are Disney feature films to be generally considered to used repeatedly in later Disney projects, such as this day to be the best of all the studio's animated the I'm No Fool series of shorts. He also appeared in films. Perhaps they're so good because they came at the 1947 Disney feature film entitled Fun and Fancy just the right time in the development of animation. Free . In the later film, Jiminy (Cliff Edwards) sings The early pioneers (Walt Disney and Max "I'm a Happy-Go-Lucky Fellow," which according to Fleischer in particular) found ways to make their a modern source, was originally written and recorded characters something more than just drawings on a for inclusion in Pinocchio . screen--to make them seem to exist in a world of Among the many filmed versions of Collodi's gravity and dimension. They experimented endlessly story are a feature-length color cartoon made in Italy with how an animated character should move, finding and distributed in the U.S. in 1936; a 1938 feature- a new kind of stylized realism that carried conviction length 16-millimeter picture produced in the U.S. by without mirroring the real world. The animation Jerry Bresler; a 1965 color Swallow Ltd.-Belvision expert Ernest Rister writes: "I wonder if they knew cartoon directed by Ray Goossens entitled Pinocchio that finding a technique for investing a drawing with a in Outer Space ; a 1974 X-rated live-action version, sense of weight and volume would someday be used directed by Corey Allen and starring Alex Roman and to create killer bugs or a giant snake in the Amazon." Karen Smith; and a 1987 Filmation Studios animated After the breakthrough of "Snow White," the feature entitled Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Disney animators went back to their storyboards with Night , which featured the voices of Edward Asner, a couple of innovations up their sleeves. One was the Tom Bosley and . Television freedom to imply that there was space outside the productions of Pinocchio include a 13 Oct screen. In "regular" movies, characters were half-seen 1957 NBC live-action broadcast, directed by Paul at the edges, they entered and exited, and the camera Bogart and starring Mickey Rooney and Walter panned and zoomed through additional space. Early Slezak; an animated series, entitled The New animation tended to stay within the frame. In Adventures of Pinocchio , produced by Arthur Rankin, "Fantasia" and especially "Pinocchio," Disney broke Luske & Sharpsteen—PINOCCHIO—7 out of the frame, for example in the exciting sequence Kids know they should be good, and know where Pinocchio and his father are expelled by the they are weak when tempted. Pinocchio stands for all whale's sneeze, then drawn back again, then expelled of them as he sets off for school and allows himself to again. There is the palpable sense of Monstro the be diverted by Foulfellow and Gideon. This twist Whale, offscreen to the right. comes as a surprise: The movie has opened on a Another innovation was the "multiplane gentle, mellow tone, with "When You Wish Upon a camera," a Disney invention that allowed drawings in Star" and Geppetto's bedtime play with the puppet and three dimensions; the camera seemed to pass through friendship with Figaro and Cleo. The Blue Fairy's foreground drawings on its way deeper into the frame. magical visit is enchanting. Jiminy is a cheerful new There is an aerial shot of Pinocchio's village in which friend. the camera zooms past levels of drawings, until it And then suddenly Pinocchio is blind-sided by arrives at a closeup. This was much better than using the two con men who supply him to Stromboli, the only simple perspective to show depth. vile puppeteer. He finds himself starring as a puppet These innovations were not much noticed by song-and-dance man ("I've Got No Strings"). Jiminy, "Pinocchio's" audiences: who is not a gifted analyst, They were drawn in by shrugs and figures that since the power of the Pinocchio is a star, he narrative. The story of doesn't need him anymore the little puppet and his ("What does an actor want quest to become a real with a conscience, boy is a triumph of anyway?"). Why doesn't storytelling with a Jiminy know how worried moral. Has popular Geppetto will be? Maybe culture ever produced a crickets don't understand more unforgettable human love. parable about the Pinocchio tries to dangers of telling a lie? escape, is locked in a cage The story is just plain by Stromboli, is visited by wonderful. It contains the Blue Fairy, and then (in elements that would be refined into the Disney one of the best movie scenes ever filmed) tells her lies formula (Figaro the cat and Cleo the goldfish would and finds that his nose grows and grows and grows. be recycled into countless comic relief sidekicks), but Finally it sprouts leaves and gains a nest with two its main story line is designed with almost diabolical chirping birds in it. Glance sideways at children cunning to reach children. during this scene, and you'll see kids utterly fascinated The key is Pinocchio's desire to become a "real by the confirmation of their guiltiest fears. little boy," not just a wooden puppet that can walk and The Blue Fairy grants a reprieve, but talk without strings. At a very deep level, all children Pinocchio lands back in the soup, scooped up by want to become real and doubt they can. One of the Foulfellow and shanghaied to Pleasure Island, where film's inspirations is to leave Pinocchio more or less little boys smoke, play pool, and are recycled into on his own in the process of becoming. He's supplied mules for the salt mines ("Give a bad boy enough with a father figure in Geppetto, the kindly room and he'll soon make a jackass of himself"). puppetmaker, but the old man is forgetful and easily Through the poisons of tobacco and their sins, they distracted. And he has Jiminy Cricket, who applies for grow ears, hooves and snouts; how many kids decided the job of being Pinocchio's conscience, and gets it, right then and there never to smoke? without being terribly well qualified. What Geppetto, Pinocchio and Jiminy escape and return at last the Blue Fairy and Jiminy do is provide a vision for to Geppetto's, only to find (in a powerful and gloomy Pinocchio--an idea of what he should strive toward. scene) that the old man is gone. Pinocchio feels But the Blue Fairy warns him she will only help so abandoned, and in the audience the eyes of kids grow much, and the other two aren't much help at all. large and moist. The Blue Fairy, deus ex machina to the last, sends a dove with the information that Luske & Sharpsteen—PINOCCHIO—8

Geppetto is captive in the belly of Monstro the Whale. principles were all discovered under one roof, decades That leads into the last great action sequence, where ago by a bunch of young punks jazzed up about Pinocchio proves himself at last. The climax is a creating something." cascade of visual imagination. Everyone remembers And that's no lie. Monstro's thrashings after Pinocchio sets a fire to make him sneeze. But the Mark Kayor: The History of action is preceded by a Cartoon Cel Animation long and magical sequence Many players in the history of in which the puppet and the cartoon animation have brought this medium to its current status in cricket wander the ocean modern entertainment. Although floor, encountering fish, Walt Disney is probably sea flowers, coral denizens considered a pioneer in the field of and other delicately drawn cartoons and animation, there were creatures. others who created various "Pinocchio" is a methods by which characters or parable for children, and objects could be brought to life generations have grown up through animation. remembering the words Early Animation Techniques "Let your conscience be Even though animation was your guide" and "A lie conceived as early as 1824 by Peter Roget, the very first actual keeps growing and methods of animation were made possible by a device growing until it's as plain as the nose on your face." called a zoetrope. The zoetrope was a spinning cylinder The power of the film is generated, I think, because it with open slits that would allow viewing of certain still is really about something. It isn't just a concocted images in a certain sequence. Someone viewing a zoetrope fable or a silly fairy tale, but a narrative with deep at a particular angle could see images that appeared to be archetypal reverberations. ("Cinderella," "Beauty and moving. the Beast" and "" share that quality, and After Edison and the invention of motion pictures so do the scenes involving Dumbo and his mother.) in 1889, film director Emile Cohl combined more than 700 Once we've grown up and learned, or ignored, still drawings, which were then each meticulously the lessons of the film, why does it continue to have photographed individually. When Cohl combined all of the such appeal? It may be because of the grace of the shots together, the drawings appeared to be moving on the film, "Fantasmagorie," which was released in 1908. Other drawing. Later Disney films would have comparable animated films soon followed like "" skill, but not the excitement of discovery. Is it and "Felix the Cat," both released around 1920. possible to sense, through thousands of individual The Process of Cel Animation drawings by dozens of different artists, a collective First, a storyboard is created showing a quick creative epiphany? I think so. Disney's loyal animators sketch of the general idea and direction of the cartoon or had been there in the early days when Mickey Mouse animated feature. Next, the dialog is recorded before the cartoons were patronized by Hollywood as kid stuff actual animators create the final inked cartoons on pieces from a dinky side-street shop. They must have known of clear celluloid acetate, or cels. After inking, animators they were making something great. Their joy saturates paint in the color on the opposite side of the cel and finally the screen. combine all the cels to be photographed, using a special What the Disney shop did with its first film motion picture camera. Cel animation allows animators to repeat certain animated features has resonated through film history. frames, eliminating the need to draw each individual frame Ernest Rister says in a letter: "I cannot tell you how over and over in a sequence of animation. Backgrounds many of today's computer graphics artists have the and fixed objects may be included in every background cel book Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life at their while other cels are removed and replaced over and over to work stations." All modern animated content in simulate movement by animated characters. movies, from Jabba the Hut to "Toy Story," springs For example, if there are two characters in a scene from those years of invention at Disney, he says: "The and only one character is moving in this scene, an same principles apply everywhere, and those would draw character A on a clear piece of film called a Luske & Sharpsteen—PINOCCHIO—9 cel. Then, using another second cel, the animator will draw was a seamstress from the town of Collodi from which he character B. As character A is jumping up and down in a took the pen name and his father, Domenico Lorenzini was sequence of moves, a new cel is created for each a cook and both worked for the Marquis Ginori movement. These cels are then combined and shot on a Lisci. Collodi was the eldest in the family and he had 10 special film camera in a logical sequence that makes siblings but seven died at a young age. He spent most of character A look like he's jumping up and down, while his childhood in the town of Collodi where his mother was character B remains unmoving. born. He lived there with his grandmother. After attending The animator can just leave the first cel attached to primary school, he was sent to study at a seminary called the base plate which contains the unmoving character B Colle Val d'Elsa. An account explained that Ginori offered while placing and removing the cel containing character financial aid but the boy found that he did not want to be a A's movement sequence. When each subsequent cel priest so he continued his education at the College of the containing character A's movements is placed on the plate, Scolopi Fathers in Florence. Two years later, he started a special camera takes a quick shot of both characters that working at the bookstore Libreria Piatti, where he assisted appear together. These quick shots are combined later to Giuseppe Aiazzi, a prominent Italian manuscript specialist. simulate movement, or animation. Career Walt Disney Changes Animation with Mickey During the Italian Wars of Independence in 1848 Mouse and 1860 Collodi served as a volunteer with the Tuscan had next invented a device known army. His active interest in political matters may be seen in as the rotoscope, which allowed animators to trace over his earliest literary works as well as in the founding of the live action film frame by frame onto an animation cel. Max satirical newspaper Il Lampione in 1853. This newspaper and created the first sound cartoon, "Song was censored by order of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. In Car Tunes" in 1924, three years before the first talking 1854 he published his second newspaper, Lo motion picture. Walt and Roy Disney perfected the scaramuccia ("The Controversy"). Lorenzini's first rotoscope technique and opened their Disney Brothers publications were in his periodicals. A debut came in 1856 Cartoon Studio in 1923. They created the first cartoon with with the play Gli amici di casaand parodic guidebook Un a synchronized soundtrack titled "Steam Boat Willy," romanzo in vapore, both in 1856. By 1860, he published which also introduced Mickey Mouse to the world in 1928. his first notable work called Il signor Alberi ha The Disney studio also created the first color full- ragione! (Mr. Alberi Is Right!), which outlined his political color animated cartoon titled, "Flowers and Trees" in 1932. and cultural vision of Italy. This is the text where Lorenzini However, it would be the Disney studio's first full-length started using the Collodi pseudonym, which was taken animated feature movie that would be remembered by most from his mother's hometown. people as the most recognized cartoon in animation history: Collodi had also begun intense activity on other "Snow White and the Seven Dwarves." The animated political newspapers such as Il Fanfulla; at the same time cartoon movie earned $8 million for Disney and was the he was employed by the Censorship Commission for the beginning of the Disney empire. Theatre. During this period he composed various satirical sketches and stories (sometimes simply by collating earlier articles), including Macchiette (1880), Occhi e Carlo Colodi (Wikipedia) nasi (1881), Storie allegre (1887). Carlo Lorenzini (24 November 1826 – 26 Collodi became disenchanted with Italian politics October 1890), better afterward so he turned to children's literature and his first known by the pen works involved translating French fairy tales into Italian. In name Carlo 1875, for instance, he completed Racconti delle fate, a Collodi (Italian translation of French fairy tales by Charles Perrault. In pronunciation: [ˈkarlo 1876 Lorenzini wrote Giannettino (inspired by Alessandro kolˈlɔːdi]), was an Italian Luigi Parravicini's Giannetto), the Minuzzolo, and Il author, humorist, and viaggio per l'Italia di Giannettino, a pedagogic series journalist, widely known which explored the unification of Italy through the ironic for his fairy tale thoughts and actions of the character Giannettino. novel The Adventures of Lorenzini became fascinated by the idea of using Pinocchio. an amiable, rascally character as a means of expressing his Early life own convictions through allegory. In 1880 he began Collodi was born writing Storia di un burattino (Story of a Marionette), also in Florence on 24 called Le avventure di Pinocchio, which was published November 1826. His weekly in Il Giornale per i Bambini, the first Italian mother Angiolina Orzali newspaper for children. Pinocchio was adapted into a 1940 Luske & Sharpsteen—PINOCCHIO—10 film by Disney that is considered to be one of Disney's Sante, Firenze, Toscana, Italy. The National Carlo Collodi greatest. Foundation was established to promote education and the Collodi died suddenly in Florence on 26 October works of Carlo Lorenzini, and the Park of Pinocchio 1890 and lies buried in Cimitero Monumentale Delle Porte attracts many visitors each year.

Download from Project Gutenberg: Pinocchio: The Tale of a Puppet by Carlo Collodi

COMING UP IN THE FALL 2019 BUFFALO FILM SEMINARS (SERIES 39) Sept 3 Fritz Lang Metropolis 1927 Sept 10 Preston Sturges Unfaithfully Yours 1948 Sept 17 John Huston The Asphalt Jungle 1950 Sept 24 Vittorio De Sica Umberto D. 1952 Oct 1 Charles Laughton The Night of the Hunter 1955 Oct 8 Masaki Kobayashi Harakiri 1962 Oct 15 Nicholas Roeg Don’t Look Now 1973 Oct 22 Mel Brooks Blazing Saddles 1974 Oct 29 Larisa Shepitko The Ascent 1977 Nov 5 Louis Malle Au revoir les enfants 1987 Nov 12 Charles Burnett To Sleep With Anger 1990 Nov 19 Steve James, Frederick Marks & Peter Gilbert Hoop Dreams 1994 Nov 26 Alfonso Cuarón Roma 2018 Dec 3 Baz Luhrmann Moulin Rouge 2001

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CONTACTS: ...email Diane Christian: [email protected]…email Bruce Jackson [email protected] the series schedule, annotations, links and updates: http: //buffalofilmseminars.com...to subscribe to the weekly email informational notes, send an email to [email protected] cast and crew info on any film: http: //imdb.com/ The Buffalo Film Seminars are presented by the State University of New York at Buffalo and the Dipson Amherst Theatre, with support from the Robert and Patricia Colby Foundation and the Buffalo News.