Norman Ferguson, T. Hee, Wilfred Jackson, Jack Kinney, Bill Roberts; Supervising Directors: Hamilton Luske and Ben Sharpsteen
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August 27, 2019 (XXXIX: 1) Hamileton Luske and Ben Sharpsteen (supervising directors): PINOCCHIO (1940, 88m) The version of this Goldenrod Handout sent out in our Monday mailing, and the one online, has hot links. Spelling and Style—use of italics, quotation marks or nothing at all for titles, e.g.—follows the form of the sources. DIRECTORS Sequence directors: Norman Ferguson, T. Hee, Wilfred Jackson, Jack Kinney, Bill Roberts; supervising directors: Hamilton Luske and Ben Sharpsteen WRITING: Based on the story by Carlo Collodi; adapted by Ted Sears, Otto Englander, Webb Smith, William Cottrell, Joseph Sabo, Erdman Penner, Aurelius Battaglia, and Bill Peet PRODUCED BY Walt Disney ART DIRECTION Ken Anderson, Hugh Hennesy, John Hubley, Dick Kelsey, Kendall O'Connor, Charles Philippi, Thor Putnam, Terrell Stapp, Mel Blanc...'Giddy' Gideon (hiccup) / Cleo McLaren Stewart, and Al Zinnen Billy Bletcher...Donkeys Don Brodie...Carnival Barker MUSIC Leigh Harline and Paul J. Smith Stuart Buchanan...Carnival Barker Walter Catlett...J. Worthington Foulfellow ANIMATION DIRECTORS: Art Babbitt, Milt Marion Darlington...Birds Kahl, Ward Kimball, Eric Larson, Fred Moore, Frankie Darro...Lampwick Wolfgang Reitherman, Bill Tytla Cliff Edwards...Jiminy Cricket Dickie Jones...Pinocchio / Alexander AWARDS: Charles Judels...Stromboli / The Coachman In 1941, the film won two Academy Awards for Best John McLeish...Carnival Barker Music, Original Song (Leigh Harline and Ned Jack Mercer...Carnival Barker Washington) for "When You Wish Upon a Star" and Clarence Nash...Figaro /Rough House Animatronic / Best Music, Original Score (Leigh Harline, Paul J. Donkeys Smith, and Ned Washington). In 1994, it was selected Patricia Page...Marionettes by the National Film Preservation Board to enter the Thurl Ravenscroft...Monstro the Whale National Film Registry. Christian Rub...Geppetto Evelyn Venable...The Blue Fairy CAST (all uncredited): Jack Bailey...Carnival Barker Luske & Sharpsteen—PINOCCHIO—2 action shorts, such as: Flowers and Trees (1932), Three Little Pigs (1933), The Tortoise and the Hare (1935), Three Orphan Kittens (1935), The Country Cousin (1936), The Old Mill (1937), Ferdinand the Bull (1938), Ugly Duckling (1939), Lend a Paw (1941), Der Fuehrer's Face (1942), Seal Island (1948), Nature's Half Acre (1951), Water Birds (1952), The Alaskan Eskimo (1953), Bear Country (1953), Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953), Men Against the Arctic (1955), Grand Canyon (1958), Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968), as well as feature documentaries, such as: The Living Desert (1953) and The Vanishing Prairie (1954). He also won several honorary Oscars for landmark feature animated films, such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) and Fantasia (1940), the “creation of WALT DISNEY (b. December 5, 1901 in Chicago, Mickey Mouse” in 1932 and the Irving G. Thalberg Illinois—d. December 15, 1966 (age 65) in Los Memorial Award a decade later. Though primarily a Angeles, California) studied art as a boy and landed a producer (671 credits), he also directed 122 and wrote job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. 16 films. (For more on Walt Disney, see the excellent Moving to California in the early 1920s, he set up the Wikipedia entry on him.) Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy. With Ub Iwerks, Disney developed one of the most iconic EVELYN VENABLE (b. October 18, 1913 in characters of the twentieth-century, Mickey Mouse, in Cincinnati, Ohio—d. November 15, 1993 (age 80) in 1928, whom he voiced until the 1950s. As the studio Coeur d'Alene, Idaho) was an American actress. In grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing addition to starring in several films in the 1930s and synchronized sound, full-color three-strip 1940s, she was also the voice and model for the Blue Technicolor, feature-length cartoons and technical Fairy in Walt Disney's Pinocchio (1940). She was the developments in cameras. The results, seen in features original model for the personification of Columbia in such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), the Columbia Pictures logo. She acted in 27 films, Pinocchio, Fantasia (both 1940), Dumbo (1941), and including: Cradle Song (1933), David Harum (1934), Bambi (1942), furthered the development of animated Death Takes a Holiday (1934), Double Door (1934), film. Disney’s name has become synonymous with a Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch (1934), The County popular notion of fantasy and the magical in American Chairman (1935), The Little Colonel (1935), mass culture. The Walt Disney Company, known to a Vagabond Lady (1935), Alice Adams (1935), global audience spanning generations as simply Harmony Lane (1935), Streamline Express (1935), “Disney,” built a reputation on adapting European Star for a Night (1936), North of Nome (1936), fairy tales and children’s stories, often with an Happy-Go-Lucky (1936), Racketeers in Exile (1937), optimistic interpretation very conversant with My Old Kentucky Home (1938), Hollywood Stadium twentieth-century American ideals. This sense of Mystery (1938), Female Fugitive (1938), The Disney’s impact has been intensified by the physical Frontiersmen (1938), Heritage of the Desert (1939), realization of his vision in spaces such as Disney Lucky Cisco Kid (1940), and He Hired the Boss World in Orlando, Florida. It is telling that the recent (1943). independent film The Florida Project (2017) depicted abject poverty by showing characters who live just Multiplane Camera (Wikipedia) outside of Disney World, never able to access it The multiplane camera is a motion- directly. As a film producer, Disney holds the record picture camera used in the traditional animation for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, process that moves a number of pieces of artwork past having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He, the camera at various speeds and at various distances primarily, won Oscars for both animated and live Luske & Sharpsteen—PINOCCHIO—3 from one another. This creates a sense the onscreen credits do not specify which animators of parallax or depth. worked on which characters, these credits were Various parts of the artwork layers are obtained from a 4 Mar 1940 ad in HR , in which left transparent to allow other layers to be seen behind producer Walt Disney thanks his staff. It is possible them. The movements are calculated and that animators credited with work on specific photographed frame by frame, with the result being an characters also worked on other animation for the illusion of depth by having several layers of artwork film. The onscreen credits list Leigh Harline, Ned moving at different speeds: the further away from the Washington and Paul J. Smith as writing the music camera, the slower the speed. The multiplane effect is and lyrics, although contemporary sources indicate sometimes referred to as a parallax process. that Harline and Washington collaborated on the An interesting variation is to have the songs while Smith wrote the film's score. background and foreground move in opposite According to contemporary sources, work directions. This creates an effect of rotation. An early on Pinocchio , which was Disney's second feature- example is the scene in Walt Disney's Snow White and length cartoon, began while Snow White and the the Seven Dwarfs where the Evil Queen drinks her Seven Dwarfs was being completed in 1937. A 6 Mar potion, and the surroundings appear to spin around 1938 NYT article noted that Pinocchio had been "held her…. up by story difficulties," and therefore Bambi , which The most famous multiplane camera was was also in production, would probably be released invented by William Garity for the Walt Disney Studios to be used in the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.[3] The camera was completed in early 1937 and tested in a Silly Symphony called The Old Mill, which won the 1937 Academy Award for Animated Short Film.[4] Disney's multiplane camera, which used up to seven layers of artwork (painted in oils on glass) shot under a vertical and moveable camera,[3] allowed for more sophisticated uses than the Iwerks or Fleischer versions, and was used prominently in Disney films such as Pinocchio, Fantasia, Bambi, The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad, Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, Sleeping Beauty and The Jungle Book. first. ( Bambi was ultimately not released until 1942, ….Before the multiplane camera, animators due partially to the difficulty of drawing the animals found it difficult to create a successful tracking shot realistically.) A 12 Jun 1938 NYT article reported that using traditional animation methods. Furthermore, the Disney "had just discarded 2,300 feet of act of animating the forward motion was becoming Pinocchio because it had missed the feeling he had in increasingly costly and time-consuming. The mind." According to a modern source, this footage multiplane camera answered this problem by creating was the result of at least five months of work. Another a realistic sense of three dimensional depth in a modern source asserts that this footage was supervised cartoon setting. The multiplane camera also made way by David Hand, who did not receive onscreen credit for new types of special effects in animated films, but is credited in the HR ad mentioned above. such as moving water and flickering light. [7] According to contemporary sources, a large part of the problem was the characterization and "look" of AFI Catalog of Feature Films: The First 100 Years Pinocchio, who in the original stories was not a very 1893—Pinocchio (1940) appealing hero. Disney and his staff gave the puppet a According to material contained in the more sympathetic personality, and the depiction of production file for this film at the AMPAS Library, him progressed from an angular stick-like figure to a the original Carlo Collodi story was written in more rounded, "cute" shape. One NYT article stated installments for an Italian weekly magazine.