INTRODUCTION 2 METHODS 2 STUDY AREA 2 BIRD SURVEYS 2 DISTANCE ESTIMATION 8 RESULTS 9 COMMUNITY COMPOSITION AND DENSITY 9 RESIDENT BIRD SPECIES 9 NEOTROPICAL MIGRATORY BIRD SPECIES 10 MELINA COMMUNITY COMPOSITION 14 FERN GROVE COMMUNITY COMPOSITION 15 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS 16 LITERATURE CITED 18

TABLE 1: Species richness 9 TABLE 2: Cumulative list of Neotropical migratory bird species 2010-2013 11 TABLE 3: List of resident bird species 2013 11 TABLE 4: List of resident and Neotropical migratory bird species in the Melina plantation 2013 14 TABLE 5: List of resident and Neotropical migratory bird species in the Fern Grove plot 2013 16 TABLE 6: Densities 17 Appendix A: Cumulative list of resident and Neotropical migratory birds 2010-2013 19

RECOMMENDED CITATION Leavelle, K.M. 2013. Avian Inventory and Monitoring Report, Lomas de Sierpe, Área de Conservación Osa, Piedras Blancas, Costa Rica. Report prepared for Osa Conservation. p23. Washington, DC.

INTRODUCTION

In concordance with the specific objective outlined for the development and continuance of scientific investigative activities on Osa Conservation’s Lomas de Sierpe property (Friends of the Osa and CATIE 2010), I conducted a formal avian inventory of resident and Neotropical migratory bird species from 9 March to 17 March 2013. Survey objectives were designed to assess avian community composition and estimate the density and abundance of individual target bird species of management and conservation concern in future survey years. These study objectives form part of a broader goal to determine changes in bird populations and communities over time throughout Lomas de Sierpe lands for the purposes of adaptive management and strategic planning for birds within secondary forest and restoration parcels.

This formal survey builds upon the baseline avian census data obtained in December 2010 and March 2011 to assess the presence of year round resident birds and migratory birds during their overwintering period in Costa Rica. Lomas de Sierpe is host to South American migratory birds that breed in Costa Rica from January to October generally. Monitoring results for these species are also reported here. This newly established inventory and property-wide avian monitoring is congruent with management policies and is designed for annual repetition and robust statistical results for all species across all habitats represented on the Lomas de Sierpe property.

METHODS

STUDY AREA Finca Lomas de Sierpe (8.768272°N; -83.290756°W) is 600 hectares of secondary forest, mixed secondary with primary forest surrounding mixed plantations. The property is located approximately 6 km just southwest of the town of Chacarita (Fig 1) within the Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA). It is adjacent to the Esquinas River and Piedras Blancas National Park within the Corcovado-Piedras Blancas Biological Corridor (Friends of the Osa and CATIE 2010). Not only does Finca Lomas de Sierpe share contiguous tropical rainforest with Piedras Blancas National Park, its conservation value is extremely important due to is location next to the mangroves and riparian forest of the Esquinas River which provide important habitat for many resident and migratory bird species. Lomas de Sierpe is also located just south and east of the Térraba-Sierpe National Wetlands, an internationally recognized RAMSAR site.

The property is primarily composed of ~ 532 ha of secondary forest at varying ages of forest succession, and mixed forest comprised of both secondary and primary forest trees. Approximately 26 ha is old pasture land converting to fern and woody shrub vegetation adjacent to the Rio Esquinas Approximately 40 ha is melina (Gmelina arborea), 1 ha amarillón (Terminalia amazonia) and 1.24 ha pine (Pinus caribaea) plantation. The road between Mogos and Chacarita runs in an east west direction through the property.

Fig 1: Study area and survey transects at Osa Conservation’s Lomas de Sierpe property adjacent to the Rio Esquinas and Piedras Blancas National Park 2013.

BIRD SURVEYS I surveyed birds in 9 March to 17 March 2013 using standard point transect methodology (Buckland et al. 1993) with a total of four line transects stratified by habitat (Fig. 1). I walked each line transect slowly (5 min/25 m) observing and recording all birds seen or heard at a maximum perpendicular distance of 50 meters from the center line from the hours of 5:30am – 9:00am, the time of day when birds are most active. Only birds observed perpendicular to the observer or ahead of the observer were recorded to avoid double counting individual birds (Verner 1988; Ralph et al. 1993). I also recorded birds observed outside of transect counts for documentation (Appendix A). I did not conduct surveys during periods of heavy rain or strong wind because bird activity is suppressed and the observer's ability to detect birds is reduced under these conditions. The March time period allows for surveys of migratory birds that are still present on their overwintering grounds in Costa Rica and is a good month for auditory and visual observations of active resident birds engaged in reproductive behaviors such as singing and territoriality.

The following are descriptions of each transect as they appear from north to south (Fig 1).

Transect 1 (500m): Melina (Gmelina arborea). This temporary transect was placed in the plantation prior to the existence of reforestation lanes (trochas). Once permanent ‘trochas’ are established, a permanent transect can be placed in this area for investigation. This plantation is primarily composed of melina with some interspersed mixed tree species. Tree diameter is small, uniform and forest complexity and structure is low (Fig 2). Though it looks similar in complexity and structure to La Suita (below), the number of tree species is reduced due to the presence of dominant Melina.

Fig 2: Melina plantation, Lomas de Sierpe 2013.

Transect 2 (1km): La Suita. This transect is early to mid-succession secondary forest and is open and uniform in most places interspersed with areas farther away from the road that are older with larger diameter trees, mixed rainforest tree species and increased understory density (Fig 3). Overall, it is a relatively young forest with an open canopy as compared to Sendero de las Aves y Sendero del Amor.

Fig 3: La Suita trail, Lomas de Sierpe 2013.

Transect 3 (700m): Sendero de las Aves. This transect runs from the road down towards the Rio Esquinas and is primarily old growth secondary forest mixed with primary forest patches or old growth large diameter trees. Tree diameter is mixed large and small and forest complexity and structure is high (Fig 4) providing niches at all strata of the forest for a variety of bird species. Many large diameter snags are also found here providing habitat for woodpeckers, parrots and tityras.

Fig 4: Sendero de las Aves, Lomas de Sierpe 2013

Transect 4 (700m): Sendero del Amor. This transect runs parallel to the Sendero de las Aves and now connects with it as well. It is nearly identical to the Aves trail but runs adjacent to the Rio Esquinas (Fig 5), and is comprised of montane vegetation (Fig 6) which transitions into riparian vegetation down along the river. The change in habitats provides a rich environment for bird species diversity in this area.

Fig 5: Sendero del Amor along the Rio Esquinas, Lomas de Sierpe, 2013.

Fig. 6: Sendero del Amor, montane vegetation, Lomas de Sierpe, 2013.

Fern Grove Observation Points. The ‘Fern Grove’ term has only been used for the purposes of this report. Any official names for this area should replace this name. Due to cloud cover in the Google Earth image I have not delineated the fern area with a polygon. The two triangles shown in the map are located on the north eastern border of the ferns while the single triangle below is a southern border point. Other sides of this area were not accessible for this study. The ferns in this area are dense and have grown well over 2 meters tall in some areas restricting access and feasibility for transect counts (Fig 7). I therefor located the three observation points in order to conduct a census of birds using this particular area. As well, the ferns are intermixed with woody shrub vegetation throughout, most of which reach the height of the ferns, while a few have extended growth above the tip of the ferns providing scattered bird perches. Old pastures borders lined with trees left by ranchers are still present and cut through the fern area just as they did when the area was grazed by cattle. The outer edges are secondary forest, creeks with riparian associated vegetation (Heliconias), and fruit trees.

Fig 7: Fern Grove (transitioning pasture land) adjacent to the Rio Esquinas, Lomas de Sierpe, 2013.

DISTANCE ESTIMATION I used Distance estimation to estimate detection probability where objects may go undetected (Buckland et al. 1993, 2001) to increase precision in species density estimates. Four repeat surveys were conducted at each transect over the course of the sampling period. In order to obtain a usable probability estimate of species density a minimum of three repeat visits is suggested (Tyre et al. 2003, MacKenzie and Royle 2005). I used program Distance 6.0 (Thomas et al. 2009) to estimate species density (birds/ha) for species with significant numbers of detections, and the probability of detecting a species (p) from the observer to the object of interest across all sample points (See Leavelle 2012 & 2013) report for more detailed sampling information).

RESULTS

COMMUNITY COMPOSITION AND DENSITY A combined 119 species (99 residents and 20 Neotropical migrants) representing 35 families were observed at Lomas de Sierpe in 2013 (Tables 1-3) while 152 species (131 resident and 21 Neotropical migrants) representing 38 families were observed over all sample years (Table 1 & Appendix A). Density and the probability of detection was estimated for 27 species (24 resident species and 3 Neotropical migratory species) where observations were great enough for data convergence (n = ≥ 20). Only species where density was estimated is presented (Table 6).

Baseline census data pooled with formal transect data over the three period has resulted in a relatively large database of bird species found in this area. This is due to the myriad vegetation types and niches provided to birds ranging from riparian to disturbed areas, the wet cool environments of old growth forest to dry warm open environment of partial monoculture habitats and the untouched pristine primary forests to regenerating secondary forests.

Table 1: Species richness, number of birds detected and family representation at Osa Conservation's Lomas de Sierpe property, Costa Rica in 2013. The standardized common names of bird species are used (A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds 2013). Year # Neotropical Migratory # Resident # Families Bird Species Bird Species All Years 21 131 38 2010-2011 13 106 38 2013 20 97 35 Melina 2013 7 36 17 Fern Grove 2013 5 18 11

Resident Bird Species Notable to the Lomas de Sierpe property is the observed abundance of the Baird’s Trogon (Trogon bairdii), a resident regional endemic species considered to be near threatened (NT) by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2013). This species is quite rare at Osa Conservations Piro and Cerro Osa Properties yet more abundant within the Lomas de Sierpe property. It was primarily found in the upper canopy of large old growth forest habitat. Sufficient observations (n = 20) allowed for data convergence and an estimated density of 0.154 birds/ha (SE = 0.045).

Observed abundant resident species found at Lomas (as compared to Cerro Osa and Piro) are the Ruddy Quail-Dove (Geotrygon montana), Golden-naped Woodpecker (Melanerpes chrysauchen), a regional endemic; Tawny-winged Woodcreeper (Dendrocincla anabatina); Long-tailed Woodcreeper (Deconychura longicauda); Black-faced Antthrush (Formicarius analis); Rose-throated Becard (Pachyramphus aglaiae), Thrushlike Schiffornis (Schiffornis turdinus), Black-bellied Wren (Thryothorus fasciatoventris ) and Green Shrike-Vireo (Vireolanius pulchellus). The number of observation for each species, however, was still under the amount needed for data convergence density estimation. The most abundant species observed were the Chestnut-backed Antbird (Myrmeciza exsul) (D = 2.708, SE = 1.066) and the Red-capped Manakin (Pipra mentalis) (D = 2.018, SE = 0.422) (Table 6). Both species were most often found in older growth forests.

Resident species notably absent or very low in abundance were the endangered endemic Black-cheeked Ant-Tanager (Habia atrimaxillaris) (EN: BirdLife International 2013) (only one individual observed-Sendero de las Aves), the Tawny-crowned Greenlet (Hylophilus ochraceiceps) (n = 0), and the Red-crowned Woodpecker (Melanerpes rubricapillus) (n = 5). Observations of Golden-naped Woodpeckers were higher, as compared to other Osa Conservation properties on the peninsula, at the Lomas de Sierpe property (n = 40) with a density estimate of 0.33445 (SE = 0.056) (Table 6).

Certain species displayed specific niche and habitat preferences. Distinct vegetation changes occur on the Sendero del Amor transitioning from old growth forest down to riverine and bottomlands. Each transition also exhibits distinct changes in the avifauna within only a 700 meter line transect. The top of the trail is dark and humid with dense vegetation providing habitat to the Little Tinamou (Crypturellus soui), Great Tinamou (Tinamus major), Northern-barred Woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae), long-tailed Woodcreeper (D longicauda), Marbled Wood-Quail (Odontophorus gujanensis )and Ruddy Quail-Dove (G montana), while the dense shrubs along the Rio Esquinas provide habitat to the Rose-throated Becard (P aglaiae), Black-bellied Wren (T fasciatoventris), and Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus). The creek that feeds the river adjacent to the fern grove provided habitat for the Gray-chested Dove (Leptotila cassini), and all hermit species.

An extremely large and very active Red-capped Manakin lek was found on the Sendero de las Aves which extended for a minimum of 200 meters between the 300 and 500 meter area along the transect. Similarly, two Long-billed Hermit leks were found on the Sendero de las Aves and La Suita trails in the same locations on each visit indicating active reproduction and courtship. Blue-crowned Manakin leks were also observed but were much smaller in area size and number of individuals as compared to the Red-capped Manakins. It is these active Red-capped Manakin leks that are attributed to the high density estimated for this species. Orange-collared Manakins were not observed on any transect at Lomas de Sierpe in 2013.

Neotropical Migratory Bird Species A total of 20 Neotropical migratory species were observed in 2013 and a total of 21 species from 2010-2013 (Table 1 & 3). New and notable species observed in 2013 but not observed in previous years were the Kentucky Warbler (Geothlypis formosa) and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) which are PIF priority Watchlist species for 2013 and Wisconsin threatened bird “species of conservation need”. The Yellow- billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) was also observed on 12 March 2013 on the Sendero del Amor along the edge of the Rio Esquinas. This observation was both auditory and visual. This species is considered to be an uncommon passage migrant on the Caribbean slope and a rare winter resident on the northwestern Pacific coast (Garrigues and Dean 2007). Migrant of this species are currently a global species of Least Concern (LC) but is a candidate for Endangered species status (USFWS 2013). It is placed here in table 2 for Neotropical migrants until further observations can be made. The Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera ) (NT: IUCN 2013) has never been observed at Lomas de Sierpe in the three years of study. Two South American migratory species; the Piratic Flycatcher (Legatus leucophaius) and the Yellow-green Vireo (Vireo flavoviridis), are common on the southwestern Pacific slope and common at Lomas de Sierpe. Both species are common breeding residents from January to October (Garrigues and Dean 2007) returning to South America for the warm summer months in the southern hemisphere.

Densities were estimated three migratory birds; the Chestnut-sided Warbler (D = 1.889, SE = 0.633), the Great-crested Flycatcher (D = 0.635, SE = 0.187) and the Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (D = 0.620, SE = 0.187) (Table 6). The Chestnut-sided Warbler is the most abundant warbler species on all Osa Conservation properties. It is closely associated with mixed species flocks and is common in all habitats. The flycatchers don’t appear to move with mixed species flocks except for possibly within their own territories, and are both also associated with all habitat types.

Table 2: List of Neotropical migratory bird species observed from 2010-2013 at Lomas de Sierpe, Costa Rica. The standardized common names of bird species are used. (A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds 2013). Common Name Family Scientific Name Alpha Code Broad-winged Hawk Accipitridae Buteo platypterus BWHA Yellow-billed Cuckoo1 Cuculidae Coccyzus americanus YBCU Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Picidae Sphyrapicus varius YBSA Wood-Pewee Sp. Tyrannidae Contopus sp UNWP Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Tyrannidae Empidonax flaviventris YBFL Great Crested Flycatcher Tyrannidae Myiarchus crinitus GCFL Yellow-throated Vireo Vireonidae Vireo flavifrons YTVI Philadelphia Vireo Vireonidae Vireo philadelphicus PHVI Red-eyed Vireo Vireonidae Vireo olivaceus REVI Barn Swallow Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica BANS Wood Thrush*** Turdidae Hylocichla mustelina WOTH Tennessee Warbler Parulidae Vermivora peregrina TEWA Yellow Warbler Parulidae Dendroica petechia YWAR Chestnut-sided Warbler Parulidae Dendroica pensylvanica CSWA Black-and-white Warbler Parulidae Mniotilta varia BAWW American Redstart Parulidae Setophaga ruticilla AMRE Mourning Warbler Parulidae Oporornis philadelphia MOWA Kentucky Warbler*** Parulidae Oporornis formosus KEWA Summer Tanager Thraupidae Piranga rubra SUTA Rose-breasted Grosbeak Cardinalidae Pheucticus ludovicianus RBGR Baltimore Oriole Icteridae Icterus galbula BAOR * Neotropical Migratory Bird Species overwintering in Costa Rica **South American migratory bird species breeding in Costa Rica ***Partners in Flight (PIF) Watchlist species 2013 1Candidate for Endangered species status (USFWS 2013) http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=B06R#candidate

Table 3: List of resident bird species observed within Osa Conservation's Lomas de Sierpe property, Costa Rica in 2013. The standardized common names of bird species are used (A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds 2013). Common Name Family Scientific Name Alpha Code Great Tinamou Tinamidae Tinamus major GRTI Little Tinamou Tinamidae Crypturellus soui LITI Crested Guan Cracidae Penelope purpurascens CRGU Marbled Wood-Quail Odontophoridae Odontophorus gujanensis MAWQ Black Vulture Cathartidae Coragyps atratus BLVU Turkey Vulture Cathartidae Cathartes aura TUVU

King Vulture Cathartidae Sarcoramphus papa KIVU Gray-headed Kite Accipitridae Leptodon cayanensis GHKI Double-toothed Kite Accipitridae Harpagus bidentatus DTKI Gray Hawk Accipitridae Asturina nitidus GRHA Roadside Hawk Accipitridae Buteo magnirostris ROHA Collared Forest-Falcon Falconidae Micrastur semitorquatus COFF Gray-necked Wood-Rail Rallidae Aramides cajanea GNWR Short-billed Pigeon Columbidae Patagioenas nigrirostris SBPI Blue Ground-Dove Columbidae Claravis pretiosa BLGD White-tipped Dove Columbidae Leptotila verreauxi WTDO Gray-chested Dove Columbidae Leptotila cassini GCDO Ruddy Quail-Dove Columbidae Geotrygon montana RUQD Crimson-fronted Parakeet Psittacidae Aratinga finschi CFPA Brown-hooded Parrot Psittacidae Pionopsitta haematotis BHOP White-crowned Parrot Psittacidae Pionus senilis WCPA Red-Lored Parrot Psittacidae Amazona autumnalis RLPA Mealy Parrot Psittacidae Amazona farinosa MEAP Squirrel Cuckoo Cuculidae Piaya cayana SQCU Crested Owl Strigidae Lophostrix cristata CROW Striped Owl Strigidae Pseudoscops Clamator STRO Stripe-throated Hermit Trochilidae Phaethornis striigularis SRTH Long-billed Hermit Trochilidae Phaethornis longirostris LBIH Bronzy Hermit Trochilidae Glaucis aenea BRHE Violet Sabrewing Trochilidae Campylopterus hemileucurus VISA Charming Hummingbird Trochilidae Amazilia decora CHHU Violet-crowned Woodnymph Trochilidae Thalurania colombica VCWO Gartered Trogon Trogonidae Trogon caligatus GATR Black-throated Trogon Trogonidae Trogon rufus BTHT Baird’s Trogon Trogonidae Trogon bairdii BATR Slaty-tailed Trogon Trogonidae Trogon massena STTR Blue-crowned Motmot Momotidae Momotus momota BCMO Rufous-tailed Jacamar Galbulidae Galbula ruficauda RTJA Black-mandibled Toucan Ramphastidae Ramphastos ambiguus BMTO Golden-naped Woodpecker Picidae Melanerpes chrysauchen GNWO Red-crowned Woodpecker Picidae Melanerpes rubricapillus RCRW Rufous-winged Woodpecker Picidae Piculus simplex RCRW Lineated Woodpecker Picidae Dryocopus lineatus LIWO Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner Furnariidae Automolus ochrolaemus BFFG Plain Xenops Furnariidae Xenops minutus PLXE Northern Barred-Woodcreeper Furnariidae Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae NOBW Tawny-winged Woodcreeper Furnariidae Dendrocincla anabatina TWWO Long-tailed Woodcreeper Furnariidae Deconychura longicauda LTWO 12

Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Furnariidae Glyphorhynchus spirurus WBWO Cocoa Woodcreeper Furnariidae Xiphorhynchus susurrans COWO Black-striped Woodcreeper Furnariidae Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus BSWO Spotted Woodcreeper Furnariidae Xiphorhynchus erythropygius SPWO Black-hooded Antshrike Thamnophilidae Thamnophilus bridgesi BHOA Chestnut-backed Antbird Thamnophilidae Myrmeciza exsul CBAN Bicolored Antbird Thamnophilidae Gymnopithys leucaspis BIAN Dot-winged Antwren Thamnophilidae Microrhopias quixensis DWAN Black-faced Antthrush Formicariidae Formicarius analis BFAN Paltry Tyannulet Tyrannidae Zimmerius vilissimus PATY Piratic Flycatcher Tyrannidae Legatus leucophaius PIFL Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant Tyrannidae Lophotriccus pileatus SCPT Northern Bentbill Tyrannidae Oncostoma cinereigulare NOBE Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Tyrannidae Mionectes oleagineus OBFL Bright-rumped Attila Tyrannidae Attila spadiceus BRAT Rufous Mourner Tyrannidae Rhytipterna holerythra RMOU Dusky-capped Flycatcher Tyrannidae Myiarchus tuberculifer DCFL Boat-billed Flycatcher Tyrannidae Megarhynchus pitangua BOBF Great Kiskadee Tyrannidae Pitangus sulphuratus GKIS Thrushlike Schiffornis Tityridae Schiffornis turdinus TLSC Masked Tityra Tityridae Tityra semifasciata MATI Rose-throated Becard Tityridae Pachyramphus aglaiae RTBE Turquoise Cotinga Cotingidae Cotinga ridgwayi TUCO Rufous Piha Cotingidae Lipaugus unirufus RUFP Blue-crowned Manakin Pipridae Pipra coronata BCRM Red-capped Manakin Pipridae Pipra mentalis RCMA Yellow-green Vireo Vireonidae Vireo flavoviridis YGVI Lesser Greenlet Vireonidae Hylophilus decurtatus LESG Green Shrike-Vireo Vireonidae Vireolanius pulchellus GRSV Long-billed Gnatwren Sylviidae Ramphocaenus melanurus LBGN Tropical Gnatcatcher Sylviidae Polioptila plumbea TRGN Riverside Wren Troglodytidae Thryothorus semibadius RIWR Black-bellied Wren Troglodytidae Thryothorus fasciatoventris BBEW House Wren Troglodytidae Troglodytes aedon HOWR Scaly-breasted Wren Troglodytidae Microcerculus marginatus SCBW Bananaquit Parulidae Coereba flaveola BANA Black-cheeked Ant-Tanager Thraupidae Habia atrimaxillaris BCAT White-shouldered Tanager Thraupidae Tachyphonus luctuosus WSTA White-lined Tanager Thraupidae Tachyphonus rufus WLTA Gray-headed Tanager Thraupidae Eucometis penicillata GHET White-throated Shrike-Tanager Thraupidae Lanio leucothorax WTST Cherrie’s Tanager Thraupidae Ramphocelus costaricensis CHET 13

Golden-hooded Tanager Thraupidae Tangara larvata GHOT Blue Dacnis Thraupidae Dacmis cayana BLDA Green Honeycreeper Thraupidae Chlorophanes spiza GRHO Shining Honeycreeper Thraupidae Cyanerpes lucidus SHHO Orange-billed Sparrow Emberizidae Arremon aurantiirostris OBSP Black-striped Sparrow Emberizidae Arremonops conirostris BSTS Buff-throated Saltator Cardinalidae Saltator maximus BTSA Blue-black Grosbeak Cardinalidae Cyanocompsa cyanoides BGRO Scarlet-rumped Cacique Icteridae Cacicus uropygialis SRCA Yellow-crowned Euphonia Fringillidae Euphonia luteicapilla YCEU Spot-crowned Euphonia Fringillidae Euphonia imitans SPCE

Melina Community Composition The quantity of migratory birds (n = 7) and resident bird species (n = 36) found in the Melina plantation (Table 4) was lower than in other mixed species secondary forest habitats. Bird species diversity is decreased due to the open dryer environment, low tree species diversity and limited forest vertical structure and complexity without which decreases the number of niches which occur in this habitat. Other plantation parcels undergoing restoration regimes such as the NRDC pochote plot have a dominant tree species which occurs there but it is intermixing with encroaching mixed species dispersing into the area from adjacent primary forest and animal and abiotic dispersal mechanisms. The result is an increase in bird diversity on that plot as compared to the Melina plantation as Lomas de Sierpe. There are no species of noted conservation concern in this restoration plot at the time of this report.

Table 4: List of resident and Neotropical bird species observed in 2013 in Osa Conservation's Melina restoration plot at Lomas de Sierpe, Costa Rica. The standardized common names of bird species are used (A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds 2013). Common Name Family Scientific Name Alpha Code Little Tinamou Tinamidae Crypturellus soui LITI Gray-necked Wood-Rail Rallidae Aramides cajanea GNWR Pale-vented Pigeon Columbidae Patagioenas cayennensis PVPI Ruddy Quail-Dove Columbidae Geotrygon montana RUQD Stripe-throated Hermit Trochilidae Phaethornis striigularis SRTH Long-billed Hermit Trochilidae Phaethornis longirostris LBIH Charming Hummingbird Trochilidae Amazilia decora CHHU Gartered Trogon Trogonidae Trogon caligatus GATR Slaty-tailed Trogon Trogonidae Trogon massena STTR Black-mandibled Toucan Ramphastidae Ramphastos ambiguus BMTO Northern Barred-Woodcreeper Furnariidae Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae NOBW Cocoa Woodcreeper Furnariidae Xiphorhynchus susurrans COWO Black-striped Woodcreeper Furnariidae Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus BSWO Black-hooded Antshrike Thamnophilidae Thamnophilus bridgesi BHOA Dusky Antbird Thamnophilidae Cercomacra tyrannina DUAN Chestnut-backed Antbird Thamnophilidae Myrmeciza exsul CBAN 14

Dot-winged Antwren Thamnophilidae Microrhopias quixensis DWAN Paltry Tyannulet Tyrannidae Zimmerius vilissimus PATY Piratic Flycatcher** Tyrannidae Legatus leucophaius PIFL Yellow-olive Flycatcher Tyrannidae Tolmomyias sulphurescens YOFL Northern Bentbill Tyrannidae Oncostoma cinereigulare NOBE Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Tyrannidae Mionectes oleagineus OBFL Bright-rumped Attila Tyrannidae Attila spadiceus BRAT Rufous Mourner Tyrannidae Rhytipterna holerythra RMOU Yellow-bellied Flycatcher* Tyrannidae Empidonax flaviventris YBFL Great Crested Flycatcher* Tyrannidae Myiarchus crinitus GCFL Dusky-capped Flycatcher Tyrannidae Myiarchus tuberculifer DCFL Boat-billed Flycatcher Tyrannidae Megarhynchus pitangua BOBF Thrushlike Schiffornis Tityridae Schiffornis turdinus TLSC Masked Tityra Tityridae Tityra semifasciata MATI Yellow-throated Vireo* Vireonidae Vireo flavifrons YTVI Yellow-green Vireo** Vireonidae Vireo flavoviridis YGVI Red-eyed Vireo* Vireonidae Vireo olivaceus REVI Lesser Greenlet Vireonidae Hylophilus decurtatus LESG Long-billed Gnatwren Sylviidae Ramphocaenus melanurus LBGN Tropical Gnatcatcher Sylviidae Polioptila plumbea TRGN Riverside Wren Troglodytidae Thryothorus semibadius RIWR Chestnut-sided Warbler* Parulidae Dendroica pensylvanica CSWA Mourning Warbler* Parulidae Oporornis philadelphia MOWA Golden-hooded Tanager Thraupidae Tangara larvata GHOT Buff-throated Saltator Cardinalidae Saltator maximus BTSA Baltimore Oriole* Icteridae Icterus galbula BAOR Spot-crowned Euphonia Fringillidae Euphonia imitans SPCE *Neotropical Migratory Species **South American Migratory Species

Fern Grove Community Composition The fern grove was an isolation desert-like habitat where few birds were observed (18 residents and 5 Neotropical migrants) (Table 5) as compared to other habitat. The White-throated Crake (Laterallus albigularis) is the only species observed that is associated with this type of habitat. In its natural habitat it is tied to marshy reed grass but has found the thick ferns a suitable environment to inhabit. The rare Uniform Crake (Amaurolimnas concolor) and other uncommon crakes and rails may occur here however were not observed during this study. All other species were found using woody shrubs interspersed with the ferns as perches, especially the Cherrie’s Tanagers (Ramphocelus costaricensis). The fern grove was surrounded by Heliconia species and other flowing vines used by the hummingbirds, and planted fruit trees used by all other observed species. As previously mentioned, the Gray-chested Dove (Leptotila cassini) was found along the creek which runs adjacent to the grove. There are no species of noted conservation concern on this plot at the time of this report.

Table 5: Cumulative list of all bird species observed in 2013 on the Fern Grove plot at Lomas de Sierpe, Costa Rica. The standardized common names of bird species are used. (A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds 2013). Common Name Family Scientific Name Alpha Code White-throated Crake Rallidae Laterallus albigularis WTCR Gray-chested Dove Columbidae Leptotila cassini GCDO Stripe-throated Hermit Trochilidae Phaethornis striigularis SRTH long-billed Hermit Trochilidae Phaethornis longirostris LBIH Band-tailed Barbthroat Trochilidae Threnetes ruckeri BTBA Purple-crowned Fairy Trochilidae Heliothryx barroti PCFA Lesser Greenlet Vireonidae Hylophilus decurtatus LESG Black-bellied Wren Troglodytidae Thryothorus fasciatoventris BBEW Tennessee Warbler Parulidae Vermivora peregrina TEWA Yellow Warbler Parulidae Setophaga petechia YEWA Chestnut-sided Warbler Parulidae Dendroica pensylvanica CSWA Northern Waterthrush Parulidae Parkesia noveboracensis NOWA Mourning Warbler Parulidae Oporornis philadelphia MOWA Bananaquit Parulidae Coereba flaveola BANA Cherrie's Tanager Thraupidae Ramphocelus costaricensis CHET Golden-hooded Tanager Thraupidae Tangara larvata GHOT Green Honeycreeper Thraupidae Chlorophanes spiza GRHO Shining Honeycreeper Thraupidae Cyanerpes lucidus SHHO Variable Seedeater Emberizidae Sporophila americana VASE Black-striped Sparrow Emberizidae Arremonops conirostris BSTS Buff-throated Saltator Cardinalidae Saltator maximus BTSA Baltimore Oriole Icteridae Icterus galbula BAOR Spot-crowned Euphonia Fringillidae Euphonia imitans SPCE

Management Recommendations and Next Steps A primary objective should be to place research and monitoring emphasis on Neotropical migratory birds observed on all Lomas transects; the Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) and PIF Watchlist species; the Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus) and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). The Yellow-billed Cuckoo has undergone drastic population declines in both range and abundance (Wiggins 2005) and is a candidate for Endangered Species status (USFWS 2013). Information, however, is lacking for this species in winter areas and requires extensive study to determine its overall conservation status (Hughes 1999). The Kentucky Warbler and Wood Thrush are associated with primarily broadleaf forest with dense undergrowth in winter (AOU 1998). Information on wintering grounds (especially quantification of habitat requirements and minimum area requirements is required (BNA-324; McDonald 1998) for the Kentucky Warbler. Identifying wintering areas and determining sex-age partitioning of juveniles and adults on wintering grounds are management and conservation priorities for the Wood Thrush (BNA-246; Roth et al. 1996). All three of these species were observed in 2013 near the Rio Esquinas and in close proximity to the Fern Grove which is slated for restoration in future years. The ferns are an emergent residual growth resulting

16 from disturbance and dormant pasture lands which were originally cut from lowland riparian forest. It is recommended that this area be brought back to its near original state to allow for a larger more significant natural forest buffer out from the River that reaches the slopes of the upland forest. At present the only species directly tied to the fern growth is the White-throated Crake which is a species of Least Concern and one which moved into this area as a result of the dense fern undergrowth that it is associated with. Global research and conservation recommendations should be classified as a priority for these species in this area (Partners in Flight 2013).

The resident Baird’s Trogon, a regional endemic, should also be placed on an Osa Watchlist for the Lomas/Santa Cecilia area as it is considered to be Near Threatened (NT) by BirdLife International (2013) with 1000 – 5000 individuals estimated to remain. Based on initial monitoring of the Lomas property, The Baird’s Trogon appears to be associated with primary forest and was most abundant along the edge of the Rio Esquinas, however, little information is known for this species. A Single Species Review and Conservation Action Plan should be developed and a working group established. Research actions should precede conservation actions and should include determining habitat requirements and associations as well as current distribution in Costa Rica and Northern Panama.

Table 6: Bird species density, detection probability (p), standard errors (SE) and lower (LC) and upper (UC) confidence intervals for species detected on monitoring transects at Lomas de Sierpe, Costa Rica 2013. Program Distance 6.0 was used for analysis. Species Density SE LC UC p SE LC UC Baird's Trogon 0.154 0.045 0.083 0.286 0.631 0.194 0.323 1.000 Black-bellied Wren 0.692 0.352 0.256 1.871 0.354 0.093 0.206 0.606 Black-hooded Antshrike 0.608 0.209 0.308 1.199 0.495 0.112 0.315 0.779 Black-striped Woodcreeper 0.419 0.071 0.298 0.587 0.679 0.103 0.500 0.922 Blue-crowned Manakin 1.077 0.393 0.521 2.230 0.416 0.086 0.275 0.631 Cherries Tanager 0.781 0.381 0.298 2.047 0.359 0.081 0.227 0.569 Chestnut-backed Antbird 2.708 1.066 1.266 5.795 0.215 0.066 0.118 0.393 Chestnut-sided Warbler 1.889 0.633 0.971 3.675 0.441 0.093 0.290 0.672 Dot-winged Antwren 1.203 0.356 0.665 2.178 0.311 0.055 0.217 0.444 Dusky-capped Flycatcher 0.501 0.127 0.295 0.850 0.555 0.046 0.469 0.657 Golden-hooded Tanager 0.929 0.478 0.343 2.520 0.315 0.096 0.167 0.593 Golden-naped Woodpecker 0.334 0.056 0.232 0.480 0.541 0.039 0.461 0.649 Gray-chested Dove 0.463 0.258 0.158 1.362 0.526 0.152 0.290 0.954 Great-crested Flycatcher 0.635 0.187 0.353 1.144 0.507 0.097 0.345 0.745 Lesser Greenlet 1.187 0.261 0.768 1.833 0.472 0.079 0.339 0.658 Long-billed Gnatwren 0.297 0.188 0.088 1.005 0.454 0.254 0.146 1.000 Long-billed Hermit 1.943 0.458 1.194 3.161 0.579 0.057 0.475 0.705 Orange-billed Sparrow 0.911 0.350 0.427 1.944 0.269 0.068 0.159 0.454 Piratic Flycatcher 0.250 0.075 0.135 0.462 0.586 0.081 0.438 0.782 Red-capped Manakin 2.018 0.422 1.313 3.100 0.443 0.045 0.362 0.543 Riverside Wren 0.415 0.120 0.228 0.756 0.556 0.055 0.453 0.681 Rufous Piha 0.339 0.097 0.191 0.603 0.644 0.108 0.455 0.910 Scarlet-rumped Cacique 0.973 0.244 0.591 1.602 0.439 0.077 0.309 0.623 Spot-crowned Euphonia 0.936 0.275 0.525 1.668 0.421 0.104 0.258 0.687 Tropical Gnatcatcher 0.769 0.129 0.542 1.089 0.541 0.038 0.470 0.623 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher 0.620 0.187 0.335 1.148 0.644 0.089 0.486 0.853 Charming Hummingbird 1.165 0.438 0.534 2.543 0.532 0.033 0.469 0.603

LITERATURE CITED A.O.U. (American Ornithologists’ Union). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh Edition. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

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Buckland, S. T., D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, J. L. Laake, D. L. Borchers, and L. Thomas. 2001. Introduction to distance sampling, estimating abundance of biological populations. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York.

Buckland, S. T., K. P. Burnham, D. R. Anderson, and J. L. Laake. 1993. Density estimation using distance sampling. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.

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Garrigues, R. and R. Dean. 2007. The Birds of Costa Rica: A Field Guide. A Zona Tropical Publication, Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York.

Hughes, J. M. 1999. Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus). In The Birds of North America, No. 418 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

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Leavelle, K.M. 2012. Avian Inventory and Monitoring Report at Cerro Osa and Piro Research Centers, Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Technical report prepared for Osa Conservation. P43. Washington, DC.

Leavelle K.M. 2013. Osa Bird Avian Monitoring Program: Sampling Methods and Protocols. Osa Birds Technical Document-23. P35. Puerto Jiménez, Osa Península, Costa Rica.

Mackenzie, D. I., and A. J. Royle. 2005. Designing Occupancy Studies: General Advice and Allocating Survey Effort. Journal of Applied Ecology 42:1105-1114.

McDonald, M. V. 1998. Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus). In The Birds of North America , No. 324 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia , PA.

Partners in Flight (PIF). 2013. Kentucky Warbler (Geothlypis formosa) http://www.partnersinflight.org/WatchListNeeds/KEWA.htm

Partners in Flight (PIF). 2013. Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) http://www.partnersinflight.org/WatchListNeeds/WOTH.htm

Ralph, C. J., G. R. Geupel, P. Pyle, T. E. Martin, and D. F. DeSante. 1993. Handbook of field methods for monitoring landbirds USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW‐GTR‐144, Albany, CA. (http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr‐144/)

Roth, R.R., M.S. Johnson, and T.J. Underwood. 1996. Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). In The Birds of North America , No. 246 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences , Philadelphia , PA , and The American Ornithologists' Union , Washington , D.C.

Thomas, L., Laake, J.L., Rexstad, E., Strindberg, S., Marques, F.F.C., Buckland, S.T., Borchers, D.L., Anderson, D.R., Burnham, K.P., Burt, M.L., Hedley, S.L., Pollard, J.H., Bishop, J.R.B. and Marques, T.A. 2009. Distance 6.0. Release. Research Unit for Wildlife Population Assessment, University of St. Andrews, UK. http://www.ruwpa.st-and.ac.uk/distance/

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Appendix A: Cumulative list of resident bird species observed within Osa Conservation's Lomas de Sierpe property, Costa Rica from 2010 to 2013. The standardized common names of bird species are used (A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds 2013). Common Name Family Scientific Name Alpha Code Great Tinamou Tinamidae Tinamus major GRTI Little Tinamou Tinamidae Crypturellus soui LITI Crested Guan Cracidae Penelope purpurascens CRGU Marbled Wood-Quail Odontophoridae Odontophorus gujanensis MAWQ Great Blue Heron Ardeidae Ardea herodias GBHE Black Vulture Cathartidae Coragyps atratus BLVU Turkey Vulture Cathartidae Cathartes aura TUVU King Vulture Cathartidae Sarcoramphus papa KIVU Gray-headed Kite Accipitridae Leptodon cayanensis GHKI Double-toothed Kite Accipitridae Harpagus bidentatus DTKI Swallow-tailed Kite Accipitridae Elanoides forficatus STKI Gray Hawk Accipitridae Asturina nitidus GRHA Roadside Hawk Accipitridae Buteo magnirostris ROHA Laughing Falcon Falconidae Herpetotheres cachinnans LAFA Collared Forest-Falcon Falconidae Micrastur semitorquatus COFF Gray-necked Wood-Rail Rallidae Aramides cajanea GNWR Short-billed Pigeon Columbidae Patagioenas nigrirostris SBPI

Blue Ground-Dove Columbidae Claravis pretiosa BLGD White-tipped Dove Columbidae Leptotila verreauxi WTDO Gray-chested Dove Columbidae Leptotila cassini GCDO Ruddy Quail-Dove Columbidae Geotrygon montana RUQD Crimson-fronted Parakeet Psittacidae Aratinga finschi CFPA Scarlet Macaw Psittacidae Ara macao SCMA Orange-chinned Parakeet Psittacidae Brotogeris jugularis OCPA Brown-hooded Parrot Psittacidae Pionopsitta haematotis BHOP White-crowned Parrot Psittacidae Pionus senilis WCPA Red-Lored Parrot Psittacidae Amazona autumnalis RLPA Mealy Parrot Psittacidae Amazona farinosa MEAP Squirrel Cuckoo Cuculidae Piaya cayana SQCU Crested Owl Strigidae Lophostrix cristata CROW Striped Owl Strigidae Pseudoscops Clamator STRO Black Swift Apodidae Cypseloides niger BLSW Costa Rican Swift Apodidae Chaetura fumosa CRSW Stripe-throated Hermit Trochilidae Phaethornis striigularis SRTH Long-billed Hermit Trochilidae Phaethornis longirostris LBIH Bronzy Hermit Trochilidae Glaucis aenea BRHE Violet Sabrewing Trochilidae Campylopterus hemileucurus VISA Charming Hummingbird Trochilidae Amazilia decora CHHU Violet-crowned Woodnymph Trochilidae Thalurania colombica VCWO Long-billed Starthroat Trochilidae Heliomaster longirostris LBST Gartered Trogon Trogonidae Trogon caligatus GATR Black-throated Trogon Trogonidae Trogon rufus BTHT Baird’s Trogon Trogonidae Trogon bairdii BATR Slaty-tailed Trogon Trogonidae Trogon massena STTR Blue-crowned Motmot Momotidae Momotus momota BCMO White-necked Puffbird Bucconidae Notharchus macrorhynchos WNPU Rufous-tailed Jacamar Galbulidae Galbula ruficauda RTJA Black-mandibled Toucan Ramphastidae Ramphastos ambiguus BMTO Fiery-billed Aracari Ramphastidae Pteroglossus frantzii FBAR Golden-naped Woodpecker Picidae Melanerpes chrysauchen GNWO Red-crowned Woodpecker Picidae Melanerpes rubricapillus RCRW Rufous-winged Woodpecker Picidae Piculus simplex RCRW Lineated Woodpecker Picidae Dryocopus lineatus LIWO Slaty Spinetail Furnariidae Synallaxis brachyura SLSP Buff-throated Foliage-gleaner Furnariidae Automolus ochrolaemus BFFG Plain Xenops Furnariidae Xenops minutus PLXE Northern Barred-Woodcreeper Furnariidae Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae NOBW Tawny-winged Woodcreeper Furnariidae Dendrocincla anabatina TWWO Long-tailed Woodcreeper Furnariidae Deconychura longicauda LTWO 21

Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Furnariidae Glyphorhynchus spirurus WBWO Cocoa Woodcreeper Furnariidae Xiphorhynchus susurrans COWO Black-striped Woodcreeper Furnariidae Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus BSWO Spotted Woodcreeper Furnariidae Xiphorhynchus erythropygius SPWO Black-hooded Antshrike Thamnophilidae Thamnophilus bridgesi BHOA Chestnut-backed Antbird Thamnophilidae Myrmeciza exsul CBAN Bicolored Antbird Thamnophilidae Gymnopithys leucaspis BIAN Dot-winged Antwren Thamnophilidae Microrhopias quixensis DWAN Black-faced Antthrush Formicariidae Formicarius analis BFAN Golden-crowned Spadebill Tyrannidae Platyrinchus coronatus GCRS Paltry Tyannulet Tyrannidae Zimmerius vilissimus PATY Northern Scrub-Flycatcher Tyrannidae Sublegatus arenarum NOSF Piratic Flycatcher Tyrannidae Legatus leucophaius PIFL Yellow-olive Flycatcher Tyrannidae Tolmomyias sulphurescens YOFL Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant Tyrannidae Lophotriccus pileatus SCPT Northern Bentbill Tyrannidae Oncostoma cinereigulare NOBE Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Tyrannidae Mionectes oleagineus OBFL Bright-rumped Attila Tyrannidae Attila spadiceus BRAT Rufous Mourner Tyrannidae Rhytipterna holerythra RMOU Dusky-capped Flycatcher Tyrannidae Myiarchus tuberculifer DCFL Boat-billed Flycatcher Tyrannidae Megarhynchus pitangua BOBF Great Kiskadee Tyrannidae Pitangus sulphuratus GKIS Social Flycatcher Tyrannidae Myiozetetes similis SOFL Streaked Flycatcher Tyrannidae Myiodynastes maculatus STRF Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Tyrannidae Myiodynastes luteiventris SBFL Tropical Kingbird Tyrannidae Tyrannus melancholicus TRKI Thrushlike Schiffornis Tityridae Schiffornis turdinus TLSC Masked Tityra Tityridae Tityra semifasciata MATI Black-crowned Tityra Tityridae Tityra inquisitor BCRT Rose-throated Becard Tityridae Pachyramphus aglaiae RTBE White-winged Becard Tityridae Pachyramphus polychopterus WWBE Turquoise Cotinga Cotingidae Cotinga ridgwayi TUCO Rufous Piha Cotingidae Lipaugus unirufus RUFP Orange-collared Manakin Pipridae Manacus aurantiacus OCMA Blue-crowned Manakin Pipridae Pipra coronata BCRM Red-capped Manakin Pipridae Pipra mentalis RCMA Yellow-green Vireo Vireonidae Vireo flavoviridis YGVI Lesser Greenlet Vireonidae Hylophilus decurtatus LESG Green Shrike-Vireo Vireonidae Vireolanius pulchellus GRSV Southern Rough-winged Hirundinidae Stelgidopteryx ruficollis SRWS Swallow Long-billed Gnatwren Sylviidae Ramphocaenus melanurus LBGN

Tropical Gnatcatcher Sylviidae Polioptila plumbea TRGN Riverside Wren Troglodytidae Thryothorus semibadius RIWR Plain Wren Troglodytidae Thryothorus modestus PLWR Black-bellied Wren Troglodytidae Thryothorus fasciatoventris BBEW House Wren Troglodytidae Troglodytes aedon HOWR Scaly-breasted Wren Troglodytidae Microcerculus marginatus SCBW White-throated Thrush Turdidae Turdus assimilis WTTH Bananaquit Parulidae Coereba flaveola BANA Black-cheeked Ant-Tanager Thraupidae Habia atrimaxillaris BCAT White-shouldered Tanager Thraupidae Tachyphonus luctuosus WSTA White-lined Tanager Thraupidae Tachyphonus rufus WLTA Gray-headed Tanager Thraupidae Eucometis penicillata GHET White-throated Shrike-Tanager Thraupidae Lanio leucothorax WTST Cherrie’s Tanager Thraupidae Ramphocelus costaricensis CHET Golden-hooded Tanager Thraupidae Tangara larvata GHOT Blue-gray Tanager Thraupidae Thraupis episcopus BGTA Palm Tanager Thraupidae Thraupis palmarum PALT Blue Dacnis Thraupidae Dacmis cayana BLDA Green Honeycreeper Thraupidae Chlorophanes spiza GRHO Shining Honeycreeper Thraupidae Cyanerpes lucidus SHHO Red-legged Honeycreeper Thraupidae Cyanerpes cyaneus RLHO Thick-billed Seed-Finch Emberizidae Oryzoborus funereus TBSF Variable Seedeater Emberizidae Sporophila americana VASE Orange-billed Sparrow Emberizidae Arremon aurantiirostris OBSP Black-striped Sparrow Emberizidae Arremonops conirostris BSTS Buff-throated Saltator Cardinalidae Saltator maximus BTSA Blue-black Grosbeak Cardinalidae Cyanocompsa cyanoides BGRO Scarlet-rumped Cacique Icteridae Cacicus uropygialis SRCA Elegant Euphonia Fringillidae Euphonia elegantissima ELEU Yellow-crowned Euphonia Fringillidae Euphonia luteicapilla YCEU Spot-crowned Euphonia Fringillidae Euphonia imitans SPCE