Krieg Gegen Terror – Krieg Gegen Dissens Von Abgründen Und Zivilem Widerstand in Pakistan

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Krieg Gegen Terror – Krieg Gegen Dissens Von Abgründen Und Zivilem Widerstand in Pakistan Schwerpunkt Pakistan Krieg gegen Terror – Krieg gegen Dissens Von Abgründen und zivilem Widerstand in Pakistan Salman Hussain Das Verschwinden von Menschenrechtler(inn)en und politischen Aktivist(inn)en ist ein Indikator für das allumfassende Überwachungs- und Strafregime im heutigen Pakistan. Frühere Militärregime waren berüchtigt dafür, dass sie Meinungsverschiedenheiten nicht tolerierten. Unter demokratischer Herrschaft scheint das erzwungene Verschwindenlassen jedoch in eine organisierte Form übergegangen zu sein. Was als militärische Taktik zur Bekämpfung militanter Gruppen im Nordwesten Pakistans begann, ist allmählich zu einem Instrument geworden, um politische Meinungsverschiedenheiten und öffentlichen Dissens einzudämmen. Der Autor beschreibt diese Entwicklung. as gewaltsame Verschwin- Pakistans Geschichte des tanten Netzwerke des afghanischen den von Personen bleibt Verschwindenlassens „Dschihad“ und der Taliban, die in eine der am wenigsten dis- den 1990er Jahren bestanden hatten, Dkutierten Folgen des von den USA Das Verschwinden und das Foltern eine gewisse Dringlichkeit. In seiner geführten „Kriegs gegen den Ter- politischer Aktivist(inn)en ist in Pa- Autobiografie „In the Line of Fire“ ror“ und der Aufstandsbekämp- kistan kein neues Phänomen. Wäh- rühmt Pakistans ehemaliger Präsi- fung durch pakistanische Militär- rend der Militärregierung von Ge- dent, General Pervez Musharraf, sei- und Nachrichtendienste. Laut den neral Zia-ul-Haq (1977-88) wurden nen und den Beitrag seines Militärs Organisationen Defense of Human zahlreiche Kommunisten, Nationa- zum „1199148263 War on Terror“ der Rights Pakistan (DHRP) und der listen und Aktivisten der Pakista- USA. Seine Regierung habe 369 ver- Menschenrechtskommission Hu- nischen Volkspartei von Zulfikar Ali dächtige Kämpfer an die USA über- man Rights Commission of Pakistan Bhutto inhaftiert, gefoltert und getö- geben und dabei Millionenbeträge (HRCP) sind derzeit über 4000 tet.4 Nach den Anschlägen vom 11. verdient.7 Darunter befanden sich Pakistani als „vermisst“ gemeldet.1 September 2001 (9/11) nahm das Phä- Personen, die in den 1990er Jahren Journalist(inn)en und Aktivist(inn)- nomen des gewaltsamen Verschwin- mit den afghanischen Taliban gegen en, die es gewagt haben, über die- denlassens wieder vermehrt zu. Die die Invasion der damaligen Sowjet- ses Verschwinden zu berichten USA hatten nachdrücklich die Fest- union gekämpft hatten und nach der oder öffentlich zu sprechen, wer- nahme und Auslieferung von „Ter- US-Invasion im Oktober 2001 aus den bedroht und eingeschüchtert, rorverdächtigen“ gefordert.5 Mit der Afghanistan zurückgekehrt waren.8 einige geschlagen oder selbst zum militärischen Intervention der USA Die früheren Netzwerke wurden nun Verschwinden gebracht. Eines der in der Region entstand ein neuer geo- genutzt, um diese Helden der Vergan- Opfer war Raza Khan, seit dem 2. strategischer Kontext. Pakistani und genheit, ihre Freunde und Mitarbei- Dezember 2017 „vermisst“, und zu- Muslime aus Zentral- und Westasien, ter zu fangen. letzt bei einer öffentlichen Diskus- die in der Zeit des Kalten Krieges von sion über Blasphemie gesehen.2 Der der CIA und den pakistanischen Mi- Die militärischen Operationen ge- Protest gegen Raza Khan in Form litär- und Geheimdiensten mit groß- gen die pakistanischen Taliban in- eines Sit-in der religiösen Partei zügiger Unterstützung der USA und tensivierten sich, und die Militanten endete erst, nachdem die pakista- Saudi-Arabiens ausgebildet worden begannen ihrerseits, Sicherheitskräf- nische Armee zwischen Zivilregie- waren, sahen sich nun als Feinde der te und zivile Gebiete zu attackieren. rung und Demonstranten vermittelt Nation und der „freien Welt“ ver- Prompt dehnten sich die Maßnah- hatte. Die Rolle der Armee bei der folgt.6 men zur Aufstandsbekämpfung auf Beschwichtigung islamischer Grup- die städtischen Gebiete aus, um den pen wird von Menschenrechts- und Die USA boten dabei wirtschaftliche Nexus zwischen Terroristen in ab- Social-Media-Aktivist(inn)en offen Hilfen an und verliehen den Geheim- gelegenen Gebieten und ihren Ver- kritisiert.3 dienstoperationen gegen die mili- mittlern in städtischen Zentren zu Südasien 3/2019 | 35 Schwerpunkt Pakistan trennen und ihre Versorgungs- und legale Entführung, Inhaftierung, Fol- Fragen stellen. Lahore, Pakistan 9 Rekrutierungskanäle anzugreifen. ter und Ermordung zu einer tolerierten Bild: Luke X. Martin, flickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) Unter dem öffentlichen Druck, auf Militär- und Geheimdienststrategie, die Angriffe zu reagieren und sie zu um den politischen Dissens in Pakistan Der aktuelle Kontext beenden, griffen Militär- und Ge- einzudämmen. Diese Praktiken ha- heimdienste Hunderte von ihnen ben die Verselbstständigung des Mili- Das Ausmaß und die Straffreiheit, mit auf und ließen sie ohne Anklage ver- tärs und der Geheimdienste gegenüber der die Militär- und Geheimdienste schwinden. Nach der US-Invasion in den rechtlichen und politischen Insti- solche Operationen im gegenwärtigen Afghanistan verbrachten Länder wie tutionen des Staates gestärkt. Straffrei- Kontext durchführen, sind alarmie- Pakistan und Ägypten verdächtige heit, uneingeschränkte Überwachung rend. Ende 2016 wurden die pakista- islamische Militante in die berüch- und Inhaftierung haben den Militärs nischen Menschenrechtsaktivist(inn) tigten Folterorte Bagram Air Base in und Geheimdiensten eine große Reich- en zum offensichtlichen Ziel des ge- Afghanistan und Guantanamo Bay weite innerhalb der pakistanischen Ge- waltsamem Verschwindenlassens. Ei- auf Kuba. Den als „feindliche Kämp- sellschaft verschafft. nige hatten bereits die gewalttätigen fer“ bezeichneten Häftlingen wurden Reaktionen der pakistanischen Mili- die Grundrechte als Kriegsgefange- Militär- und Nachrichtendienste tär- und Nachrichtendienste auf die ne verweigert und sie jahrelang ohne leugnen die Entführung und In- Kritik an laufenden Operationen ge- Anklage festgehalten.10 haftierung vermisster Personen, gen separatistische und nationalis- während deren Familien und tische Bewegungen in den Provinzen Selbst offene Verletzungen der Men- Menschenrechtsaktivist(inn)en viele Sindh und Belutschistan erlebt.13 schenrechte an verdächtigen Kämp- Verschwundene in Internierungs- fern und Separatisten wurden kon- lagern des Militärs und paramilitä- Ein Menetekel war die Ermordung sequent ignoriert. Dies befeuerte die rischer Kräfte zurückverfolgen konn- von Sabeen Mahmud in Karatschi Praxis des Verschwindenlassens von ten. Zwei verschwundene und wieder im April 2015 wegen seiner kritischen angeblichen „Terroristen“, die nun auf aufgetauchte Menschenrechtsakti- Haltung zu Fragen der nationalen Si- alle ausgeweitet wurde, die es wagten, visten, Waqass Goraya und Asim Sa- cherheit, der separatistischen Bewe- die Geheimdienste Pakistans, die Si- eed, behaupten, dass sie an geheimen gung in Belutschistan (siehe Artikel cherheits- und Außenpolitik des Mili- Orten festgehalten und gefoltert wur- im Heft) und den entsprechenden tärs oder deren Narrative über Militanz den.11 Um solche Nachforschungen zu Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch und Separatismus im Land herauszu- vermeiden, werden die Gefangenen Sicherheitskräfte in der Region.14 fordern. Stillschweigend wurde diese zwischen Internierungslagern und ge- Die nacheinander folgenden Entfüh- Praxis als notwendige Maßnahme ge- heimen Häusern hin- und hergescho- rungen fortschrittlicher, säkularer gen die Taliban und andere militante ben. Nur eine Handvoll verdächtiger und liberaler Aktivist(inn)en und Gruppen im Nordwesten des Landes Militanter wurden vor Militärgerich- Kritiker machten diese nervös, zumal hingenommen. Schon bald wurden il- ten angeklagt.12 gleichzeitig der Vorwurf der Blasphe- 36 | Südasien 3/2019 Schwerpunkt Pakistan mie gegen sie erhoben wurde. Bis da- Widerstand gegen hafuz-Bewegung (PTM).23 Sie will hin hatten überwiegend die als „isla- staatliche Apathie Personen auffinden, die während der mische Kämpfer“ Verdächtigen und Aufstandsbekämpfung des Militärs in ihre Sympathisant(inn)en diese Form Amina Masood Janjua gründete die Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) und den der staatlichen Gewalt erlebt.15 DHRP, nachdem ihr Mann Maso- Stammesgebieten (FATA) verschwun- od am 30. Juli 2005 auf dem Weg den sind. Sie fordern die staatliche Re- Die Organisation DHRP berichtet, von Rawalpindi nach Peshawar ver- chenschaftspflicht für diejenigen ein, dass sie bis März 2018 etwa 2525 Fäl- schwunden war.21 Er wurde angeb- die als „Terroristen“ denunziert und le von vermissten Personen registriert lich von Männern in Zivil festge- bei zweifelhaften Operationen im hatte. Allerdings dürfte die Zahl hö- halten, ein Euphemismus für das Land getötet wurden.24 her sein. Familienmitglieder werden Personal der Nachrichtendienste, von Sicherheitsbehörden oft einge- nicht weit von Masoods Haus ent- Infolge der Tätigkeiten der DHRP zu- schüchtert und verzichten auf eine fernt. Zeugen sehen oft, dass Men- sammen mit anderen Aktivist(inn)- Anzeige. Darüber hinaus ist in den schen von Sicherheits- und Geheim- en und Organisationen hat die Regie- Provinzen Sindh und Belutschistan dienstpersonal abgeholt werden, aber rung 2011 im Rahmen des Pakistan aufgrund der verdeckten Operationen sie haben zu viel Angst, um dies vor Commissions of Inquiry Act, 1956 die des Militärs und der Selbstzensur der Gericht oder bei der Polizei auszu- COIED gegründet.25 Sie wird von Medien wenig Faktenmaterial in Be- sagen. Nach einem Jahr vergeblicher einem Richter des Obersten Ge- zug auf Machtmissbrauch staatlicher Petitionen errichtete Amina Maso-
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