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Sport and Disability Across the Lifespan: Introduction to the Special Issue

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Sport and Disability Across the Lifespan: Introduction to the Special Issue Sport and Disability Across the Lifespan: Introduction to the Special Issue Barbara Wilhite, Carol Adams Mushett, and Jimmy Calloway, Guest Editors In 1996 the world's greatest athletes will come to the United States twice—once for the Olympic Games and once for the Paralympic Games. The 1996 Summer Paralympic Games will be the first ever to be held in conjunction with the Olympic Games in the United States. In recognition and celebration of this extraordinary occasion, this issue of the Therapeutic Recreation Journal is devoted to the topic of "Sport and Disability Across the Lifespan." In the following paper, the Guest Editors provide an expanded introduction to the Special Issue, and to the general topic of sport and disability across the lifespan. For nearly a century, individuals with Therapeutic Recreation Journal (TRJ) is de- physical disabilities have been pursuing ex- voted to the topic of "Sport and Disability cellence through sport. With momentum Across the Lifespan." Examples of the growing and the quality of athletic perfor- growth of disability sport, the evolving chal- mance increasing, sport for athletes with dis- lenges, and the implications for therapeutic abilities has taken on new dimensions. Sport recreation (TR) research and practice are fea- opportunities for and including individuals tured. In the following sections, these areas with disabilities, such as the Paralympic and issues, and the authors who write about Games, have increased tremendously. With them in this Special Issue, will be intro- the growth of disability sport, however, have duced. come new challenges. Thus, this issue of the The Paralympic Games serve as the pin- Barbara Wilhite is with the Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. Carol Adams Mushett is with the School of Health and Human Performance, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303. Jimmy Calloway is with the Atlanta Paralympic Organizing Committee, Atlanta, GA 30309. After the 1996 Summer Paralympic Games, Calloway will join the Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. 106 Therapeutic Recreation Journal nacle of physical expression for athletes with Games also reflect how society views the disabilities. Borne out of the medical rehabil- millions of its members who have physical itation movement following World War n, disabilities, and how these individuals view they are considered the equivalent of the themselves and their own life opportunities. Olympics for elite athletes with physical and The theme of the 1996 Summer Paralym- visual disabilities. The term Paralympic de- pic Games, "triumph of the human spirit," notes that the Games occur with or next to encompasses the dual theme of sport and the Olympics. life. According to officials with the Atlanta The first summer Paralympic Games Paralympic Organizing Committee (APOC), were conducted in 1960. At that time, 400 triumph suggests achieved equality through athletes, coaches, and staff from 23 countries the excellence of athletic performance, and converged in Rome, Italy to compete in a human spirit suggests the potential and variety of wheelchair events following the achievement inherent in inner strength. Olympic Games. Between August 15-25, George Hirthler, author of the theme, stated: 1996, the Xth Summer Paralympic Games will be held in Atlanta, Georgia. To date, The triumph of the human spirit links more than 3,500 athletes from 121 countries the Paralympic Games and all athletes are slotted to attend. These athletes will be who participate to the broader strug- competing in 17 medal sports and two dem- gles of humanity. It suggests equality onstration sports. Fourteen of these sports between the disabled and the able- are also included in the Olympic Games pro- bodied. These Games are a triumph gram. Athletes' primary disabilities will in- for everyone who is inspired by the clude blindness or visual impairment, spinal undeniable excitement of human cord injury, cerebral palsy, and amputation. achievement (Hirthler, 1992, p. 2). Athletes will be housed in the Olympic Vil- lage and share the same practice and compe- tition venues as the Olympics. More than 1000 coaches and team staff will be present Movement Toward a Sport to assist the athletes throughout competition. versus a Medical Model A Paralympic Congress on Disability and an Historically, the physical, psychological, Exposition will be held in conjunction with and socio-cultural benefits of sport resulted the Paralympic Games. An estimated 12,000 in its inclusion in therapeutic/rehabilitation volunteers have been recruited and trained programs. Indeed, the vision for the Para- to staff the games. Comprehensive television lympic Games is often attributed to Sir Lud- coverage of this largest ever sporting event wig Guttman, a physician in England who for athletes with disabilities has been suc- worked with many veterans of World War cessfully negotiated. Unprecedented corpo- II who had spinal cord injuries. In response rate sponsorship has been obtained to fund to the recent demands of athletes and nations, the event. In addition, plans are well under sport for athletes with disabilities has way for the 1998 Winter Paralympic Games adopted a new and dramatically different in Nagano, Japan. Sydney, Australia has orientation. The original "rehabilitation been awarded the bid for the Summer Para- through sport" purpose (i.e., the medical lympic Games in 2000. model) has given way to sport and competi- The Paralympic Games have become a tion for their own sake (i.e., the sport model) symbol of achievement and recognition. (DePauw & Gavron, 1995). During the Inau- They are one of the most visible demonstra- gural General Assembly of the International tions of the abilities of people with physical Paralympic Committee (IPC) in Dusseldorf, disabilities in the world. The Paralympic Germany in 1989, this emphasis on sport Second Quarter 1996 107 for sport's sake versus rehabilitation from charismatic, elite sport is, by definition, only disability emerged. Consequently, a Para- a fraction of the total. For most of us, our lympic Sport Assembly was created for each goals in sport will be realized at something of the 23 sports in the Paralympic program. less than the elite level. Individuals with dis- Guided by the theme of "Development, abilities, however, continue to be excluded Communication, and Solidarity," delegates from active participation in sport despite the attending the 5th General Assembly of the passage and implementation of equal access IPC in 1995 in Tokyo, Japan initiated a stra- legislation such as the Americans with Disa- tegic planning process to identify and clarify bilities Act (Block, 1995). With the recent the mission of the IPC, and, in reality, the decreases in funding for community recre- future of disability sport. The acceptance of ation and parks programs (A. L. Simonsen, the philosophical ideal of the Paralympics as personal communication, March 15, 1996), a sport versus a disability movement contin- opportunities for people with disabilities to ued to evolve. develop skills and compete in sports con- The evolution of a sport versus disability tinue to vanish. In addition, youth and adults model has not been without its downside. with disabilities are finding fewer opportuni- For example, increased emphasis on the ties to participate in recreational sport, sport model has brought with it pressure to sought primarily for fun and fitness (Block, enhance the image of athletes with disabili- 1995; Kozub & Porretta, 1996). ties, and of disability sport itself. Some con- Trends in therapeutic recreation (TR) cern exists within the Paralympic movement may also negatively affect the development that the image of athletes with disabilities, of sports for athletes with disabilities. Unlike and of disability sport, does not resemble our European counterparts in the develop- closely enough able-bodied athletes and ment of sports for athletes with disabilities, able-bodied sport. This desire to more development in America was not led by phy- closely resemble able-bodied athletes and sicians and physiotherapists following a sports has created an image of the elite or medical model. The development of sport "true" sports person with a disability that opportunities in the United States was deeply tends to be exclusive of athletes with severe influenced and largely driven by the philoso- or multiple disabilities. Pictorial images of phy, leadership, and services of TR special- athletes with severe/multiple disabilities are ists, leisure professionals, and physical edu- notably absent in the various marketing and cators. media campaigns surrounding the 1992 and During the last two decades, TR and lei- 1996 Paralympic Games. The results of this sure professionals have played an integral attitude are also evident in the dramatic re- part in the development of disability sports. duction of events, sports, and disciplines The initial exposure to sports through leisure (e.g., variations of a given sport such as education, the development and application standing and sitting volleyball) for athletes of adaptive equipment and techniques, the with severe disabilities at the elite level. As organization of competitions, the develop- higher levels of athletic excellence and stan- ment of sports technical rules, the training dards of performance for athletes with disa- of officials and classifiers, fundraising, team bilities are stressed, fewer opportunities for
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