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An Unusual Hailstorm on 24 June 2006 in Boulder, Colorado. Part II: Low-Density Growth of Hail

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An Unusual Hailstorm on 24 June 2006 in Boulder, Colorado. Part II: Low-Density Growth of Hail AUGUST 2008 KNIGHTETAL. 2833 An Unusual Hailstorm on 24 June 2006 in Boulder, Colorado. Part II: Low-Density Growth of Hail CHARLES A. KNIGHT National Center for Atmospheric Research,* Boulder, Colorado PAUL T. SCHLATTER Warning Decision Training Branch, National Weather Service, Norman, Oklahoma THOMAS W. SCHLATTER ϩ NOAA/Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado (Manuscript received 3 August 2007, in final form 9 January 2008) ABSTRACT The 24 June 2006 Boulder hailstorm produced very heavy precipitation including disklike hailstones that grew with low density. These disklike hailstones, 4–5 cm in diameter, are unusual, and some of them appear to have accumulated graupel while aloft. A large amount of very fine-grained slush was left on the ground along with the hail. The hail and the great amount of slush suggest that most of the hydrometeor growth in the cloud was by low- or very-low-density riming. Consistent with that, the radar data suggest that the storm updraft had substantially depleted liquid water content. There is evidence that low-density hydrometeor growth within storms may be considerably more frequent than is commonly suspected. 1. Introduction interest in the storm, but another part of the interest lay in the unusual aspects of the precipitation at the Part I of this two-part paper (Schlatter et al. 2008) ground. Some of the individual hailstones were ex- describes the meteorological conditions surrounding a tremely unusual, and the existence of a large quantity of June 2006 Boulder hailstorm, the bulk aspects of the slush on the ground after the storm passed, at the lo- storm’s precipitation, and its radar history. The storm cation with the most detailed observations, was unique was severe with respect to its appearance on radar and in our experience. Overall, the precipitation exhibited a its heavy hailfall, and yet the instability did not seem surprising dominance of low-density or very-low- conducive to very strong updrafts and did not justify a density riming that most likely relates to the (presum- severe storm watch, though a warning was issued on the ably) weaker updrafts than would be expected for a basis of the radar images. This enigma led to part of the severe hailstorm. Low-density riming itself is not a novel phenomenon and has been incorporated into hail-growth represen- * The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored tations within storm models (Ziegler et al. 1983; Farley by the National Science Foundation. 1987). As has been written (Farley 1987), “the general assumption of high particle density is not valid for much ϩ Additional affiliation: Cooperative Institute for Research in of an ice particle’s growth history, particularly for those Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo- continental clouds that produce precipitation primarily rado. through ice processes...,”asisthe case on the high plains, in Colorado, and elsewhere. Thus, in retrospect Corresponding author address: Dr. Charles A. Knight, NCAR, this storm perhaps should not have been as surprising P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000. as it was, but phenomenologically it was certainly un- E-mail: [email protected] usual. DOI: 10.1175/2008MWR2338.1 © 2008 American Meteorological Society Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 08:59 PM UTC MWR2338 2834 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 136 We start with a detailed description of the precipita- fidence that their characteristics as collected were very tion, emphasizing the hailstones collected by one of the much like their characteristics during fall. However, authors (Knight). since they were not accompanied by much small hail and the collections were made before significant amounts of small hail fell, there is nearly complete con- 2. Observations at the time of the hailfall fidence that no aggregation occurred on the ground. At the main collection site, 7th Street and University Likewise, the distinctly harder convex sides provide Avenue in Boulder (the westernmost asterisk in Fig. 3 fairly strong confidence that the somewhat cupped of Part I), hail commenced at roughly 1800 mountain shapes of the disks were not caused by collision with the daylight time (MDT). Hailfall had been anticipated lawn. The lawn area was sheltered from wind, but the from the unusual preceding quiet, the very dark sky, hail was falling with a significant horizontal component and perhaps muted thunder, which produced the feel- of velocity: very roughly, about 30° from the vertical, ing of an impending, severe storm at this site—“the lull from the north. before the storm.” Very heavy precipitation commenced a few minutes The very first precipitation consisted of infrequent, after the onset of the large hail, greatly decreasing vis- “large” hail that was visible as bursts of fragments from ibility even across the street, 10–15 m away. More hail impacts on a brick-paved patio. There were none of the was collected after the precipitation stopped, and the distinctly solid-sounding impacts that usually are heard strikingly unusual feature at that time was the character even before seeing the first hail, and there was no col- of the precipitation layer remaining on the ground. It lectable ice on the patio. The word large above is set in was about 4 cm deep and consisted of slush containing quotation marks because it was impossible to judge the occasional pieces of hard, white ice that one would nor- size of the hail from the bursts of these small fragments. mally call hailstones, around 1 cm in diameter. These However, hailstones several centimeters in diameter were very distinct from the grayish, almost liquid slush could be seen impacting and remaining at least partly and constituted perhaps 10% of the total volume. The intact on the lawn. Ten of these were collected in indi- visual contrast resulted from the fact that the slush con- vidual, plastic sandwich bags and put into the freezer tained very few air bubbles and thus appeared gray in before the precipitation became very heavy. At that comparison with the “hailstones,” which were white be- time the larger hailstones (“stones” seems an inappro- cause of light scattering from the air bubbles. (See Fig. priate description for this kind of hail) became mingled 1 in Part I, especially at the bottom center and right of with smaller hail and slush on the ground, and the fall- the photo.) The slush was very fine-grained and homo- ing hail made it too painful for observers to continue geneous, both visually or tactually. Despite the fact that the collection. Despite the softness of the hail, its im- it had to have been an accumulation of individual hy- pacts were substantial. It stripped leaves and large drometeors, it did not appear that way. In the dozens of amounts of twigs and small branches from the trees and times we sampled hail from the ground in eastern Col- decimated flowers, but caused no local property dam- orado, we had never before seen slush on the ground age otherwise. Six of the 10 hailstones will be illustrated with the hail, nor have we heard this reported. Actually, below, but during collection it was noted that they were it is questionable whether it would be reported even if roughly disk shaped, up to 4–5 cm in their longest di- it were fairly common. Also, unless such a “hail– mension, and all were somewhat cupped—convex on slushfall” was very heavy, as in the present, rare case, one side and concave on the other. The outer surfaces the slush would melt quickly on the ground. on the convex sides felt quite firm. The concave sides A number of the smaller, hard, white nuggets of ice tended to be very lumpy for the most part. The imme- within the slush were collected and sectioned. These diate visual impression was that some of the lumps may have been small portions of larger hydrometeors looked like individual, conical graupel that had aggre- with very soft outsides, but most of the heavy precipi- gated on the disklike “host.” This was a surprising and tation was certainly very-low-density rime soaked with most unexpected occurrence, as will be noted below, liquid water. There is no way of telling the size of the and care was exercised not to disturb the upper, lumpy biggest hydrometeors during the “deluge” stage of the but concave sides while placing the hailstones in plastic precipitation. bags and then into the freezer. The collections were taken from the home freezer to These larger, soft hailstones may have lost parts of the cold room the following day and sections were their substance colliding with the lawn, and the colli- made and photographed the following week. sions may have deformed them, though in handling Three other hail collections from the same storm they seemed rigid. It cannot be said with complete con- were made by meteorologists in Boulder, at locations Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 08:59 PM UTC AUGUST 2008 KNIGHTETAL. 2835 shown by black stars on Fig. 3 of Part I, by J. Brown, the to be soft are at the two ends of the spectrum of growth third author, and H. Bluestein. The four collections in conditions described above: either spongy growth with Boulder give a consistent picture of the hailstones, and quite a lot of included water, or very dry growth, which here the first, most extensive, and freshest collection produces low-density rime. Rime with low density is provides most of the illustrations. Regarding that col- familiar as graupel—usually rimed snow crystals. It may lection, the first author especially regrets not having occur at much larger sizes (Pflaum 1984) and is familiar observed more purposefully the collisions of the larger in small hail (Hallett 1965; Knight and Knight 1968, hail with the lawn, as his attention was more focused on 1973), where it often has absorbed liquid water and collecting and preserving individual hailstones.
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