Key Terms and People Section Summary

Name ______Class ______Date ______A Search for Order Section 1

MAIN IDEA Beyond the ongoing turmoil of the Vietnam War, the Nixon administration did enjoy some notable success.

Key Terms and People realpolitik the basing of foreign policies on realistic views of national interest rather than on broad rules or principles détente policy that eased tensions between Cold War enemies SALT I talks between the United States and the Soviet Union to limit the building of offensive weapon systems shuttle diplomacy shuttling from group to group to work out agreements between parties that refuse to meet OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; a group of many of the oil- producing nations of the world Apollo 11 NASA flight to the moon and back in July 1969 Neil Armstrong astronaut on Apollo 11 ; first human being to set foot on the moon Section Summary

NIXON’S POLITICS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES Richard Nixon was known as a conservative who was strongly anti-Communist. He believed the federal government was too large. He had been in favor of What was Nixon’s “southern strategy”? civil rights. However, as president he started a “southern strategy” to get support from those against ______the civil rights movement. He tried to weaken the ______1965 Voting Rights Act. He urged a slowing down of ______forced integration. He also opposed busing. On the other hand, Nixon’s more liberal policies led him to increase funding for food stamps and Social Security payments. He signed the Clean Air Act. He worked to establish the Environmental Protection Agency. He helped create the Occupational Health and Safety Underline the steps Nixon Administration. He also encouraged affirmative took to help improve the environment. action, extending it to cover women.

NIXON’S FOREIGN POLICIES Nixon’s national security adviser was Henry Kissinger. Later Kissinger became secretary of state. His policy was called realpolitik . This meant basing

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 164 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name ______Class ______Date ______A Search for Order Section 1 foreign policy on realistic views of what was good for the country rather than on rules or principles. Nixon took steps to ease tensions with America’s Cold War enemy, the Soviet Union. This easier What foreign nation did Nixon visit and why? relationship was called détente . Nixon held the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ( SALT I ) with the ______Soviet Union. These talks aimed at limiting the ______building of new offensive weapons. Nixon also made ______a surprising visit to China and met with Chinese leader Mao Zedong. He wanted to ease relations between the two nations.

TROUBLE IN THE MIDDLE EAST Israel had occupied Arab territory since a 1967 war. The United Nations wanted Israel to leave the territories and debated the issue until there was another war in 1973. At that point the Soviet Union offered support to the Arabs. The United States supported the Israelis. To negotiate a ceasefire, Kissinger used shuttle diplomacy . This meant traveling back and forth between the parties, since they refused to meet. During the war, the Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Why was the OPEC oil embargo damaging to the (OPEC ) agreed not to ship oil to the United States United States? and some other countries. This was in response to American support for Israel. The United States ______depended heavily on OPEC oil. This caused an energy ______crisis in the United States. There was not enough ______gasoline or heating oil and prices rose sharply.

MAJOR EVENTS AT HOME In July 1969 the Apollo 11 spacecraft landed on the moon. Astronaut Neil Armstrong was the first human Why did Nixon order a to set foot on the moon. freeze on wages and At home, inflation and unemployment were very prices? high. Nixon announced a 90-day freeze on wages and ______prices. It halted inflation, but only temporarily. The oil ______crisis would soon send prices higher.

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Contrast How did realpolitik and détente differ from containment and brinkmanship? Write two paragraphs of explanation.

MAIN IDEA The Nixon presidency became bogged down in scandal, leading to the first presidential resignation in American history and the administration of Gerald Ford.

Key Terms and People

Watergate scandal scandal involving a break-in at the Watergate executive privilege policy that holds that the president must be able to keep official conversations and meetings private Saturday night massacre Nixon’s order to fire the special prosecutor, which caused the attorney general and his assistant to resign transcript a written record of a spoken event Gerald R. Ford president after Nixon; first person to become president without being elected either president or vice president Section Summary

THE ELECTION OF 1972 Nixon wanted desperately to win the 1972 election. In the past his supporters had used underhanded tactics. Why did the Plumbers want Two of Nixon’s advisers created a special group to to embarrass Daniel find out who was giving out secret information and to Ellsberg? investigate Nixon’s political enemies. This group, ______called the “Plumbers,” broke into Daniel Ellsberg’s psychiatrist’s office. Ellsberg had given out secret ______documents about the Vietnam War. The Plumbers ______were looking for information to embarrass Ellsberg. During the re-election campaign, Nixon’s team sent burglars into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee. The headquarters were in the Watergate hotel-office complex. The burglars were Underline the names of the caught and arrested, but the connection to the two reporters who president was still unknown. Reporters Bob Woodward investigated the Watergate and Carl Bernstein began to investigate the burglary. burglary. The burglary did not bother voters. Nixon was re- elected by one of the largest majorities in history.

THE SCANDAL UNFOLDS Ties to the White House came out during the burglars’ trials. People wondered if Nixon had known about the

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 166 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name ______Class ______Date ______A Search for Order Section 2 wrongdoing and helped hide it. Nixon ordered an Why did Democrats want investigation of the Watergate scandal . His top aides Nixon to appoint a special and the attorney general resigned. Then he fired John prosecutor? Dean, the investigating lawyer. Democrats called for ______Nixon to appoint what is now called a special prosecutor, an investigator who is not part of the ______administration. Archibald Cox was appointed. ______Meanwhile, the Senate began its own investigation. It found that Nixon had taped his conversations. To What did Nixon not want to get the tapes, Cox issued a subpoena, a legal order release to the special requiring a person to bring something to court. Nixon prosecutor? claimed the tapes were secret because of executive ______privilege , the president’s right to keep official conversations and meetings private. He also responded by ordering the attorney general to fire Cox. The attorney general refused and resigned, as did his assistant. Cox was eventually fired, ending what is called the Saturday night massacre . But the nation now questioned Nixon’s honesty. Nixon released a transcript of some of the tapes. This written record of spoken events, however, did not prevent a probable impeachment. Facing this, Nixon resigned.

GERALD FORD’S PRESIDENCY Nixon’s original vice president, Spiro T. Agnew, had How did Ford outrage the resigned in disgrace. Nixon chose the Republican American public? leader of the House, Gerald R. Ford , to be vice ______president. When Nixon resigned, Ford became president. Ford granted Nixon a full pardon, or formal, ______legal forgiveness for a crime. The public was outraged. In office, Ford tried to slow inflation by reducing government spending. Congress refused to let Ford aid South Vietnam or to step in against Communists in Angola. At election time, Ford won the Republican nomination only after a struggle.

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Elaborate Watch and give a report on the movie All the President’s Men , about reporters Woodward and Bernstein’s investigation of these events. The movie is based on their book.

MAIN IDEA Jimmy Carter used his reputation for honesty to win the presidency in 1976, but he soon met challenges that required other qualities as well.

Key Terms and People

James Earl “Jimmy” Carter president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 SALT II treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union that called for limits on certain kinds of nuclear weapons Camp David Accords peace agreement between Israel and Egypt, guided by Jimmy Carter Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini Islamic religious leader who came to political power in Iran after the shah was overthrown Section Summary

CHALLENGES FACING THE NATION James Earl “Jimmy” Carter won the presidency in Why did Carter appeal to 1976. He appealed to voters as a trustworthy, honest voters? man. One of his first actions in office was to pardon ______thousands of American men who had avoided the draft during the Vietnam War. Inflation and ______unemployment were high. Carter worked to create new jobs. However, he was unable to bring down inflation. He developed a national energy policy and urged Americans to conserve energy. He pushed Underline the ways in automakers to build more energy-efficient cars. Carter which Carter dealt with the promoted other kinds of energy besides oil, such as problem of finding enough wind and solar power. Carter was also concerned energy to supply the about the environment and faced two environmental country’s needs. crises. At a nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island an accident threatened to leak radiation and some nearby people were evacuated. At Love Canal buried chemicals seeped up through the ground and caused birth defects in the community.

CARTER’S FOREIGN POLICY Jimmy Carter had no real foreign-policy experience and brought new ideas and people to Washington. His ambassador to the United Nations was Andrew Young, whose background was in the civil rights

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 168 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name ______Class ______Date ______A Search for Order Section 3 movement. Carter appointed many African How did Jimmy Carter’s Americans, women, and Hispanic Americans to concern for human rights office. He was committed to human rights and tried to show itself in his actions? tie his foreign policies to them. In 1979 the United ______States and the Soviet Union signed SALT II . This treaty limited certain kinds of nuclear weapons. Carter ______also agreed to give Panama control of the Panama ______Canal in 1999, ending conflict between the countries. ______He formally recognized the government of the ______Communist People’s Republic of China. His greatest foreign policy achievement was the Camp David Accords . Carter invited the leaders of Israel and Egypt, which had long been enemies, to the presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland. There he guided them to a peace agreement .

INTERNATIONAL CRISES In 1979 the Soviets invaded Afghanistan to support a new pro-Soviet government. Carter responded by blocking grain shipments to the Soviets and withdrawing U.S. participation from the 1980 Moscow Olympics. In some ways these responses hurt the United States, for they made the country appear weak. In 1979 the Iranians overthrew their leader, Why did Iranians attack the known as the shah. Among Iranians he had a embassy and take reputation for cruel repression. The United States had Americans hostage? supported the shah. A religious leader, Ayatollah ______Ruholla Khomeini , took power. When the American government allowed the shah to come to the United ______States for cancer treatment, Iranians were angry. A ______mob attacked the American embassy and dozens of Americans were captured. They were held hostage for more than a year. Carter was unable to end the hostage crisis. In one speech, Carter said the United States faced a crisis in confidence. He was right. Many Americans blamed him for the crisis.

CHALLENGE ACTIVITY Critical Thinking: Analyze Carter won passage of several energy and environmental laws. Yet we still depend on foreign oil and produce air pollution. Write three paragraphs on why these problems still exist.