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2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Wadden Sea - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment Wadden Sea 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment SITE INFORMATION Country: Denmark, Germany, Netherlands Inscribed in: 2009 Criteria: (viii) (ix) (x) The Wadden Sea is the largest unbroken system of intertidal sand and mud flats in the world. The site covers the Dutch Wadden Sea Conservation Area, the German Wadden Sea National Parks of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, and most of the Danish Wadden Sea maritime conservation area. It is a large, temperate, relatively flat coastal wetland environment, formed by the intricate interactions between physical and biological factors that have given rise to a multitude of transitional habitats with tidal channels, sandy shoals, sea-grass meadows, mussel beds, sandbars, mudflats, salt marshes, estuaries, beaches and dunes. The area is home to numerous plant and animal species, including marine mammals such as the harbour seal, grey seal and harbour porpoise. Wadden Sea is one of the last remaining large- scale, intertidal ecosystems where natural processes continue to function largely undisturbed. © UNESCO SUMMARY 2020 Conservation Outlook Finalised on 02 Dec 2020 GOOD The Wadden Sea is a unique area in densely populated Europe, with a legacy of ecological damage prior to inscription. It faces a large number of threats, some of which are on a global scale and driven by factors outside of the direct control of the management authority (i.e. climate change). At the same time, the World Heritage site is excellently managed and studied by well-organized, cooperative and highly competent management authorities operating under the tripartite framework for conserving the site, being supported in this role by an active and committed NGO community and the civil society in the region. Under this framework, conservation measures being undertaken are demonstrating positive results despite the significant challenges being faced, but could improve further through the finalization of the single integrated management plan. Therefore, while significant challenges remain to be managed and the site will require continued monitoring, the conservation outlook for this site in the short-term is Good. IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Wadden Sea - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment FULL ASSESSMENT Description of values Values World Heritage values ▶ Depositional coastline of unparalleled scale and diversity Criterion:(viii) The Wadden Sea is a depositional coastline of unparalleled scale and diversity. It is distinctive in being almost entirely a tidal flat and barrier system with only minor river influences, and an outstanding example of the large-scale development of an intricate and complex temperate-climate sandy barrier coast under conditions of rising sea-level. Highly dynamic natural processes are uninterrupted across the vast majority of the World Heritage site, creating a variety of different barrier islands, channels, flats, gullies, saltmarshes and other coastal and sedimentary features (IUCN, 2009; 2014; World Heritage Committee, 2009; 2014). ▶ One of the last remaining natural large-scale intertidal Criterion:(ix) ecosystems with natural processes continuing to function largely undisturbed Natural processes continue to function largely undisturbed in one of the last remaining natural large- scale intertidal ecosystems. Geological and geomorphologic features are closely entwined with biophysical processes and provide an invaluable record of the ongoing dynamic adaptation of coastal environments to global change. There is a multitude of transitional zones between land, sea and freshwater that are the basis for the species richness of the World Heritage site. The productivity of biomass in the Wadden Sea is one of the highest in the world, most significantly demonstrated in the numbers of fish, shellfish and birds supported by the site (IUCN, 2009; 2014; World Heritage Committee, 2009; 2014). ▶ Key site for migratory birds Criterion:(x) The World Heritage site is a key site for migratory birds as a staging, moulting and wintering area, providing high level of food and a low level of disturbance for some 10-12 million birds passing through the site each year (with up to 6.1 million birds present at the same time). The site is the essential stopover that enables the functioning of the East Atlantic and the African-Eurasian migratory flyways. For 43 migratory bird species the Wadden Sea supports more than 1% of the entire flyway population, and for 29 species more than 10% of their flyway population. In addition, the site supports 30 breeding bird species (IUCN, 2009; 2014; World Heritage Committee, 2009; 2014). ▶ Exceptional species richness in a salt marsh Criterion:(x) The World Heritage site protects critical habitat for about 2,700 marine species in the intertidal and subtidal zones and at least 5,000 semi-terrestrial and terrestrial species, mostly the flora and fauna of salt marshes and dunes on the islands. There are 2,300 species of flora and at least 4,200 species of fauna (IUCN, 2009; 2014; World Heritage Committee, 2009; 2014). Other important biodiversity values ▶ Important refuge for marine mammals Marine mammals include Harbour Seal, Grey Seal, and Harbour Porpoise. After centuries of hunting, protection measures have resulted in recovery of the seal populations. The Wadden Sea now sustains approximately 20% of the North-east Atlantic subspecies of Harbour Seal: a total of 26,788 were IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Wadden Sea - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment counted in an annual survey in 2013 compared to about 4,000 thirty years earlier (IUCN, 2009; CWSS, 2013). The number of new-borns counted in 2020 was the highest registered since pup surveys began in 2000 and its percentage of the total August moult count was reported as the second highest ever recorded (Galatius et al., 2020). Assessment information Threats Current Threats High Threat The list of current threats is long, and include a number of high threats such as climate change effects, chemical contamination from industry and agriculture, invasive species, unsustainable fisheries, industrial and harbour development (including maritime traffic), increasing offshore wind farms and visitor pressure. It is important to note that the management responses to most of these threats have reduced the likelihood of damage to the values for which the site was inscribed on the World Heritage list. However, given some threats with potentially catastrophic consequences, even if the site continues being well- managed, and those which cannot necessarily be managed at the site level (i.e. climate change) the site is subject to high threat overall. ▶ War, Civil Unrest/ Military Exercises Low Threat (Military activity) Inside site, scattered(5-15%) Outside site There are a number of active military areas which pose threats to the values of the site. In Denmark, Rømø, Ho Bay, Skallingen and Oksbøl are used in landing exercises and live firing drills are carried out; in Germany, Meldorfer Bucht has been a ballistic testing site although is rarely used and thought to be of very low impact, and the Federal Ministry of Defence is also searching for alternative testing sites outside the Wadden Sea (Kloepper et al., 2017). The extent of military activities has decreased including the abandonment of exercise sites in the early 1990s (Burbridge, 2000) and military activity has been significantly reduced since, including cooperation between military forces and conservation organisations towards the protection of the site's values (Kloepper et al., 2017). As such a number of protocols have been implemented including flight restrictions which take into account of the breeding and moulting times for birds and seals (CWSS, 2012). Historical ammunition dumping at several sites which now lie within the boundaries of the World Heritage site is considered problematic (Böttcher et al., 2015; Kloepper et al., 2017). ▶ Industrial/ Military Effluents, Agricultural effluents High Threat (Chemical contamination from industry and agriculture) Inside site, throughout(>50%) Outside site Agricultural and industrial runoff into the World Heritage site, including large amounts of nutrients and toxic substances was serious in the past but greatly improved through regulation. However, BirdLife (2009) note that levels of pollutants were slowly increasing again following a sharp decrease throughout the 1990s, with a large number of substances are still exceeding safe norms, including organotin compounds, PCBs and hexachlorobenzene. Furthermore, newly developed xenobiotics, such as hormones disruptors, may have negative impacts (CWSS, 2012). The most recent monitoring data from 2015, which was determined though seabird eggshell chemical composition analysis, suggests that there is still cause for concern with no significant reduction in chemical contamination, including that common tern eggs exceeding the limit values of Hg, PCB, HCB and DDT under Ecological Quality Objectives (EcoQOs) defined by OSPAR for coastal bird eggs from the North Sea area (OSPAR, 2007; Dittmann et al., 2012) at all investigated areas (Kloepper et al., 2017). ▶ Flight Paths High Threat (Air traffic) Inside site, throughout(>50%) Outside site Since 2015, SERA (Standardised European Rules of the Air) is active, which means a minimum flight altitude in open landscapes of 500 ft (150 m). There are (at least
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