Name: edHelper Prairie Dogs

Squirrels come in many shapes and sizes. Most have the word "squirrel" in their names to give away their identities. But others do not. Prairie dogs, for example, are squirrels with misleading names.

Scientists have found five types of prairie dogs on Earth. Four of them live in Canada and the U.S., and one in Mexico. The five types are the black-tailed prairie dog, the white-tailed prairie dog, Gunnison's prairie dog, the Utah prairie dog, and the Mexican prairie dog.

Prairie dogs are small and stocky. They weigh up to 4 pounds. They have broad heads, chubby bodies, short legs, and sharp claws. All year round, they wear fur coats made of short, coarse hairs. The colors of those hairs are different shades of brown, ranging from yellowish to reddish. Prairie dogs are usually active during the day. They spend many of their waking hours searching for food. For the most part, they are vegetarians. They eat a lot of plant matter, like grasses, weeds, roots, and flowers. They sometimes eat insects, too.

As their names suggest, prairie dogs like to live in prairies or grassy areas. They are extremely social animals. That means they never live alone. They always live in colonies. A prairie dog colony, called a town, consists of several wards. Each ward can be further divided into many family units or coteries. A coterie has a single adult male, several adult females, and their babies. Prairie dogs from the same coterie are very close, and they are not shy about expressing their feelings. For example, when two prairie dogs from the same coterie meet up, they crawl toward each other on their bellies. Once they are nose to nose, they "kiss" by opening their mouths and touching their teeth together. Besides using this creative way of greeting, prairie dogs also groom each other's fur coat as a means of enforcing their bonds.

A prairie dog colony stretches across a huge area of land. The largest ever recorded was in Texas. Measuring 100 miles wide and 250 miles long, this particular town is home to nearly 400 million prairie dogs! Beneath the surface, it has numerous chambers, linked by a network of tunnels. The colony has many entrances. Those entrances are often marked by a mound of dirt. Prairie dogs like to stand on the mound with their hind legs to look out for danger. When they spot danger, they "bark" or make other noises to alert the entire town. Upon hearing the alarm, everybody rushes back home for safety.

In many areas, prairie dogs are considered pests. One main reason is because they eat our crops. Another is because they dig. Prairie dogs love digging, so their town is forever growing. As they are busy expanding their colonies, they care not a bit about what is on the ground. This strong passion often leads to unsavory results. It can ruin gardens. It can uproot the foundation of a house. It can even wreck a city's sewage system. To control the damage, local governments launched a series of programs to catch and kill any prairie dogs. The programs worked. Name: edHelper In the past hundred years or so, the population of prairie dogs declined by nearly 98%. Of the 5 billion prairie dogs that once lived in North and Central Americas, only about 100 million remain today. Both the Utah and Mexican prairie dogs are endangered.

As the population of prairie dogs reached an all-time low, a new problem surfaced. In the wild, there are many animals that eat prairie dogs. Without those furry ground squirrels, they all go hungry. Some of them make do with other smaller prey. But others are not so lucky. Black-footed ferrets, for example, love the taste of prairie dogs. They rarely eat anything else. When the population of prairie dogs dropped drastically, the population of black-footed ferrets collapsed, too. Today, there are only about a thousand black-footed ferrets left in the world. Most of them live in captivity. The U.S. government has invested a lot of money for the recovery effort.

Scientists call the prairie dog a keystone species. The prairie dog is the primary food of not only black-footed ferrets, but also of some types of hawks, eagles, foxes, and badgers. Many people believe that the survival of the prairie dog is crucial to the survival of the American grasslands, the prairie. Let's do all we can to protect this cute member of the squirrel family.

Prairie Dogs Questions

1. How many types of prairie dogs are there in the world? A. 2 B. 5 C. 7 D. 4 2. Which of the following about prairie dogs is true? A. They are mostly active at night. B. They are ground squirrels. C. They have slender bodies. D. They have long, smooth hairs. 3. Which of the following does a prairie dog NOT eat? A. snakes B. grasses C. flowers D. roots 4. Which of the following is the only prairie dog that lives in Central America? A. the Mexican prairie dog B. the black-tailed prairie dog C. Gunnison's prairie dog D. the white-tailed prairie dog Name: edHelper 5. What do we call a prairie dog's colony? A. a county B. a town C. a state D. a city 6. What do we call a prairie dog's family unit? A. a school B. a coterie C. a town D. a ward 7. Why are black-footed ferrets endangered? A. because a lot of them got run over by cars B. because a lot of them drank polluted water C. because a lot of them got sick D. because a lot of them could not find prairie dogs to eat 8. Which of the following prairie dogs is endangered? A. the black-tailed prairie dog B. the Utah prairie dog C. the white-tailed prairie dog D. Gunnison's prairie dog 9. By how much did the population of prairie dogs decline over the past century? A. 75% B. 98% C. 50% D. 60% 10. Where are prairie dogs' natural habitats? A. grassy areas in Africa B. grassy areas in Central Asia C. grassy areas in North and Central America D. grassy areas in Australia

For 26,579,976,399, write the 8 cm = mm digit that is in the hundred 3 4 5 6 thousands place. + 3 5 - 4 3

Circle the digit in the hundredths place. 7 x 9 = 6 5 5 7,822.22 - 1 9 1

word root counter can mean against or opposite counteract edHelper Name: Prairie dogs play a very important role in our ecosystem. Without them, many animals cannot survive. The black-footed ferret is the best example. It is also the biggest victim. Aside from prairie dogs, think of another animal and explain how it helps to balance the ecosystem.

Don't stop writing. Use a blank piece of paper to continue. Name: edHelper Women in Government

Many years ago, women could not vote. They had no say in how the United States government was run. It took a long time before this changed. Women wanted to be a part of the government. After receiving the right to vote, women started to get involved. Some ran for office, and they won. Some of the first women to serve have amazing stories.

Hattie Wyatt Carraway was born in Tennessee in 1878. She married Thaddeus Carraway after graduating from college. For many years, she stayed at home caring for their family and farm, while Thaddeus became a politician. He was elected to the Senate in 1912. After his sudden death in 1932, Hattie was appointed to fill his place. She went on to serve two additional terms as senator. After she was defeated for reelection in 1944, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt appointed her to serve on the Federal Employees' Compensation Commission. She retired after suffering a stroke. She died on December 21, 1950.

When Jeannette Rankin's father died, he left her financially stable. She used her money to search for a meaningful career. After working as a seamstress, teacher, and social worker, she found her place. She became involved in women's fight for the right to vote. Her political involvement had begun. As World War I approached, she became involved in the peace movement. She ran for the House of Representatives in Montana. She won, making her the first woman elected on her own to Congress. She fought hard for peace, social justice, and women's rights. She voted against joining in World War I. This led to her defeat when she ran for the Senate. Later, she returned to the House. This time she voted against joining in World War II. She did not run for re-election, knowing she would lose. She spent the rest of her life working for peace.

Sandra Day O'Connor graduated from high school at the age of sixteen. She decided to attend Stanford University. After graduating, she went to Stanford Law School. When she first entered the field of law, she found it hard to find a job as a lawyer. After getting married, she started her own law practice. When her first son was born, she stopped working and stayed home. After raising three boys, she returned to full-time work. Her first job was as Arizona's assistant attorney general. In 1969, she was appointed to be a state senator. Then she decided to run to be a judge. Sandra gained a good reputation as a judge. She was fair. She worked hard to make the right decisions. This gained the attention of the governor of Arizona. He appointed her to the Arizona Court of Appeals. Then in 1981, President Ronald Reagan asked her to be on the U.S. Supreme Court. The U.S. Senate approved his choice. Sandra Day O'Connor was the first woman to serve on the United States Supreme Court. She retired in 2006.

Nellie Tayloe Ross started her career as a kindergarten teacher. After moving to Wyoming with her husband, William, she supported him as he began a political career. He became a leader in the Democratic Party but found it difficult to win an election. Wyoming was a strong Republican state. In 1922, he finally won an election as Name: edHelper governor of the state. He served only one and one-half years of his term. He died on October 2, 1924. Nellie was appointed by the Democratic Party to run in the special election. She refused to campaign. Still, she won easily. She was inaugurated on January 5, 1925, making her the first woman governor in the United States. She followed her husband's policies and worked on issues such as women's rights, eliminating child labor, and assisting the poor. She was defeated when she ran for reelection. She blamed this on her own refusal to campaign for the job. Franklin Delano Roosevelt appointed her as director of the U.S. Mint. She was the first woman to hold this job. She served five terms, retiring in 1953. She lived to be 101.

Susanna Madora Salter became America's first woman mayor. In 1880, Susanna met her husband, Lewis. After they were married, they moved to Argonia, Kansas. Susanna was content to stay at home and raise their children. Things changed when a practical joke was played on her. In 1887, several men in Argonia nominated Susanna to run for mayor. But these men never thought she would win. They also did not know that she was the daughter of a former mayor of the town. In Kansas, women were granted the right to vote in local elections. Susanna won the election, receiving two-thirds of the vote. She served only the one-year term. Shortly after leaving office, she and her family moved to Oklahoma. She lived the rest of her life in that state. She died in 1961 at the age of 101.

Many women have worked hard to break through barriers in government. From the United States Senate to mayor of a small town in Kansas, these women have led the way. The two top jobs in our country remain unfilled by a woman - vice president and president. We don't know when the first women will be elected to fill those jobs. It could be this coming election!

Women in Government Questions

1. Two of the women in this story lived a long life. How old were they when they died? A. 101 B. 90 C. 99 D. 100 2. Which of the following women was appointed to her husband's position as United States senator? A. Susanna Madora Salter B. Hattie Wyatt Carraway C. Sandra Day O'Connor D. Jeanette Rankin 3. Who became mayor after being nominated to run as a joke? A. Susanna Madora Salter B. Nellie Tayloe Ross C. Hattie Wyatt Carraway D. Jeanette Rankin Name: edHelper 4. Which president appointed Sandra Day O'Connor to the Supreme Court? A. Ronald Reagan B. Theodore Roosevelt C. Franklin D. Roosevelt D. none of the above 5. Which president appointed Hattie Caraway and Nellie Ross to government positions? A. Ronald Reagan B. Theodore Roosevelt C. Franklin D. Roosevelt D. none of the above 6. Which wars did Jeannette Rankin vote against entering? A. the War of 1812 and the Spanish-American War B. Korea and Vietnam C. the American Revolution and Civil War D. World War I and II 7. Sandra Day O'Connor retired from the Supreme Court in 2006. A. false B. true 8. Nellie Tayloe Ross started her career as a lawyer. A. true B. false

The product of two consecutive whole numbers is 3 4 6 9 x 9 = 182. What are the two + 2 4 8 consecutive whole numbers?

How many ounces are in 8 pounds? 598 + 826 = ounces

Write an equation to represent this:

The sum of eleven and five is sixteen. 20 ÷ 2 = 45 ÷ 9 = edHelper Name: How many of these can you write about? Think! Write! Check all the ones you answered. Would you like to be president? Why or why not? Is there a woman that you think would make a good president? Who is she? Why would she make a good president? Write a biography of this woman. Do you think a woman will be president or vice president first? Explain your answer.

Don't stop writing. Use a blank piece of paper to continue. Name: edHelper

September 4, 2006 - Steve Irwin, known as , was killed by a stingray while snorkeling off the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, Australia. He had planned a day of filming a segment for The Ocean's Deadliest. Suddenly and unexpectedly, a stingray raised its barbed tail and stabbed Steve Irwin through the heart. A friend of Irwin's speculated that Irwin and a cameraman had accidentally boxed in the stingray and caused it to react in defense.

Members of Irwin's crew immediately called for emergency medical help. They performed CPR and rushed him to meet the helicopter. Despite their quick responses, Steve Irwin died from his injury.

Queensland, Australia, police confirmed his death and notified his family.

A friend said, "He died doing what he loved best."

The news spread quickly around the world. People on all sides of the globe mourned Steve Irwin's death along with his family - his wife Terri, his daughter Bindi, and his young son Bob.

Although his death was a shock to his family and his fans, Steve Irwin is remembered most for what he stood for and what he accomplished in his lifetime, not for the way he died.

As his fans know, Steve Irwin is best known for the TV series, The Crocodile Hunter. The series was a documentary about wildlife hosted by Steve and .

Two spinoffs, The Crocodile Hunter Diaries and , followed the original series. These two series were also wildlife documentaries. They aired on the network. Irwin also starred in one movie, The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course.

Steve Irwin followed his dream. He believed in promoting conservation, not by lecturing people but by entertaining them and sharing his excitement about the world of nature. He seemed to have a special affection for those creatures that just did not seem very loveable to the average person - like crocodiles.

Irwin promoted conservation and crocodiles in other ways besides his TV shows and movies. One of these was the . The Australia Zoo was founded by Irwin's parents in Queensland, Australia, as a reptile park. Later, Steve Irwin took over the zoo. He expanded it to include one hundred crocodiles and alligators, as well as many other animals. It grew into a very large zoo that now houses elephants, koalas, and exotic birds, to name Name: edHelper just a few of its residents. The Australia Zoo employs hundreds of workers who each wear Steve's trademark khaki outfit.

Steve Irwin said that he considered himself a "wildlife warrior." He began a wildlife conservation foundation whose members also became known as the .

Thanks to the efforts of Steve Irwin, many people no longer fear crocodiles as they once did. Some little kids today hug toy crocodiles the way an older generation of kids once hugged teddy bears. Steve didn't expect to have the huge impact that he did. As Steve himself might have said, "Crikey!"

Steve Irwin Questions

1. Steve Irwin died while filming a segment for ______. A. a wildlife movie B. a news broadcast C. The Ocean's Deadliest D. The Crocodile Hunter 2. Steve Irwin was killed by a(n) ______. A. stingray B. snake C. crocodile D. alligator 3. The news of Steve Irwin's death spread ______. A. quickly B. around the world C. slowly D. both A and B

4. According to the information in this article, the idea that the stingray stabbed Steve Irwin in self-defense can best be called ______. A. a theory B. untrue C. a fact D. fiction 5. The Crocodile Hunter was a ______. A. movie B. biography C. TV series about wildlife D. news segment about crocodiles 6. Steve Irwin started the Australia Zoo. A. false B. true Name: edHelper 7. Steve probably called himself a "wildlife warrior" because he ______. A. wrestled crocodiles B. caught crocodiles C. worked for wildlife conservation D. none of the above 8. According to the last paragraph, Steve Irwin made crocodiles more popular with kids. A. true B. false

1 lb = 16 oz You have four digits to use in an addition problem: 6, 4, 1, and 5 x 7 = 28 lb = oz 5. Make up a problem where you have two 2-digit numbers. What is the largest sum you can make? 48 ÷ 4 =

Anne and her little sister, Rosa, both have birthdays on the same day. Anne is nine years 8 x 8 = old. Rosa is six years old. Did you know that Anne 5 x 9 = was once double the age of Rosa? How many years ago was that?

The letters C and V each have 7 x 8 = a line of symmetry. Name 40 ÷ 8 = another letter between C and V that has a line of symmetry.

(6 + 3) + 5 = 27 ÷ 3 = 4 x 4 = Name: edHelper Aye-ayes

Aye-ayes are perhaps the oddest-looking members of the primate family. Like foxes, aye-ayes have long, bushy tails. Like rodents, aye-ayes have four special incisor teeth that never stop growing. Like bats, aye-ayes have large, hairless ears and a keen sense of hearing. Nevertheless, the strangest aspect of aye-ayes bears no resemblance to any other animal. So, what is this special physical feature that we can only see on aye-ayes? The answer lies in their hands.

Aye-ayes have a very long, bony middle finger on each hand. When aye-ayes are hungry, they use their middle fingers to tap on tree branches or trunks. As they do so, aye-ayes listen intently for hollow sounds. Once they discover a cavity, they continue tapping on it to determine if insect larvae live there. If insects are found, aye-ayes chisel a hole in the wood with their incisors. Then, they insert their middle fingers into the small opening and scoop out the larvae. Indeed, aye-ayes' hunting method is very similar to that used by woodpeckers. So, we might say that aye-ayes are the primate version of woodpeckers! Aside from eating insect larvae, aye-ayes also like to feed on coconuts, mangoes, and fungi.

Aye-ayes live only in the rainforest of Madagascar, a large island off the coast of southeast Africa. Aye-ayes are about 32 inches long, with their tails taking up half of their body length. They weigh up to 6.5 pounds. Except for their pale-colored faces and throats, aye-ayes' bodies are covered with black fur. Aye-ayes are solitary animals. They are mostly active at night. During the day, they rest in their nests built out of leaves and twigs in the forks of trees.

Like so many wild animals, aye-ayes are facing tough times. Humans cut down trees to make room for farming or housing. As a result, aye-ayes see their habitats shrinking at an alarming rate. To make matters worse, locals in Madagascar don't like aye-ayes. They believe that a person will have a swift and horrible death if an aye-aye points its middle fingers at the person. As a result, most aye-ayes are killed on the spot. The combination of deforestation and superstition, sadly, make aye-ayes an endangered species!

Aye-ayes Questions

1. What are aye-ayes? A. They are monotremes. B. They are rodents. C. They are marsupials. D. They are primates. Name: edHelper 2. Aye-ayes are active hunters. They spend 24 hours a day searching for food! A. false B. true 3. Which of the following best describes aye-ayes? A. They have fox-like ears. B. They have rabbit-like tails. C. They have rodent-like teeth. D. They have five bony fingers of equal length on each hand. 4. Which of the following animals also tap on wood to uncover larvae hidden inside? A. woodchucks B. hummingbirds C. squirrels D. woodpeckers 5. Aye-ayes are solitary, nocturnal animals. They use leaves and twigs to construct nests in tree forks. A. false B. true 6. Which of the following statements about aye-ayes is INCORRECT? A. Aye-ayes have an acute sense of hearing. B. Aye-ayes' incisor teeth grow continuously throughout their lifetime. C. Aye-ayes are omnivores, because they eat both plants and animals. D. Aye-ayes' tails make up 2/3 of their total body length. 7. Where can we find aye-ayes? A. the Marshall Islands B. Madagascar Island C. the Galapagos Islands D. the Falkland Islands 8. Why are aye-ayes endangered? A. because of pollution B. because locals capture and sell aye-ayes in illegal pet trades C. because their habitats are being destroyed D. because locals love the taste of aye-ayes

What 4 coins add up to 25 How many meters are there How much money is 1 cents? in 44 kilometers? quarter, 1 dime, 4 nickels, and 1 penny?

Write 90,195 in words. Name: edHelper The Importance of the Marne River

The Marne River became a focal point of World War I at the beginning of the war and also near the end of the war. The Germans were following a plan, the Schlieffen Plan. This plan set a goal of defeating the French and taking control of their country very early. They felt that a bold move such as this would bring a quick close to the war. In order for the Germans to reach their final target of Paris, they planned to march through Belgium and then cross the Marne River. They expected very little resistance from the Belgians or the French. It was easy to see that the French weren't going to put up much of a fight. Many citizens of Paris left their homes when the first news arrived that the Germans were advancing. The Germans were surprised, however.

When the Germans entered Belgium, they were met by a small, but energetic Belgian force. They weren't able to stop the German army, but they were able to slow the advance into France. When the Germans entered France in September of 1914, two of their divisions planned to meet at a certain point south of the Marne River. There was a gap of about twenty miles between these two divisions. The French army took advantage of this gap and put themselves between the two divisions. They put up a battle that is said to have even surprised the French commanders. They were able to hold off the German advance. French reinforcements were sent to the site of the battle in taxi cabs from Paris. What a sight that must have been! The Germans were unable to break through the French line and retreated back toward the border. The out-manned French army had saved Paris. The German plan for swift victory was not going to work.

Almost four years later, in June of 1918, the Marne River was again the site of a battle. The German army was planning a last ditch effort to take Paris. The French army needed more help this time. Four years of war had taken its toll on their troops. The French commanders were able to persuade the British to send four divisions of soldiers to help protect the Marne River. As it happened, the United States had just entered the war. Two divisions of American soldiers had just arrived in France. They were sent to join the French and British troops. The Allied Forces held firm and even attacked the Germans, sending them in full retreat.

The German soldiers were very disheartened. Their commanders had built them up by praising their military ability. They told them that the war could never be won unless they were able to break through the Allied lines and take Paris. They had secured many important areas over the last four years. But when they were unable to gain victory in France, they felt that they were failures. Many lost the will to fight any longer.

Great losses were suffered by both sides in these two battles. The Allied Forces lost 120,000 men, the German army 168,000 in the second battle alone. The first battle at the Marne River prevented the Germans from achieving the swift and decisive victory that they were planning. The second battle at the Marne River proved to Name: edHelper be the last major attempt by the Germans to win the war. The Marne River was an important location in the beginning and at the end of the war.

The Importance of the Marne River Questions

1. The Marne River is between Belgium and Paris. A. false B. true 2. How did the Germans plan to win the war quickly? A. They would defeat Great Britain. B. They were planning to capture France. C. They planned to take control of Belgium. D. They were going to defeat Russia. 3. How did the French transport troops to the first battle? A. trains B. trucks C. taxis D. tanks 4. What was the most surprising aspect of the first battle at the Marne River?

5. How many years passed between the first and second battles of the Marne River? A. four B. eighteen C. six D. two 6. Why were the two battles at the Marne River so important?

7. Which countries were said to be the Allied Forces? A. Germany B. United States C. France D. Great Britain Name: edHelper 8. Why did the German soldiers lose the will to fight?

8 6 6 1 3 4, 1 7 0 x 4 1 x 7 4 x 2

How much time is it from A rectangle is 42 cm on one 9:00 a.m. to 10:50 a.m.? side and 6 cm on another 12 ÷ 1 4 side. What is the perimeter?

It's 7:00 a.m. and Amy is 4, , , , 165 getting ready for soccer 20 2 , 22 7 , 25, 27 3 , 5 10 10 practice. If practice starts at 29 3 , 31 9 , 34 1 , 3:20 p.m., then how much 5 10 5 longer until soccer starts? 36 1 , , 41 1 , 2 10 43 2 , 45 7 , 48, 50 3 5 10 10

Know how many inches in a 43 + n = 59 (7 - 3) + 3 + 1 foot? Okay, smarty pants, how many inches in 5 feet? Name: edHelper

Oops. This story contains lots of errors. Find them and fix the errors in this story before answering the questions.

The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial

inscription Caption:" Inside the Arizona Memorial. The Inscription reads: " ´TO THE MEMORY OF THE GALLANT MEN HERE ENTOMBED

AND THEIR SHIPMATES WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN ACTION ON

DECEMBER 7, 1941, ON THE U.S.S. ARIZONA ´

On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States At Pearl Harbor. Their two hour attack left more than

two thousand people dead and destroyed many planes and battleships. One battleship, the U.S.S. Arizona, and its

crew suffered terribly during the raid. Bombs dropped on the ship cuassed it to sik and killed 1,177 sailors. To

this day, oil continues to leak from her silent skeleton. In 1961, a memorial was built over the top of the sunken

ship. Now, more than one million visitor each year come to read the names of those who were aboard thu Arizona

and lost their lives on that December day. many choose to leave flowers or leis in remembrance of those who died.

The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial is a sobering site. The American flag is proud displayed above the memorial. It

flies from a pole attached to the broken main mast of the battleship. It is a symbolic reminder; it reminds those

visiting the memorial that our nation is still strong And united even after a tragedy as terrible as the attack on

Pearl Harbor. Name: edHelper The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial Questions

1. What can visitors do at the U.S.S. Arizona Memorial?

2. Which of the following is a synonym for sobering? A. unimportant B. serious C. happy D. light 3. When was the U.S.S. Arizona Memorial built? A. 1941 B. 1961 C. 2011 D. 2001 4. What is the tone of this passage? A. humorous B. scary C. serious D. carefree

Reduce 4 to its lowest 6 - 2 - 1 = 17 - 4 - 1 = 36 7 3 9 4 terms.

Estimate quickly the Round 8,508 to the nearest A rectangle is 34 cm on one difference. thousand. side and 6 cm on another 6,180 - 2,820 side. What is the perimeter? Name: edHelper The Telescope

Do you like to lie on your back and gaze at the stars? What constellations can you name? Have you ever used a telescope to get a closer look at the universe? Do you know how a telescope works?

A telescope is used to see distant objects up close. There are two basic types of telescopes - the refracting telescope and the reflecting telescope. Each will help you to see the planets, moon, or stars. Both use a tube and have an eyepiece to focus the image for you to see. However, each works in a different way.

A refracting telescope uses glass lenses to help you see objects in space. An objective lens collects light from the object you want to view. An eyepiece lens works as a magnifying glass to enhance and enlarge the image received by the telescope. As you look through the eyepiece, the picture is viewed. The tube of a refracting telescope is long and thin. In order to increase magnification, the tube must be lengthened.

The first refracting telescope used one convex and one concave lens. Galileo used this type of telescope in his work in astronomy in the early 1600s. With it, he discovered four of Jupiter's moons. He was also able to see the moon up close for the first time. Although it was believed the moon was smooth, Galileo discovered its many craters, mountains, and valleys.

The image produced by the first refracting telescope was right side up. However, the clarity of the image was less than ideal. Johannes Kepler worked to improve the image produced by the refracting telescope. He used two convex lenses, which turned the image upside down but improved the clarity dramatically. His design soon became popular and remains in use today.

One problem associated with the refracting telescope was the rainbow halo it produced around the object in view. Sir Isaac Newton did not care for the halo produced by the refracting telescope. He set out to improve the design, which led him to work on the reflecting telescope. The design used a curved mirror to collect light from an object. A secondary flat mirror reflected the image to the side of the tube where it is viewed through an eyepiece. Newton also used a shorter, fatter tube allowing magnification to be increased by using larger mirrors. Newton's design eliminated the rainbow halo produced by the convex lenses of the refracting telescope. Today, the halo is eliminated by coating the lenses.

A famous reflecting telescope is the Hubble Space Telescope. It orbits the earth on a satellite, allowing it to view objects in space without distortion from the earth's atmosphere. The mirror used on the Hubble is eight feet in diameter, giving it the ability to see planets, stars, and galaxies that have never been viewed before. Now when a new discovery is made, Hubble's amazing capabilities give us a close up of the object. Hubble's price tag of two Name: edHelper billion dollars has given us a priceless view of the universe we live in.

Telescopes are amazing tools to use to watch the night sky. From the amateur to the scientist, this important invention helps us see far more than we can with the naked eye. Who knows what we will discover next!

The Telescope Questions

1. A refracting telescope shows an image right side up. A. false B. true 2. What did Johannes Kepler do to improve the clarity of the image seen with the refracting telescope? A. He coated the lenses. B. He lengthened the tube. C. He used two convex lenses. D. He used two concave lenses. 3. Which of the following is not a part of a telescope? A. mirror B. tube C. prism D. lens 4. How is the magnification on a reflecting telescope increased? A. by using two concave lenses B. by increasing the size of the mirror C. by decreasing the size of the lens D. by lengthening the tube 5. Who worked to improve the telescope because he did not like the halo that appeared around the image? A. Johannes Kepler B. Galileo C. Sir Isaac Newton D. none of the above 6. How much did the Hubble telescope cost? A. two billion dollars B. two hundred million dollars C. two hundred billion dollars D. two thousand dollars 7. Which mirror in a reflecting telescope collects light from the object to be viewed? Name: edHelper 8. Today, refracting telescopes use a special coating on the lenses to eliminate the rainbow halo. A. true B. false

Sudoku Sums of 10 Each row, column, and box must have the numbers 1 through 6. 4 x 5 = All six numbers must be used, and none can be repeated. Hint: Look for sudoku sums. The sum of the two boxes inside of the dashed lines is 10. Here is an example of a sudoku sum of 10: 3 7

3 1 4

2 5

3

4 2

1 2

4 5

Holly took three numbers greater than 1 and multiplied them. One number was seven and the other number was ten. Of course, 1,431 + 2,273 = she forgot the last number, but she remembered the product was 840. Is this possible? 36 ÷ 4 = edHelper Name:

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As much as the Chili Peppers didn't want to ______, they didn't really have a choice. Unless they had at least two more players show up in the next three minutes, they were not going ______be able to play. If their players didn't make it, it would be the second ______game of the ______. What a crummy way to lose! It was also not a fun way to win. The ______team didn't want to get the credit for a win when they hadn't even had the ______chance to ______it. Hopefully, two more soccer ______will arrive in the nick of time.

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32 ____ 18 ____ 15 = 591 Name Margaret Knight, Inventor

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When asked to name some famous inventors, names like Edison, Bell, and Tesla may pop into your mind, but how many women inventors can you name? One of the most successful female inventors in 19th century America was  +RZGLGSHRSOHFDUU\WKHLUJURFHULHV Margaret Knight. Margaret Eloise Knight was born on KRPHEHIRUHWKHUHZHUHJURFHU\EDJV" February 14, 1838. Her father died when she was a small child, and she grew up poor. When she was only twelve years old, Margaret came up with her first invention after she saw an accident in a cotton mill. Children, like this little girl, often worked long hours in the mills. Workers were often hurt by dangerous machinery. Photo by Lewis Hine, January 1909

1 2 Margaret Knight, Inventor When she was twelve, Margaret saw a worker stabbed by a shuttle that flew out of a large machine in a cotton mill. She went home and thought about the problem, and a few weeks later, she invented a safety device to prevent similar Margaret's invention made flat-bottomed paper bags cheaply. accidents. Soon all the nearby mills were using Margaret's One machine did the work of thirty men. It changed the way device. At that time, women could not own property, and it that people shopped. Grocery buyers no longer had to carry was almost impossible for women to get a patent. (A patent items in wooden crates or barrels or rolled in paper cones. is an official document that gives a person or company the Paper bags were used for most retail purchases for the next right to be the only one that makes or sells a product for a hundred years until plastic bags came along in the 1970s. certain period of time.) Margaret was still a child, making it Along with a business partner, Margaret Knight opened the even more difficult for her. She did not patent her idea and Eastern Paper Bag Company. She received royalty payments never received any money for it. But Margaret went on to for the rest of her life, but she never made much money from invent many more things. In the 1860s, she invented a her inventions. machine that could automatically cut, fold, and glue flat-bottomed paper bags.

3 4 Margaret Knight, Inventor Name Margaret Knight, Inventor

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The New York Times said in 1913 that, at the  :KDWLVDSDWHQW" age of seventy-five, Miss Knight was "working twenty hours a day on her 89th invention." Some of her patented inventions include lid-removing pliers, a numbering machine, a window frame and sash, several devices relating to rotary engines, and a machine for cutting the  :KLFKRI0DUJDUHW.QLJKW VLQYHQWLRQVGR leather soles of shoes. She had many more \RXEHOLHYHLVPRVWLPSRUWDQW"*LYH inventions that she did not patent. She died on UHDVRQVWRVXSSRUW\RXUDQVZHU October 12, 1914, at the age of 76. One obituary writer called her a "lady Edison." Her name was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006.You can see her bag-making machine in the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, D.C.

5 6 Margaret Knight, Inventor Margaret Knight, Inventor 7