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TFG Daniel Medrano Albert.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS INDUSTRIALES Comparación de tecnologías de reactores avanzados para un país sin energía nuclear TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO Daniel Medrano Albert Tutor: Emilio Mínguez Torres 2017 RESUMEN En las últimas dos décadas, empresas del sector de la electricidad han desarrollado nuevos modelos de sus reactores nucleares a partir de los ya existentes. Este hecho ha dado lugar a las llamadas Generación III y Generación III+ de reactores nucleares. A raíz de esto se empezaron a desarrollar planes civiles de energía nuclear en numerosos países. Tras el accidente de Fukushima-Daiichi muchos de estos proyectos se paralizaron o se abandonaron como consecuencia del miedo y los daños originados por accidentes nucleares. Tras esto, las empresas rediseñaron sus modelos de reactores haciéndolos más seguros mediante la implantación de nuevos sistemas de seguridad pasivos o pruebas de seguridad más exigentes. De aquí surgió la Generación III+, que cuenta con el reactor europeo EPR o el surcoreano APR-1400, que van a ser objeto de estudio en el presente trabajo. Por otra parte, debido a las grandes inversiones que requieren las centrales nucleares y el riesgo que pueden ocasionar en caso de accidente, se desarrollaron un nuevo tipo de reactores de menores potencias y de menor tamaño, los reactores modulares. Este tipo de reactor es ideal para países con redes eléctricas poco desarrolladas, países cuya riqueza es baja o simplemente determinadas industrias que requieran alta potencia, pero no tan grande como la proporcionada por una central. Algunos países siguieron hacia delante con sus planes de energía nuclear para responder a parte de las demandas energéticas, cada día más altas, del país. Entre ellos destaca los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. Los EAU son un país de gran riqueza proporcionada por las grandes reservas de petróleo y gas natural con las que cuentan en su territorio. Esta riqueza ha hecho que el país crezca a un ritmo desenfrenado económica y socialmente hablando. El crecimiento económico ha ocasionado la llegada de grandes empresas multinacionales y gran cantidad de inversiones desde el extranjero. Este crecimiento económico también se ha notado socialmente, el alto nivel de vida de los residentes ha hecho que los EAU sean conocidos como una de las capitales mundiales del lujo. Todo esto, sumado a que es un país donde la temperatura puede llegar a los 50ºC, ha desembocado en un aumento de los requerimientos energéticos del país. Al ser un país con grandes yacimientos de petróleo y gas natural, inicialmente la demanda energética se satisfacía de esta manera, con la quema de hidrocarburos, lo que provoca grandes emisiones de gases contaminantes al ambiente y la necesidad en algunos casos de importar grandes cantidades de gas natural, lo que supone la pérdida de riqueza del país. Por ambos motivos, los EAU están muy comprometidos con el desarrollo de fuentes de energía alternativas, entre ellas las renovables y la nuclear. Respecto a las energías renovables, la que más destaca es la solar porque es un país con muchas horas de sol al año, con la construcción de grandes plantas de energía de origen solar. El principal problema de este tipo de energía es el gran espacio que ocupa y las grandes inversiones que requiere el desarrollo de la tecnología para la baja cantidad de potencia que genera. Es por ello que se ha recurrido a energía de origen nuclear. Esta tecnología proporciona grandes cantidades de energía a bajo precio, pero requiere de grandes instalaciones, riesgos e inversiones, pero esto último es algo que no pesa tanto para un país con tanta riqueza como los Emiratos. Con una inversión de 20.000 millones de dólares, los EAU están construyendo 4 reactores de tercera generación que proporcionarán el 20% de la demanda eléctrica del país. Tras recibir varias ofertas de reactores de empresas con renombre en el sector nuclear, los EAU, más concretamente ENEC, seleccionó como contratista principal a la empresa surcoreana KEPCO en 2009. Objetivo El objetivo principal de este TFG es analizar la decisión tomada por los EAU de seleccionar el reactor ofrecido por KEPCO. Para ello se realizará un estudio del país, centrándose en la estructura energética y el desarrollo de la tecnología nuclear. Tras esto se establecerán una serie de indicadores que permitan comparar la viabilidad de los reactores y su posible instalación en el país. Y, por último, se estudiarán más detalladamente la tecnología de estos reactores, tanto del EPR (reactor de AREVA ofrecido a los EAU), como del APR-1400 (reactor de KEPCO), desde su origen, pasando por los aspectos de seguridad más importantes hasta su distribución en planta. Con este estudio se pretende comprender los motivos que llevaron a los Emiratos a implementar planes de energía nuclear civil, escoger reactores de grandes potencias y no reactores modulares y lo que les llevó a decantarse por el tipo de reactor APR-1400, desde el punto de vista energético, tecnológico, económico y temporal. ÍNDICE 1. Reactores de tercera generación ................................................................................... 5 1.1. Introducción .................................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Tipos de reactores ......................................................................................................... 7 2. Emiratos Árabes Unidos ............................................................................................... 9 2.1. Situación geográfica ...................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Estructura política ....................................................................................................... 10 2.3. Estructura social .......................................................................................................... 11 2.4. Estructura económica ................................................................................................. 12 2.5. Estructura energética .................................................................................................. 14 2.6. La industria nuclear en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos ................................................... 23 2.7. Cronología de Barakah ................................................................................................ 24 2.8. Grado de desarrollo de la industria nuclear en el país ............................................... 25 2.9. Órganos reguladores ................................................................................................... 28 2.10. Instalaciones nucleares existentes .............................................................................. 29 2.11. Desarrollo de la tecnología del reactor ....................................................................... 33 2.12. Coste de inversión ....................................................................................................... 35 2.13. Combustible: coste y ciclo ........................................................................................... 37 2.14. Tiempo de construcción .............................................................................................. 38 3. Reactor EPR ............................................................................................................... 42 3.1. Historia ........................................................................................................................ 42 3.2. Sistema de generación del vapor ................................................................................ 43 3.3. Núcleo del reactor y diseño del combustible .............................................................. 43 3.4. Primario ....................................................................................................................... 44 3.5. Sistemas auxiliares ...................................................................................................... 46 3.6. Modos de operación ................................................................................................... 46 3.7. Seguridad y filosofía de diseño ................................................................................... 47 3.8. Accidentes severos ...................................................................................................... 51 3.9. Secundario ................................................................................................................... 53 3.10. Instrumentación y control ........................................................................................... 55 3.11. Sistema eléctrico ......................................................................................................... 59 3.12. Residuos ...................................................................................................................... 60 3.13. Planta........................................................................................................................... 60 4. Reactor APR-1400 ...................................................................................................... 63 1 4.1. Historia ........................................................................................................................ 63 4.2. Sistema de generación de vapor ................................................................................. 63 4.3. Núcleo del reactor y diseño del combustible
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