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August 2006, Vol. 32 No. 3

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August 2006, Vol. 32 No. 3 Contents Letters: Lewis’s rifles; Plamondon’s maps; L&C $10 note 2 President’s Message: A salute to WPO and its retiring editor 6 Bicentennial Council: Thinking about the long haul 10 Eye Talk, Ear Talk 12 Sign language, translation chains, and Chinook trade jargon on the Lewis and Clark Trail By Robert R. Hunt “We eat an emensity of meat” 20 Eye talk, p. 12 How much game did the explorers consume, how many calories did they burn, and did they waste what they killed? By Kenneth C. Walcheck Lewis’s Note, Clark’s Letter 26 How the co-commanders managed to reconcile one man’s ego with the other’s own need for recognition By David Nicandri Reviews 32 Chasing Lewis and Clark across America; Rex Ziak’s foldout Columbia River guide; In Brief: Medical appendices; Nebraska guide; trail travelogue; Drouillard biography Looking Back 37 The LCTHF’s conservation roots (Part II) By Keith G. Hay L&C Roundup 39 Old Badly preserved; statues offered; For the Record Meat, p. 21 Trail Notes 40 U.S. Mint funds aid stewardship efforts On the cover As the illustration for this issue’s cover we chose Michael Haynes’s sketch of George Drouillard, the expedition’s sign-language interpreter and chief hunter, because he figures prominently in two of the three features—Robert Hunt’s “Eye Talk, Ear Talk” and Kenneth Walcheck’s “ ‘We eat an emensity of meat’,” beginning on pages 12 and 20, respectively. Drouillard is also the subject of a reissued biography by M.O. Skarsten, briefly reviewed on page 36. Lewis, p. 27 August 2006 We Proceeded On ! 1 Letters The Harpers Ferry short rifle August 2006 • Volume 32, Number 3 We Proceeded On is the official publication of In “The Short Rifle of Lewis and Clark” leaves me little doubt of their being in the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, (WPO, May 2006), Richard Keller and readiness in due time.” (Donald Jackson, Inc. Its name derives from a phrase that appears Ernest Cowan claim that the Lewis and Letters, page 40.) “Preparing” does not repeatedly in the collective journals of the Clark Expedition was equipped with an sound like making wholly new guns, es- expedition. 2006 early version of the Harpers Ferry Model pecially when uttered in the same phrase E. G. Chuinard, M.D., Founder 1803 rifle. with some tomahawks and knives, espe- ISSN 02275-6706 Their claim has two parts: that early cially from the man who wrote at length forms of the Model 1803 rifle were made about iron work for an experimental boat. Editor in 1803, or even previous to 1803, and that Keller and Cowan use the letter of J. I. Merritt fifteen of the early version were made for Henry Dearborn, secretary of war, to 51 N. Main Street Lewis, before he departed Harpers Ferry Joseph Perkin, superintendent of the ar- Pennington, NJ 08534 for the west in early July 1803. Strong mory at Harpers Ferry (May 25, 1804) 609-818-0168 [email protected] evidence must be made to support these to support the idea that Harpers Ferry assertions, since they contradict accepted made prototypes of the Model 1803 rifle Volunteer Proofreaders firearms history. For example, George P. for Lewis beginning in March 1803. In H. Carl Camp Moller states (American Military Shoul- this letter, written more than a month af- Jerry Garrett der Arms, Volume 11, From the 1790s to ter Lewis says his rifles are in a state of Printed by PRISM Color Corporation, the End of the Flintlock Period, Univer- “forwardness,” Dearborn specifies what Moorestown, New Jersey sity Press of Colorado, 1993), “No Model would become the Model 1803 rifle. To 1803 rifles were completed at Harpers me this letter is wholly unlike a letter EDITORIAL BOARD Ferry until the March June quarter of about a rifle addressed to the man who James J. Holmberg, leader 1804.” supervised making that rifle. To the con- Louisville, Kentucky Keller and Cowan make an interest- trary, the contents of the letter are strong Robert C. Carriker ing observation, that many surviving evidence that Perkin knew nothing in Spokane, Washington Model 1803 rifles have 1803 stamped on May 1804 about the rifle design that Robert K. Doerk, Jr. the lock plate. This is important, and sug- would become the Model 1803. Fort Benton, Montana gests that some rifles, or at least some All evidence we have is consistent with Glen Lindeman locks, were made in 1803, but in no way the Harpers Ferry arsenal renewing 1792 Pullman, Washington requires that any were made in early 1803, Contract rifles for the expedition. This is or for the expedition. Nor does the ex- the rifle both captains were familiar with Membership Information istence of an early Model 1803 with se- from their previous army service. I see Membership in the Lewis and Clark Trail rial number 15 in any way require that no evidence supporting manufacture of Heritage Foundation, Inc. is open to the public. such a gun was used on the expedition. the Model 1803 rifle, or a preliminary Information and applications are available by No matter when production of the Model version of that rifle, for the expedition. writing Membership Coordinator, Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, P.O. Box 1803 rifles began, one of the first guns STUART WIER 3434, Great Falls, MT 59403. would have had number 15 . Boulder, Colo. Lewis and the expedition as a whole We Proceeded On, the quarterly magazine of the Foundation, is mailed to current members relied on the latest technology of the time. EDITOR’S NOTE: The writer is the author in February, May, August, and November. Lewis went to some trouble to find the of the article “The Guns of Lewis and Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted best of everything, as indicated by the Clark,” which also appeared in the May and indexed in HISTORICAL ABSTRACTS and extensive correspondence between him issue. In a separate letter he takes issue AMERICA: HISTORY AND LIFE. and Jefferson. For example, Lewis, writ- with one of the captions (written by the Annual Membership Categories: ing to Jefferson about the work at Harp- editor) that appears in his article: “In the ers Ferry, describes building the iron boat caption for the photograph of the Model Student $30 Individual/Library/Nonprofit $40 frame in great detail. The Model 1803 rifle 1803 rifle, the assertion [that the] ‘expe- Family/International/Business $55 would have been a fine gun for the expe- dition probably carried the very similar Heritage Club $75 dition, a valuable acquisition, as suggested Model 1800’ was not written by me and Explorer Club $150 by the performance of the replica made does not reflect my judgment. To me the Jefferson Club $250 by Cowan, if it had been available. No- existence of a ‘Model 1800’ rifle, and the Discovery Club $500 where does Lewis mention a new rifle, use of any form of the Model 1803 rifle Expedition Club $1,000 or the design or construction of rifles. He on the Lewis and Clark expedition, is far Leadership Club $2,500 mentions preparing the expedition rifles from proven.” In the same letter he also The Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. only once, and very briefly, on April 20, points out that some of the credit lines is a tax-exempt nonprofit corporation. Individual 1804: “My Rifles, Tomahawks & knives for the article’s photos are in error: “All membership dues are not tax deductible. The portion are preparing at Harpers Ferry, and are photos credited to me, to Neuman and of premium dues over $40 is tax deductible. already in a state of forwardness that Kravic, and to Dixie Gun Works were 2 ! We Proceeded On August 2006 provided by Michael F. Carrick” and are of guns in his collection. Carrick, he adds, “gave essential help and guidance in pre- paring this report.” Thanks for the article “The Guns of Lewis and Clark,” in the May WPO. When living in Montana I was active in a chapter of the Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation and became inter- ested in the Model 1803 rifle. I began re- Kansas L&C Bicentennial search on the rifle, contacting various authorities on the subject and visiting Commission museums with examples of the rifle. I eventually built a replica Model 1803 and pickup p. 3, 5.06 issue fired it a number of times with both patch and ball and paper cartridges. Further research led me to doubt that the Model 1803 was one of the 15 rifles produced for Lewis. After the construc- tion of Lewis’s rifles it took Joseph Perkin, the superintendent at Harpers Ferry, four months to send a few proto- type Model 1803s to Henry Dearborn. One wonders why it took so long if 15 similar rifles had just been produced. I believe some other rifle was manufac- tured for Lewis and that the four months were spent redesiging and retooling for the rifle that became the Model 1803. I also wonder why there is no correspon- dence between Lewis and Clark, two ex- perienced military officers, and Dearborn outlining their experiences with a new type of military rifle. Here on the coast of Maine, historical interests revolve around early settle- ments, maritime history, and Joshua Chamberlain and the 20th Maine Regi- ment of Civil War fame. Interest in Lewis and Clark is minimal at best. This was Atcheson Area Chamber of evident a couple of years ago when I tried to donate my collection of WPO back is- Commerce sues to three local libraries and none wanted them.
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