Zorluoğlu, Emel.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Zorluoğlu, Emel.Pdf A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details Empowering Passivity in H.D.’s Madrigal Cycle Novels Emel Zorluoğlu School of English University of Sussex April, 2017 ii I hereby declare that this thesis has not been, and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature:………………………………… iii Abstract My thesis re-situates the work of modernist writer, Hilda Doolittle (H.D., 1886–1961) at the intersection of modernism, psychoanalysis, spirituality and passivity. Although H.D. is often claimed to be a feminist writer, there are very few active expressions of feminist anger in her work. Instead, we might turn to psychoanalytic discussions to consider where the anger resides in H.D. Melanie Klein argues that aggression is an innate instinct and art is a means of sublimating that instinct. For H.D, a bisexual mother who experiences war trauma, betrayal, death, stillbirth and breakdown, aggression and anger become a form of artistic energy that allows her to create herself anew. In a sense, her pain and suffering are transformed into an embedded anger that later becomes H.D.’s catalyst to write. I argue that not writing in explicit anger was a deliberate choice, for H.D. yearned to destroy the dichotomies she faced, not to reverse them. To do this, and still reflect her anger, she adopts an unusual passive-aggressive writing strategy. Though passivity might seem like a negative rather than a positive trait to feminist readers, I seek to demonstrate that H.D. manages to extract power from passivity. I explore through Kleinian psychoanalysis the ways in which H.D.’s writing relates to power and passivity and, importantly, to H.D.’s Moravian ancestors, who were, simultaneously, ‘gladly passive’ and powerful. Whilst appearing passive, these narrative strategies also hold the power that H.D. values. As such, Moravian ways of dealing with aggression contribute to the passive-aggressive writing methods that H.D. adopts, such as the roman à clef and palimpsest. In subsequent chapters on Asphodel and Hermione, I reflect on how these two novels represent a place for her to emerge as a powerful voice. iv Acknowledgements I am deeply indebted to my supervisors, Pamela Thurschwell and Alistair Davies, who have been a continuing source of guidance and encouragement. Their invaluable feedback, support and challenging criticism throughout four years have made this project possible, and far more interesting. I also would like to thank Rachel Cole and Yolanda Cerda for reading and commenting on drafts of the thesis, always with a smiling face, and for being patient listeners whenever I needed that. I would also like to thank Susan Stanford Friedman for her encouraging feedback on my thesis, and Craig Atwood for his substantial comments on my Moravian chapter. And I do not know how to thank my sister, Zeynep Erhan. I cannot put into words how much I admire and value your companionship. Two PhDs in one house, or rather one room, would always be challenging, but you made it as delightful as possible. Thank you for tolerating my idiosyncratic behaviour and tendency for late-night conversations, as well as many other things. I also would like to thank my friends, Yun Pei, Sima Kamali, Isilay Taban, Hulya Kaya, Pelin Dikmen and Haydar Karaman, for accompanying me during coffee breaks, or on many other occasions, and supporting me whenever I needed it. A special thank goes to another friend, Wendy Andre, for providing a peaceful room and offering exciting and challenging conversation. I would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Turkish Government, without which this project certainly would not have happened. I also wish to thank the School of English at the University of Sussex and Sussex Doctoral School for their support. The funding I received from the Doctoral School and the School of English made trips to the Moravian Archives, an H.D. conference in Pennsylvania and a conference in Reims possible. I am also grateful to my father, Şaban Zorluoğlu, my mother, Engin Yalçın, and my brother, Umut Çetin Zorluoğlu, for their unconditional love and support. What you make me feel is blissful and great. A father who ignores the expected patriarchal role and a mother who becomes another Helen are whispering voices in the project and v initiators of my journey. Lastly, I would like to express my love and gratitude to Mustafa Akbey. When I didn’t feel or care like going on anymore, he got me through it and became the most positive force in my life. vi List of Abbreviations for Works by H.D. Asphodel ---------- A Bid Me to Live---- BID Gift ---------------- G HERmione ------- HER Paint it Today ---- PIT Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... iv List of Abbreviations for Works by H.D. ..................................................................................... vi Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................................ 2 Chapter Two: The Moravian Legacy .......................................................................................... 22 Lebenslauf ............................................................................................................................... 51 Chapter Three: The Aesthetics of Passive-Aggressiveness ........................................................ 58 Roman à Clef: A Scandal Sheet or A Healing Space? ............................................................ 73 Palimpsest: A Mythical or A Modernist Form? ...................................................................... 92 Scrapbook ............................................................................................................................. 100 Chapter Four: War Phobia and the Aesthetics of Trauma Writing in Asphodel ....................... 112 Writing Trauma ..................................................................................................................... 118 Anger towards Her Female Partners and Her Mother ........................................................... 133 Chapter Five: Hermione: Writing beyond the Beginnings ....................................................... 145 Reparation with the Image of Mandy and Fayne .................................................................. 168 Pain and Palimpsest: A Narrative Strategy? ......................................................................... 177 Conclusion: Being a Rope Dancer ............................................................................................ 185 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 191 Appendix ................................................................................................................................... 211 2 Chapter One: Introduction In a letter to her friend, Viola Jordan, dated 29 March 1927 or 1928, Hilda Doolittle (H.D., 1886–1961) writes: I am bringing out a volume of prose, semi-private, in Paris. No one really likes my prose much but I can’t be held up by what the critics think H.D. ought to be like […] I have a purple1 sex story (though highly spiritualised) about a Greek girl in Rome which I like but people don’t think it quite ‘worthy’ of H.D. I say who is H.D.? They all think they know more about what and why she should or should not be or do than I.2 Who is H.D.? Unlike the explicit angry rhetoric of this letter, in another letter, to Jordan, H.D. confesses that she ‘can’t afford to make enemies.’3 In a similar vein, Margaret Dunn states that ‘H.D. was rarely critical, even of those who judged her harshly.’4 These different statements capture the essence of this thesis, wherein I will analyse H.D.’s empowering passivity that becomes a means to channel her anger when establishing ‘who H.D. is.’ H.D. needed to separate herself from her male mentors, Ezra Pound, the founder of Imagism with all his ‘do’s and don’ts’, and her husband, Richard Aldington, another influential canonical figure. She needed to disentangle herself from what they thought ‘H.D. ought to be like’ so as to establish her new self/selves. Contrary to her male mentors’ wishes, H.D. would quit Imagism, as I will elaborate in Chapter Three, and fashion herself anew in her passive-aggressive ‘prose’ through creating an aesthetic of the marginal in her romans à clef.5 1‘Purple story’ is reminiscent of a Greek myth wherein a mutilated Philomela weaves purple signs to articulate her story of rape to her sister, Procne. The reference to this myth will be further elaborated in conjunction with the H.D. and Pound relation in Chapter Three. 2The letter
Recommended publications
  • Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online
    A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details ‘Providence and Political Economy’: Josiah Tucker’s Providential Argument for Free Trade Peter Xavier Price PhD Thesis in Intellectual History University of Sussex April 2016 2 University of Sussex Peter Xavier Price Submitted for the award of a PhD in Intellectual History ‘Providence and Political Economy’: Josiah Tucker’s Providential Argument for Free Trade Thesis Summary Josiah Tucker, who was the Anglican Dean of Gloucester from 1758 until his death in 1799, is best known as a political pamphleteer, controversialist and political economist. Regularly called upon by Britain’s leading statesmen, and most significantly the Younger Pitt, to advise them on the best course of British economic development, in a large variety of writings he speculated on the consequences of North American independence for the global economy and for international relations; upon the complicated relations between small and large states; and on the related issue of whether low wage costs in poor countries might always erode the competitive advantage of richer nations, thereby establishing perpetual cycles of rise and decline.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents Below
    The American Republic, A Nation of Christians by Paul R Dienstberger The American Republic, A Nation of Christians by Paul R Dienstberger Self Published 2000 http://www.prdienstberger.com/ Cover “Constitution Day Montage” from www.gettyimages.com, not with original ebook. From web page (below) If you have read David Barton, Gary DeMar, or Catherine Millard, then you have an expectation of the type of book that I've written. If you are frustrated about the content of American history textbooks and you are looking for a Christian perspective, then this book may be of interest to you. Do you feel history has been revised, rewritten, maybe censored, or Christian influence has just been omitted? If you are looking for an American history supplemental textbook, that attempts to show a Christian bearing on the USA, then glance at the table of contents below. Contents Contents ........................................................................................................ 1 The Prelude ................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1, The Search For Spiritual Purpose ............................. 14 The Renaissance and The Reformation ................................... 14 Christopher Columbus .................................................................... 15 The Defeat of the Spanish Armada ............................................ 17 Hakluyt & Purchas and Jamestown & Pocahontas .............. 19 The Pilgrims, The Mayflower, and Squanto ........................... 23
    [Show full text]
  • Early Moravian Pietism
    EARLY MORAVIAN PIETISM BY MILTON C. WESTPHAL Lansdowne, Pennsylvania T HE visitor to the modern steel-town of Bethlehem, Penn- Tsylvania, is impressed with the noise and bustle of a com- munity which never would be suspected of having a distinctly spiritual origin. He might easily pass by the group of stone buildings on Church Street, which once housed the stalwart ad- herents of the Moravian Pilgrim Congregation, without noting that the historic edifices are essentially different from the many other closely built dwellings and business structures which en- croach upon them. Yet within the walls of these venerable piles were enacted scenes whose romance and passion have never yet been adequately appraised for their significance in the vari- colored history of American Protestantism. Even the townspeople of Bethlehem are almost entirely oblivi- ous of the fact that the name "Moravian Brethren" is one by which to conjure up a noteworthy succession of valiant religious characters, whose heroic deeds and pious strivings are still to be celebrated in an epic of the love of the Brethren for "The Christ of the Many Wounds." To be sure some of the remnants of the early fervor of the Moravian Church still remain to impress themselves upon the work-a-day minds of modern Bethlehemites, but American Moravianism has undergone a radical transforma- tion. The former holiness and the communal economy of that exclusive brotherhood have been surrendered. The fervent pietistic spirit, which prevailed when foot-washing and the "kiss of peace" were characteristic symbols, now lingers only as a pass- ing memory.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Church History Survey of Church History
    Survey of Church History Church of Survey Survey of Church History CH505 LESSON 17 of 25 18th Century Renewal Movements Garth M. Rosell, Ph.D. Professor of Church History and Director Emeritus of the Ockenga Institute at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in South Hamilton, Massachusetts Greetings once again in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. Let me invite you to join me in prayer once again as we begin. Let us pray. Eternal God, we give You thanks for the privilege of studying together, and we ask that by Your Spirit You would guide us in our thought together today, through Jesus Christ our Lord we pray. Amen. Today I want us to think together about the issue of church renewal, the possibility of spiritual revitalization within our local congregations, in fact, within our own lives, as well as within our denominations and larger church movements. There are a number of good sources for this kind of study. Those of you who are reading along with us in Latourette, volume 2, will want to look especially at pages 884-898 and again, 1001-1059. An especially good source for the study of renewal in the life of the church is Richard Lovelace’s [book] Dynamics of Spiritual Life, by InterVarsity Christian Fellowship Press. Many of you will want also to read the work of Philipp Jakob Spener, about whom we’ll talk in just a few moments. His [work] Pious Desires is one of the classics of that period of time, translated by Theodore Tappert [and published by] Fortress Press [originally in] 1964.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONAL COMMUNITY CHURCH October 25, 2020 Heaven on Earth Ephesians 4 Dr
    NATIONAL COMMUNITY CHURCH October 25, 2020 Heaven on Earth_ Ephesians 4 Dr. Mark Batterson From 1934 until 1961, a British historian named Arnold Toynbee published a 12 volume history on the history of civilization tracing the rise and fall of 19 civilizations. There's a question long debated by historians. Do all civilizations follow a predictable pattern a life cycle from birth to growth to decline to death? Or is it possible after a civilization experiences decline to experience a rebirth? Toynbee believed that civilizations could experience a rebirth but the key was something that he called a creative minority. According to Toynbee, the collapse of civilization does not happen because of outside attack or external threat. The disintegration of civilization is caused by the deterioration of this creative minority which begs the question, what is a creative minority. Toynbee actually cites the church as an example, but it's any minority that creatively responds to crisis and whose response makes revival, makes reformation, makes Renaissance possible. Now, let me push that envelope. The biblical word for creative minority is remnant. It's the 7,000 during the days of Elijah, who would not bow to Baal. They stayed faithful to Yahweh and they called the nation to renewal. The remnant is a creative minority, often a moral minority, who don't cave to cultural icons, who courageously and compassionately live out their convictions who exercise prophetic imagination in the face of impossible problems. I recently read a book by Roger Stronstad titled 'The Prophethood of All Believers'. Now he argues that the church has become a didactic community rather than a prophetic community.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pennsylvania Dutch in the 21St Century
    Plain, Fancy and Fancy-Plain: The Pennsylvania Dutch in the 21st Century Rian Linda Larkin Faculty Advisor: Alex Harris Center for Documentary Studies December 2017 This project was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate Liberal Studies Program in the Graduate School of Duke University. Copyright by Rian Linda Larkin 2017 Abstract In 1681, William Penn traveled to Europe’s Rhineland-Palatinate and invited Anabaptist and Protestant groups to live and worship freely in Pennsylvania. Over the next century, 111,000 German- speaking men and women sailed to America, many settling in southeastern Pennsylvania.1 During this period, English-speaking residents began to use the term, “Pennsylvania Dutch” to describe the new settlers who spoke Deitsch or Deutsch (German). Today, the term Pennsylvania Dutch conjures visions of bonnets, beards, suspenders and horse- drawn buggies. However, this imagery only applies to the Old Order Anabaptist sects, which constitute less than half of Pennsylvania’s total PA Dutch population.2 3 Therefore, this project will examine and document four Pennsylvania Dutch communities in order to present a more accurate cultural portrait and contextualize the Pennsylvania Dutch populace in the 21st century, from anachronistic traditionalists to groups that have fully integrated into modern society. The project documents the following religious communities: the Old Order Amish, Horning Mennonites, Moravians and Lutherans of southeastern Pennsylvania. Each section includes a historical overview, an interview with a community member and photographs taken on-location. I conclude that church-imposed restrictions and geographical location shaped each group’s distinctive character and impacted how the groups evolved in the modern world.
    [Show full text]
  • What Christians Need No Longer Defend
    C Abstract: C R R I Through a brief history of antinomian thought within the modern I What Christians need no S period, and the inspection of two contemporary responses to the S I I S ‘antinomian impulse’, I refocus the antinomian debate as being, S not necessarily a heretical endeavor, but rather a dialectic between & & longer defend: The politi- history and memory, structure and experience. Rather than portray C C R antinomianism as a threat to the system which needs to be removed, R I perhaps we can learn to perceive it as a ‘weak messianic force’ moving I cal stakes of considering T T I through all constituted (religious) identities, not, then, as the end of I Q ‘Christianity’ as an organized religion, but its original proclamation, ever Q U U antinomianism as central E in need of greater reformation. E V V O Keywords: O L. antinomianism, heresy, Michel Foucault, Martin Heidegger, L. to the practice and history2 2 Giorgio Agamben, Reinhard Hütter I I S S S S of theology U U E Introduction E #1 There are a number of ways in which heresy has been labeled over #1 the years. One of the more popular versions is that of ‘antinomianism,’ which has reappeared throughout the centuries since the Reformation with an increased and intriguing frequency. It has crept up again and Colby Dickinson again as a major, defining political force of reform and has sparked some of the fiercest theological debates the western world has ever known. My thesis in this essay is that we often misunderstand what the ‘antinomian impulse’ is really about, how it actually plays an essential role in giving shape to the Christian faith.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of the History of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod
    Overview of the History of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod The 5 W’s of the LCMS Where are we going? • So far… • What is it to be Christian? (as communicated in the Liturgy) • What is it to be a Protestant? (as Luther summarized in the Small Catechism) • What is it to be Lutheran? (as collected in the Book of Concord) • I’ll describe what is it to be Lutheran Church Missouri Synod (as told through the history of the LCMS) • First Class • Lutherans in the New World • Evolution in the Lutheran theology, both in the New World and the Old, and its impact. • How these theologies, and reactions to them prompted the creation of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod • Second Class • Key personalities in early LCMS • Changes in the LCMS • LCMS Today Early Timeline of Lutherans in America • 1580 The Book of Concord is published • 1614 Dutch establish along the Hudson near present day Albany NY. • 1617 English establish their first colony in present day Virginia • 1620 The English “Pilgrims” establish a colony in present day Massachusetts after they fail to reach the mouth of the Hudson River. • 1624 The first Dutch settlers settle along Long Island Sound • 1637 the Swedes settled the western shore of Delaware They brought the official Swedish state religion of Lutheranism with them. • 1655 the Dutch led by Peter Stuyvesant capture “New Sweden”. Since Calvinism was the predominant church in Holland, Lutherans were generally discriminated against. • 1664 the English capture New Amsterdam and rename it New York. The English King Charles II was a believer in religious tolerance, which resulted in the end of the persecution of the Lutherans.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing the Jerusalem Code Vol. 3
    Tracing the Jerusalem Code 3 Tracing the Jerusalem Code Volume 3: The Promised Land Christian Cultures in Modern Scandinavia (ca. 1750–ca. 1920) Edited by Ragnhild J. Zorgati and Anna Bohlin Illustrations edited by Therese Sjøvoll The research presented in this publication was funded by the Research Council of Norway (RCN), project no. 240448/F10 ISBN 978-3-11-063488-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-063947-6 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063656-7 DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110639476 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020952378 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Ragnhild Johnsrud Zorgati, Anna Bohlin (eds.), published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. The book is published open access at www.degruyter.com. Cover image and frontispiece: Einar Nerman, cover design for Selma Lagerlöf’s novel Jerusalem, 18th edition, Stockholm: Bonniers, 1930. Photo credit: National Library of Sweden (Kungliga Biblioteket), Stockholm. Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com In memory of Erling Sverdrup Sandmo (1963–2020) Acknowledgements This book is the result of research conducted within the project Tracing the Jerusalem Code –Christian Cultures in Scandinavia, financed by the Research Council of Norway and with support from MF Norwegian School of Theology, Religion and Society, the Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages (University of Oslo), and the Oslo School of Architecture and Design.
    [Show full text]
  • Rivers of Revival Volume 1 and Volume 2 (Chinese)
    Scholars Crossing Towns Foreign Language Book Collection Liberty University Bible Resource Center 2005 Rivers of Revival Volume 1 and Volume 2 (Chinese) Elmer Towns Liberty University Neil T. Anderson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/towns_flbc Part of the Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Towns, Elmer and Anderson, Neil T., "Rivers of Revival Volume 1 and Volume 2 (Chinese)" (2005). Towns Foreign Language Book Collection. 65. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/towns_flbc/65 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Liberty University Bible Resource Center at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Towns Foreign Language Book Collection by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. contents 1 1. 17 2. 37 3. 57 contents 4. 83 5. 105 123 165 I 1 Mission America Paul CePdar Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield II III 20 21 23 V 2 Joe Aldrich Multnomah Bill Bright Clyde Cook Biola VI John Dowson International Reconciliation Coalition Dick Eastman Every Home For Christ George Hunter Asbury Kent Hunter VII D. James Kennedy Coral Ridge John C. Maxwell Injoy C. Peter Wagner Fuller IX Neil T. Anderson Elmer L. Towns X 1 2 3 XI G12 XII 1 2 3 4 XIII Cleasing Stream 1 David Bryant Hope at Hand, Baker, 1995 22 Dick Eastman Beyond Imagination, Chosen Books, 1997 Joe Aldrich Prayer Summits, Multnomah, 1992 Bill Bright The Coming Revival 3 Neil Anderson HCJB CBN Pat Robertson 44 1 6 21 Promise Keepers 5 14 15 Mission America 11 Bacolod 66 25 8 1 12 7 19 4 88 18 19 10 Elmer Towns 9 1010 38 39 11 1212 13 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Man Illumined: Johann Gichtel's Mystical Figures at Ephrata
    Natural Man Illumined: Johann Gichtel’s Mystical Figures at Ephrata Nick Siegert Figure 1, [Plate 2] Johann Georg Gichtel: Awakening Man (1696) Prelude Question: What does the figure 1 (above) have in common with figure 2 on the next page?… Up until recently, as far as was known, nothing, but after a recent chance discovery, they actually appear to be the same subject separated by about seventy years. Recently, a new examination of some 82 Figure 2. Jacob Martin: Mystical Figure (1760s?) Image courtesy Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Ephrata Cloister. illustrations found in the papers of Jacob Martin, a member of the eighteenth-century Ephrata Community, have turned up some interesting results that may shed more light on the beliefs and world views of the Ephrata Community and one of its more interesting members. 83 Introduction: The Ephrata Community The Ephrata Cloister, now a historic site and museum administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, began as a religious communal society (one of America’s earliest), founded by Georg Conrad Beissel on the banks of Cocalico Creek in 1732. Born in Eberbach, Germany, in 1691, Beissel immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1720. Before 1724 he moved into an area drained by the Conestoga River, seeking to live in a small fellowship of hermits. Eventually he became involved with the Brethren, or Dunkers, a group founded in 1708 in Schwarzenau, Germany. In 1724, Beissel was baptized into this new group and became one of their ministers. Beissel emphasized unusual practices, such as worship on the Sabbath and the superiority of celibacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Daniel Jablonski (1660-1741)
    M O R A V I A N A R C H I V E S Inventory of the papers relating to Daniel Ernst Jablonski (1660-1741) 1692-1740 and to some members of his family 1719-1809 PP JDE Paul Peucker 2004 pp jde 04/18/2005 II Table of contents 1. Letters written to D.E. Jablonski1 2. Letters from D.E. Jablonski1 3. Manuscripts by D.E. Jablonski3 4. Material relating to other family members4 pp jde 04/18/2005 1 1. Letters written to D.E. Jablonski 1694 - 1696 1 Letters, received by D.E. Jablonski, from Andreas Malholm. One letter (nr. 3) contains a letter from J. Piotrowska to Andreas Malholm as an insert [1694]. Nr. 12 is a fragment of which the connection to this correspondence is unclear. Nr. 13 is an undated letter from Anna Tamkonowa to Malholm. 13 letters Language: Czech 1706 2 Letter, received by D.E. Jablonski, from Wilhelm Friedrich Thulmeier and Johann Ludwig Stubenrauch, regarding their concerns about the religious position of the king (of Prussia?), with the draft of Jablonski's response written on the back. 1 item Language: German 1711 - 1712, 1716 - 1717 3 Letters, received by D.E. Jablonski from Friedrich Wilhelm von Scharden (Schardius), inspector of the reformed churches in Prussia. Letter nr. 12 contains a draft of Jablonski's repsonse on the back (in Latin) 13 items Language: German 1724 4 Letter, received by D.E. Jablonski from his son Paul Ernst Jablonski. 1 item Language: German 1730 5 Letter, received by D.E.
    [Show full text]